阿拉伯人、伊斯兰和石油(2天)

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Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标

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Arabs, Islam, and Oil
::阿拉伯人、伊斯兰和石油

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States of the Arabian Peninsula
::阿拉伯半岛各国

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The Arabian Peninsula is a desert environment surrounded by saltwater bodies. The Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, and the Red Sea border the peninsula on three sides. Arid type B climates dominate the region. Saudi Arabia only receives an average of four inches of precipitation per year. The southern portions of the peninsula are some of hottest places on Earth. Summer temperatures can reach more than 120 ºF.
::阿拉伯半岛是被盐水体包围的沙漠环境,波斯湾、阿拉伯海和红海三面与半岛接壤。 干旱的B型气候控制着该地区。 沙特阿拉伯每年平均只有4英寸的降水量。 半岛南部是地球上一些最热的地方。 夏季气温可达120奥弗多。

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In the south is the Rub’ al-Khali (Empty Quarter), which is mainly desert and comprises about 25 percent of Saudi Arabia. It is extremely dry and virtually uninhabited, though oil discoveries have brought temporary settlements to the region. There are no natural lakes or major rivers on the peninsula. Agricultural activity is dependent on the availability of water by rainfall, underground aquifers, oases, or desalinization of seawater.
::南部是Rub ' al-Khali(中央区),主要为沙漠,占沙特阿拉伯的25%左右,非常干燥,几乎无人居住,尽管石油发现给该地区带来了临时定居点,半岛上没有天然湖泊或主要河流,农业活动取决于降雨、地下蓄水层、绿洲或海水淡化的水源。

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Most of the people living on the peninsula are Arabs. Most of the peninsula’s countries are ruled by monarchs who rely on oil revenues to gain wealth. Minerals are mined in the mountains that dominate the peninsula’s western and southern regions. The highest peaks reach more than 12,000 feet in elevation in northern Yemen. Of the countries on the peninsula, Yemen has the fewest oil resources and has had the sole democratically elected government. Saudi Arabia dominates the region in size and in oil resources. Islam, the major religion, is present in all aspects of Arab culture.
::半岛的大部分居民都是阿拉伯人,半岛的大部分国家由依靠石油收入获得财富的君主统治。矿产在半岛西部和南部地区的山脉中开采,最高峰值在也门北部达到12,000英尺高。 在半岛上的国家中,也门拥有的石油资源最少,并且拥有唯一民主选举的政府。沙特阿拉伯在面积和石油资源方面控制着该地区。 伊斯兰教是阿拉伯文化的各个方面都存在主要宗教。

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Saudi Arabia
::沙特阿拉伯 沙特阿拉伯 沙特阿拉伯

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The holy cities of Medina and Mecca are in , the birthplace of Islam. Islam first united the many traditional groups of Arabia with religion and then with the Arabic language. The region was further united after 1902 when Abdul Aziz Al-Sa‘ud and his followers captured the city of Riyadh and brought it under the control of the House of Sa‘ud. In 1933, the lands under the control of the king were renamed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy.
::梅迪纳和麦加这两个神圣城市是伊斯兰教的诞生地,伊斯兰教首先将许多阿拉伯传统团体与宗教团结在一起,然后用阿拉伯语团结在一起,1902年阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹·萨乌德及其追随者占领利雅得市,将其置于萨乌德王室的控制之下,1902年之后,该地区又进一步团结,1933年,国王控制的土地更名为沙特阿拉伯王国,沙特阿拉伯是绝对君主制。

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In 1938, the US oil corporation Chevron found large quantities of oil in the region, which has sustained the royal family ever since. Aramco is the state-run oil corporation. Controlling about one-fifth of the world’s known oil reserves, the Saudi royal family is politically and economically powerful.
::1938年,美国石油公司Chevron在该地区发现了大量石油,从那时起就一直维持着皇室家族。 阿美石油公司是国营石油公司。 沙特皇室控制着全世界已知石油储量的五分之一,在政治和经济上都非常强大。

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The Saudi royal family gave safe haven to thousands of Kuwaitis, including the Emir and his family, during the First Persian Gulf War. Saudi Arabia allowed US and Western military forces to use military bases on its soil during Operation Desert Storm. Allowing non-Muslims to operate military bases on the same soil as the holy cities of Mecca and Medina gave extremist groups a reason to engage in terrorist activities. Out of the 19 hijackers in the 9/11 attack in New York, 16 were from Saudi Arabia. The Saudi government has been forced to increase its efforts against terrorism and domestic extremist groups.
::沙特皇室在第一次波斯湾战争期间为包括埃米尔及其家人在内的数千名科威特人提供了安全庇护。沙特阿拉伯允许美国和西方军队在沙漠风暴行动期间在沙特领土上使用军事基地。允许非穆斯林在与麦加和麦地那神圣城市相同的土地上开展军事基地活动,使极端主义团体有理由参与恐怖活动。在纽约911袭击中的19名劫机者中,有16人来自沙特阿拉伯。沙特政府被迫加大打击恐怖主义和国内极端主义团体的力度。

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The entire economy of Saudi Arabia is based on the export of oil, and more than 20 percent of the known oil reserves in the world are located in Saudi Arabia. The country is a key member of the and has been the world’s number one oil exporter. Millions of workers from other countries in the petroleum industry are important to the country’s economy.
::沙特阿拉伯的整个经济以石油出口为基础,世界上20%以上的已知石油储备位于沙特阿拉伯。 沙特阿拉伯是沙特阿拉伯的关键成员,是世界第一石油出口国。 数百万石油工业中的其他国家工人对该国经济很重要。

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A high rate of population growth has been outstripping economic growth in Saudi Arabia. In 2010, more than one-third of the population was younger than 15 years old, and family size was about 3.8 children. The unemployment rate is high, and there is a shortage of job skills in the workforce. The government has been working to shift its focus away from a petroleum-based economy and increase other economic opportunities. It plans to invest heavily in the necessary infrastructure and education to diversify its economy.
::2010年,沙特阿拉伯超过三分之一的人口年龄在15岁以下,家庭人口约为3.8个孩子,失业率很高,劳动力缺乏工作技能,政府努力将重点从石油经济转移开来,增加其他经济机会,计划大量投资于必要的基础设施和教育,以实现经济多样化。

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Saudi Arabia has made several efforts to move forward and put the country more in line with globalization efforts that are modernizing the other Persian Gulf States. The accepted Saudi Arabia as a member in 2005. In 2008, the king implemented the initiative for interfaith dialogue in an effort to address religious tolerance and acceptance. The first woman was appointed to the cabinet, and municipal councils held elections for its members.
::沙特阿拉伯已作出若干努力,推动并促使国家更符合其他波斯湾国家现代化的全球化努力。 2005年,沙特阿拉伯被接纳为成员。 2008年,沙特国王实施宗教间对话倡议,努力解决宗教宽容和接受问题。 第一位女性被任命为内阁成员,市议会举行了议员选举。

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Saudi Culture
::沙特文化

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The royal family and most of the people in Saudi Arabia are Sunni Muslims. The country has a strong fundamentalist Islamic tendency. The law of the state is strict and supports conservative Islamic ideals. The Wahhabi branch of Sunni Islam has a major influence on culture. Activities such as gambling, alcohol consumption, and the promotion of other religions are outlawed. Alcohol and pork products are forbidden in accordance with Islamic dietary laws.
::沙特的王室和大多数人民是逊尼派穆斯林,沙特有着强烈的原教旨主义伊斯兰倾向,国家的法律是严格的,支持保守的伊斯兰理想,逊尼派伊斯兰的瓦哈比支部对文化有重大影响,诸如赌博、饮酒、宣传其他宗教等活动被取缔,根据伊斯兰饮食法禁止酒精和猪肉制品。

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Movie theaters and other Western-style productions are prohibited but can be found in areas where workers from other countries live in private compounds. Though movie theaters are restricted, movies on DVDs are not prohibited and are widely available. The dress code in Saudi Arabia strictly follows the Islamic principles of modesty . The black abaya (an article of clothing that looks like a cloak or robe) or modest clothing is appropriate for women. Men often wear the traditional full-length shirt and a head cloth held in place by a cord.
::电影院和其他西方式的电影制作是被禁止的,但可以在其他国家工人居住在私人院落的地区找到。虽然电影院是受限制的,但DVD上的电影是不受禁止的,而且可以广泛使用。沙特阿拉伯的着装守则严格遵循了伊斯兰的谦卑原则。黑浴袍(服装上衣看起来像斗篷或长袍)或普通服装适合女性。男性通常穿传统的全长衬衫和带绳子的长袍。

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In Saudi Arabia, human rights organizations, legal associations, trade unions, and political parties are banned. The country maintains a tight censorship of all local media. The press is only allowed to publish what the government permits it to report. Communication with foreigners, satellite media, and Internet access are highly controlled. Those who speak out against the government can be arrested or imprisoned.
::在沙特阿拉伯,人权组织、法律协会、工会和政党被禁止,国家对所有地方媒体实行严格审查,只允许新闻界公布政府允许它报道的内容,与外国人、卫星媒体和互联网的沟通受到高度控制,公开反对政府的人可以被逮捕或监禁。

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The Sharia is the basic criminal code in Saudi Arabia, along with whatever law is established by the king. If a citizen disobeys the law, they are subject to a wide range of punishments, from long prison sentences to amputations, floggings, and beheadings. Trials are most often held in secret without lawyers. Torture has been used to force confessions that are then used to convict the accused. Torture techniques—including the use of sticks, electric shocks, or flogging—can be applied to children and women as well as men. Executions are usually held in a public place every Friday.
::伊斯兰教法是沙特阿拉伯的基本刑法,与国王制定的任何法律一样,也是沙特阿拉伯的基本刑法,如果公民不遵守法律,将受到从长期监禁到断肢、鞭笞和砍头等多种惩罚,审判往往在没有律师在场的情况下秘密进行,使用酷刑强迫供认,然后用来对被告定罪,酷刑技术——包括使用棍棒、电击或鞭笞——可适用于儿童和妇女以及男子,处决通常每周五在公共场所进行。

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Role of Women
::妇女的作用

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Men hold the dominant roles in Saudi society. Under strict Islamic law, women do not have the same rights as men, so Saudi women do not have the opportunities that women in many Western countries have. For example, it is not customary for a woman to walk alone in public. Traditionally, she must be accompanied by a family member so as to not be accused of any moral offenses. The Mutawa'een (religious police) have the authority to arrest people for such actions. The punishment could be imprisonment or a flogging.
::在沙特社会中,男性占据主导地位。根据严格的伊斯兰法,女性没有与男性同等的权利,因此沙特女性没有与许多西方国家女性一样的机会。例如,女性在公共场合单独行走是不合惯例的。传统上,她必须由一名家庭成员陪伴,以免被指责犯有任何道德罪行。 宗教警察有权逮捕此类行为的人。 惩罚可以是监禁或鞭笞。

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Saudi Arabia is a country steeped in tradition based on the heritage of its people, and many of the traditions regarding women were implemented to protect and care for them. However, as the forces of globalization seep into the fabric of society, many of these traditions are evolving, changing, and adapting. Women are asserting themselves in the culture, and many of these long-standing traditions are starting to break down.
::沙特阿拉伯是一个基于其人民遗产的传统深厚的国家,许多关于妇女的传统都是为了保护和照顾她们而实施的,然而,随着全球化的力量渗透到社会结构中,许多这些传统正在演变、变化和适应,妇女正在文化中自我维护,其中许多长期的传统正在开始瓦解。

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In late 2011, there were a number of women who organized to defy the ban on driving. One woman was arrested for driving a car and sentenced to ten lashes. Saudi King Abdullah then overturned the sentence and promised to support or protect women’s rights. There is no law stating that women cannot drive a vehicle. The taboo is based on tradition and religious views. More women have taken to the roadways in spite of the taboo against it. Saudi Arabia is an example of how Islamic fundamentalism is being challenged by modernity and democratic principles.
::2011年底,有不少妇女组织起来反抗禁止驾驶的禁令。 一名妇女因驾驶汽车被捕并被判处10鞭鞭刑。 沙特国王阿卜杜拉(Abdullah)随后推翻了判决,并承诺支持或保护妇女权利。 没有法律规定妇女不能驾驶车辆。 禁忌基于传统和宗教观点。 更多的妇女走上了道路,尽管有禁忌。 沙特阿拉伯是伊斯兰原教旨主义如何受到现代和民主原则挑战的一个例子。

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Kuwait
::科威特 科威特 科威特

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, a small country located on the Persian Gulf, is a monarchy ruled by an emir from the royal family. Immense oil reserves have made Kuwait attractive to international oil investors. In 1961, Zapata Oil Company (now Pennzoil), owned by former US president George H. W. Bush, drilled the first offshore Kuwaiti oil well in the Persian Gulf. Oil revenues have allowed the small Kuwaiti population of about three million people to receive social services that sustain a relatively high quality of life. Education is free, and much of the labor base comes from non-Kuwaiti migrants. Petroleum exports account for most of the government’s income.
::作为位于波斯湾的一个小国,波斯湾是一个由皇室埃米尔统治的君主制国家。 石油储量使科威特对国际石油投资者具有吸引力。 1961年,前总统乔治·H·W·布什(George H. W. Bush)拥有的Zapata石油公司(现为Penzoil ) , 在波斯湾钻井了第一个科威特近海油井。 石油收入使大约300万人的科威特小人口获得了维持较高生活质量的社会服务。 教育是免费的,大部分劳动力基础来自非科威特移民。 石油出口占政府收入的大部分。

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Kuwait has an excellent port at Kuwait City. However, one of the environmental problems with building a large city in the desert is the shortage of fresh water. To solve this problem, Kuwait has turned to the desalinization of seawater to provide for its domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs.
::科威特的港口在科威特城是极好的,然而,在沙漠中建造大城市的环境问题之一是淡水短缺,为了解决这个问题,科威特转向海水淡化,以满足其家庭、农业和工业需要。

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The United States and an international coalition fought the First Persian Gulf War in 1991 to liberate Kuwait from the control of Saddam Hussein. Under Hussein, Iraq invaded Kuwait and took over its oil industry and port facilities. By taking over the oil assets in Kuwait, Hussein was taking over the oil assets of various international oil corporations. With the support of United Nations (UN) resolutions demanding that Hussein leave Kuwait, President George H. W. Bush organized an international military coalition to remove Hussein from Kuwait. The US mission was called Operation Desert Storm .
::美国和一个国际联盟于1991年进行了第一次波斯湾战争,以使科威特摆脱萨达姆·侯赛因的控制。在侯赛因统治下,伊拉克入侵科威特并接管其石油工业和港口设施。通过接管科威特的石油资产,侯赛因正在接管各种国际石油公司的石油资产。在联合国要求侯赛因离开科威特的各项决议的支持下,乔治·H·W·布什总统组织了一个国际军事联盟,将侯赛因赶出科威特。美国的使命被称为“沙漠风暴行动 ” 。

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The war started on bases in Saudi Arabia and pushed the Iraqi army out of Kuwait. When Hussein realized that he could not benefit from the oil in Kuwait, he dynamited approximately 750 oil wells. This action caused serious well fires and large lakes of oil flowing out onto the desert sands. The fires and spilled oil caused extensive environmental damage.
::战争始于沙特阿拉伯的基地,将伊拉克军队赶出科威特。 当侯赛因意识到他无法从科威特石油中获益时,他炸掉了大约750口油井,造成严重大火和大湖油流到沙漠沙滩上,大火和溢出石油造成了广泛的环境破坏。

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Kuwait was not a democracy during the Persian Gulf War and is not a true democracy today. It is considered a constitutional emirate. The emir, or head of the royal family, is the head of state. He appoints the prime minister and has a high level of control over the government. The emir has the authority to dissolve the National Assembly, which has members that hold seats by election. A number of groups wish to have a political voice in the government, including Islamists, business merchants, secular liberals, Shia activists, and a small number of local groups. Islamist groups are usually those who support an Islamic religious state as the desired type of government.
::科威特在波斯湾战争期间不是一个民主国家,在今天不是真正的民主国家,它被视为一个宪政酋长国。埃米尔或王室首脑是国家元首。他任命总理,对政府拥有高度控制权。埃米尔有权解散国民议会,国民议会成员由选举产生。一些团体希望在政府中拥有政治发言权,包括伊斯兰教徒、商人、世俗自由主义者、什叶派活动分子和少数地方团体。伊斯兰团体通常是那些支持伊斯兰宗教国家作为理想的政府类型的人。

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Kuwait had to invest nearly five billion dollars to reestablish the oil industry after the Persian Gulf War. The emirate has recovered, and its economy is growing with the increased sale of exported oil. Kuwait has about 104 billion barrels of oil in known reserves. In 2017, the four largest export partners were South Korea, China, Japan, India, the United States, and Singapore. China is Kuwait’s number one source of imported goods with the United States coming in second.
::在波斯湾战争之后,科威特不得不投资近50亿美元重建石油工业。 酋长国已经复苏,随着出口石油销售的增加,其经济正在增长。 科威特在已知储油量中拥有约1,400亿桶石油。 2017年,四个最大的出口伙伴是韩国、中国、日本、印度、美国和新加坡。 中国是科威特进口商品头号来源,第二位是美国。

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Bahrain
::巴林 巴林 巴林 巴林

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is a small archipelago (a group of islands) in the Persian Gulf. The country received its independence from Great Britain in 1971. Similar to other small monarchies in the region, Bahrain has plenty of oil and a small population. Though more than 50 percent of the population is Shia, the country is opening up to democratic reforms. In 1999, elections were approved for a parliament, all political prisoners were released, and women were allowed to vote.
::巴林是波斯湾的一个小群岛(一组岛屿),1971年从英国获得独立。与该地区其他小君主国一样,巴林拥有丰富的石油和少量人口。 虽然巴林人口超过50%是什叶派,但该国正在向民主改革开放。 1999年,议会选举获得批准,所有政治犯都被释放,妇女被允许投票。

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The royal family, ruled by the king, has had an enormous degree of power over its government. Officially, Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy, but the king appoints the members of the upper house in its bicameral legislature. The first female was appointed to a cabinet position in 2004, which was an indication of the move toward globalization and modernization.
::由国王统治的王室对政府拥有巨大的权力。 官方说来,巴林是一个君主立宪制国家,但国王在两院制立法机构中任命上院议员。 2004年,第一位女性被任命担任内阁职位,这表明了向全球化和现代化的转变。

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Most of Bahrain’s wealth is gained through the extraction of natural resources. Enormous natural gas reserves are located in Bahrain’s coastal waters, and oil now makes up about 60 percent of the export profits. The small land area size of the country, lack of sufficient supplies of fresh water, and few other natural resources have prompted a shift for Bahrain to expand into the financial sector. Islamic banking and financial services for the global marketplace have been an expanding sector of the economy.
::巴林的大部分财富都是通过开采自然资源获得的。 巨大的天然气储备位于巴林的沿海水域,石油现在占出口利润的60%左右。 巴林国土面积小,淡水供应不足,其他自然资源很少,这促使巴林转向金融部门。 伊斯兰银行和为全球市场提供金融服务是不断扩大的经济部门。

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The objective in diversifying the economy is to reduce the dependency on oil as a future source of national wealth. In addition, the United States has entered into a free-trade agreement with Bahrain, which has attracted multinational corporations to do business in the region. Bahrain has been supportive of a US military presence for both protection and cooperation and is the permanent headquarters for the naval operations. In a mutual defense agreement, one thousand American naval officers and personnel are stationed on the island. Bahrain has been a frontline state for the US military in the Iraq War and the war in Afghanistan.
::实现经济多样化的目标是减少对石油作为未来国家财富来源的依赖。 此外,美国与巴林签订了自由贸易协定,这吸引了多国公司在该地区开展业务。巴林一直支持美国军事存在,既保护又合作,并且是海军行动的常设总部。在相互防御协定中,有1 000名美国海军军官和人员驻扎在岛上。在伊拉克战争和阿富汗战争中,巴林一直是美国军队的前线国家。

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The country is also opening up development in the service sectors. Bahrain has been attracting millions of tourists in recent years. The country’s authentic heritage is attractive to tourists from neighboring Arab states and the global community. The country boasts of nearly 5,000 years of human activity. has designated the Qal’at al-Bahrain castle as a World Heritage Site. The country has invested heavily in modern shopping malls and international sports facilities in an effort to modernize its country and attract more international events.
::巴林也在服务部门开放发展。巴林近年来吸引了数百万游客。巴林的真实遗产吸引了来自阿拉伯邻国和全球社会的游客。该国拥有近5 000年的人类活动。 巴林将盖勒特阿尔巴林城堡指定为世界遗产。 巴林在现代购物中心和国际体育设施上投入了大量资金,以实现国家现代化和吸引更多国际活动。

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The citizens of Bahrain have had to work to balance the shift toward modernization and globalization with the strong Arab heritage and Islamic beliefs that have been the foundation of their culture. The term  Middle East Lite  has been applied to Bahrain because Bahrain has been investing in modern infrastructure but has worked hard to maintain its Arab heritage with a Persian Gulf identity that is more accepting and open to the outside world. The growing and prosperous middle class is more tolerant and liberal than many of its Middle East neighbors.
::巴林公民必须努力平衡向现代化和全球化的转变与作为其文化基础的强烈阿拉伯遗产和伊斯兰信仰之间的平衡。 中东利特一词适用于巴林是因为巴林一直在投资于现代基础设施,但一直努力维护其具有波斯湾特征的阿拉伯遗产,这种特征对外部世界更加接受和开放。 增长和繁荣的中产阶级比中东许多邻国更加宽容和自由。

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The same level of tolerance toward outsiders has not been witnessed within the country. The 2011 protests and demonstrations that swept across North Africa and the Middle East also occurred in Bahrain. The king, the royal family, and the majority in government follow the Sunni branch of Islam. However, most of the population follows the Shia branch of Islam. Many within the Shia community felt that they were being discriminated against and protested the lack of democratic reforms.
::2011年席卷北非和中东的抗议和示威也发生在巴林。 巴林国王、王室和政府中的多数追随伊斯兰逊尼派分支。 然而,大部分人口跟随伊斯兰教的什叶派。 什叶派社区中许多人认为他们受到歧视,并抗议缺乏民主改革。

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Protests and demonstrations in Bahrain have prompted the government to call in military support from Saudi Arabia to help quell the uprising. A number of Shia mosques were reported to have been destroyed, and hundreds of people were detained by police. The protests and demonstrations in Bahrain are more than just a conflict between Shia and Sunni, though this split has been a major concern for years. Many Sunni have participated in the demonstrations because they are in support of more democratic reforms as well.
::巴林的抗议和示威促使政府呼吁沙特阿拉伯提供军事支持,帮助平息起义。 据报道,一些什叶派清真寺被摧毁,数百人被警察拘留。 巴林的抗议和示威不仅仅是什叶派和逊尼派之间的冲突,尽管这种分裂多年来一直是主要关切。 许多逊尼派也参加了示威,因为它们也支持更多的民主改革。

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Qatar
::卡塔尔 卡塔尔

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is a small peninsula jutting out from Arabia into the Persian Gulf. It is an Arab land in transition. Ruled by an emir who has supported democratic reforms, Qatar is moving forward with a globalization policy similar to other Westernized nations. Many of these reforms are similar to those in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
::卡塔尔是一个小半岛,从阿拉伯向波斯湾倾斜,是一个阿拉伯转型领土。 在支持民主改革的埃米尔统治下,卡塔尔正在推行与其他西方国家类似的全球化政策,其中许多改革类似于巴林和阿拉伯联合酋长国(阿联酋)的改革。

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Oil and gas exports have fueled a building boom that has produced shopping malls, wide boulevards, and even a large US military base. Women are allowed to vote, Western clothing and products are permitted, and rap music can be heard in the streets. Though still politically restrictive in many ways, Qatar is more open than many of its neighbors. Qatar is also home to the Al Jazeera news organization, which often balances out Western news programming. Al Jazeera is also allowed to report critically on its home country.
::石油和天然气出口刺激了建筑繁荣,产生了购物中心、宽阔的大道,甚至一个庞大的美国军事基地。 允许妇女投票,允许西方服装和产品,街头可以听到饶舌音乐。 尽管卡塔尔在政治上仍然受到许多方面的限制,但它比许多邻国更开放。 卡塔尔也是半岛电视台新闻组织的所在地,它经常平衡西方新闻节目。 半岛电视台还被允许批评本国。

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In the past few years, oil revenues have provided Qatar with a rapidly growing economy and a high standard of living. Proven reserves of oil and natural gas are enormous for such a small country. Qatar’s natural gas reserves are the world’s third largest. Qatar has been pursuing the development of private and foreign investments in non-energy-related businesses, including banking and financial institutions.
::过去几年来,石油收入为卡塔尔提供了快速增长的经济和高生活水平。 对这样一个小国来说,已经证明的石油和天然气储备是巨大的。 卡塔尔的天然气储备是世界第三大。 卡塔尔一直在发展对非能源相关企业(包括银行和金融机构)的私人和外国投资。

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Modernization efforts have supported Qatar’s push for a greater emphasis on education. Infrastructure and financial support have been allocated to support educational reform, and university opportunities are expanding rapidly. Qatar University was founded in 1973, and in the last decade many more universities from Western countries have opened up branch campuses in Education City, which was established to advance Qatar’s educational reform goals.
::现代化的努力支持了卡塔尔进一步重视教育。 基础设施和财政支持已经用于支持教育改革,大学机会正在迅速扩大。 卡塔尔大学成立于1973年,西方国家的大学在过去十年中在教育城开设了更多的分校,这是为了推进卡塔尔的教育改革目标而建立的。

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The emir’s second wife has actively promoted educational reforms and has encouraged women to pursue higher education to excel in their careers. She has also created greater visibility for women in public roles and has broken through some of the cultural barriers and taboos that have restricted women in other conservative Islamic Arab countries.
::埃米尔的第二任妻子积极推动教育改革,鼓励妇女继续接受高等教育以取得卓越的职业生涯。 她也提高了妇女在公共角色中的知名度,并打破了限制其他保守的伊斯兰阿拉伯国家妇女的一些文化障碍和禁忌。

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United Arab Emirates (UAE)
::阿拉伯联合酋长国(阿联酋)

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Seven small Arab emirates joined together in 1971 to form the . Each emirate is an absolute monarchy ruled by a sheik. The UAE has been integrating its economy with the global marketplace and has established a high standard of living for its people. Two of the emirates—Abu Dhabi and Dubai—possess most of the oil reserves. Abu Dhabi is the capital city and consists of 87 percent of the land area in the UAE. The head of the royal family in this emirate is considered the head of state for the UAE.
::1971年,7个阿拉伯小酋长国联合组成了阿拉伯酋长国。每个酋长国都是由酋长统治的绝对君主制。阿联酋一直将其经济与全球市场融合起来,并建立了人民的高生活水平。其中两个酋长国——阿布扎比和迪拜——拥有大部分石油储备。阿布扎比是首都城市,占阿联酋土地面积的87%。这个酋长国的皇室户主被视为阿联酋的国家元首。

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Dubai has turned its small emirate into an international trade center. The emirate has used its oil reserves to promote trade and commerce. Dubai built itself a world-class port facility equaling that of Hong Kong or New York. As a free-trade zone, there are no taxes or tariffs, so international corporations use the location as a trade center to bring high-volume buyers and sellers together. Dubai has been looking ahead to its future when the oil runs out. The creation of an international trade center would be a means to gain economic income when the revenue from the sale of oil diminishes.
::迪拜已经将其小酋长国变成了一个国际贸易中心。 酋长国已经利用其石油储备促进贸易和商业。 迪拜建造了一个世界级港口设施,相当于香港或纽约的港口设施。 作为一个自由贸易区,没有税收或关税,因此国际公司利用这个地点作为贸易中心,将大量买卖者聚集在一起。 迪拜一直在展望石油耗尽后的未来。 建立一个国际贸易中心将成为当石油销售收入减少时获得经济收入的一种手段。

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Oil wealth and the need for workers have opened up economic opportunities in the UAE that have attracted laborers and business people from many parts of the world. Non-citizens make up about 80 percent of the population. About one-half of the non-citizens are from South Asia, and many are Muslims from India. The large number of laborers that are required to develop the infrastructure has created an imbalance between the percentage of men and women.
::石油财富和工人需求在阿联酋开辟了经济机会,吸引了来自世界许多地方的劳动力和商业人士。 非公民约占人口的80%。 大约一半的非公民来自南亚,许多是印度穆斯林。 大量劳动力需要发展基础设施,这造成了男女比例的不平衡。

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There are about twice the number of men than there are women in Dubai. This has created an interesting dynamic for women in Dubai, who have more rights and opportunities than those in more conservative Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia. The UAE presents an excellent example of people migrating from peripheral countries to a core region in search of opportunities and advantages in a globalized economic community.
::这为迪拜妇女创造了一个有趣的动力,她们比沙特阿拉伯等保守的伊斯兰国家拥有更多的权利和机会。 阿联酋是一个极好的例子,说明人们从外围国家迁移到一个核心地区,在全球化的经济社会中寻找机会和优势。

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The UAE has invested its oil income in building up its infrastructure to compete in a global economy. Hundreds of billions of dollars of construction projects are underway in Dubai alone. Dubai has the world’s tallest structure, the most expensive hotel, the world’s most expensive airport, and the world’s largest artificial islands. Dubai is even home to an indoor downhill ski resort complete with real snow. Other ventures such as the Dubailand entertainment complex and Dubai Sports City have also been proposed. The downturn in the world’s economic situation has slowed the development in this emirate but has not diminished its perspective on the future.
::阿联酋将石油收入投资于建设基础设施以在全球经济中竞争。 单是在迪拜,就有数千亿美元的建筑项目在进行。 迪拜拥有世界上最高的结构、最昂贵的酒店、世界上最昂贵的机场和世界上最大的人工岛屿。 迪拜甚至拥有一个室内下坡滑雪胜地和真正的积雪。 迪拜娱乐综合体和迪拜体育城等其他企业也被提议成立。 世界经济形势的下滑减缓了这一酋长国的发展,但并没有削弱其对未来的看法。

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The Sultanate of Oman
::阿曼苏丹国阿曼苏丹国

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Ruled by a sultan, the absolute monarchy of on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula also controls the tip of land next to the Strait of Hormuz. All oil tankers leaving the Persian Gulf must pass through this vital choke point. Mountains reach more than 9,000 feet in the eastern region of Oman, and rugged arid central plains cover the central region. The country gets plenty of sunshine and has some excellent beaches. Annual rainfall varies from four inches or fewer in the eastern sector to as much as 25 inches in the southwest. The climate is generally hot. Temperatures can reach 120 °F from May to September.
::阿拉伯半岛南端绝对君主统治的国王统治着阿拉伯半岛南端的国王,他也控制着霍尔木兹海峡附近土地的尽头,所有离开波斯湾的油轮都必须经过这个关键的瓶颈点。 阿曼东部地区山峰达到9 000多英尺,中部地区干旱的中央平原崎岖不平。 这个国家拥有充足的阳光和一些极好的海滩。 每年降雨量从东段的4英寸或更少到西南部的25英寸不等。 气候普遍炎热。 从5月至9月,气温可以达到120°F。

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Oman has been using its oil income to build infrastructure to benefit its people. The sultan of Oman has widespread support from his people and has built up goodwill from the international community for his investments in his country. He has built a free-trade zone with a giant container port facility, luxury tourist hotels, a good road system, and a first-rate international airport. He has also provided clean drinking water to the rural areas. Though Oman is not a democracy, the sultan has been a positive role model for other monarchs. He has used Oman’s oil wealth to help his country develop and modernize. The mountains of Oman have additional natural resources such as gold, marble, and copper.
::阿曼苏丹国一直利用其石油收入建设基础设施以造福其人民,阿曼苏丹国得到了其人民的广泛支持,并建立了国际社会对其国内投资的善意。他建立了一个自由贸易区,拥有巨大的集装箱港口设施、豪华旅游旅馆、良好的道路系统和一流的国际机场。他还为农村地区提供了清洁饮用水。虽然阿曼不是一个民主国家,但苏丹还是其他君主的榜样。他利用阿曼的石油财富帮助其国家发展和现代化。阿曼的山区还有金、大理石和铜等额外的自然资源。

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A lack of fresh water is a concern for Oman. The nation has limited renewable water resources. More than 90 percent of the water available is used in agriculture, and the rest is used for industry and domestic consumption. Fresh water is piped throughout most of the country, but shortages occur at times because of droughts and limited rainfall. Environmental problems have also arisen in Oman. For example, irrigation operations have caused soil conditions such as a salt buildup.
::阿曼对缺乏淡水感到关切,国家可再生水资源有限,90%以上的可用水用于农业,其余的用于工业和家庭消费,全国大部分地区都有自来水管道,但有时由于干旱和降雨量有限而出现短缺,阿曼也出现了环境问题,例如灌溉作业造成土壤条件,如盐积蓄。

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Oil tankers traveling through the Strait of Hormuz and along the coast in the Gulf of Oman have leaked oil, which has washed up on coastal areas where beaches are located. The higher level of exploitation of the environment by a growing population has exacted a toll on the organisms that live in the fragile desert ecosystems. Mammals, birds, and other organisms are in danger of extinction, including the Arabian leopard, the mountain gazelle, and the Arabian oryx. The country may lose its biodiversity unless action is taken toward preservation.
::穿越霍尔木兹海峡和阿曼湾沿岸海岸的油轮漏油了,油流冲到海滩所在的沿海地区,越来越多的人口对环境的更大程度的开发给生活在脆弱的沙漠生态系统中的生物造成了损失,哺乳动物、鸟类和其他生物面临灭绝的危险,包括阿拉伯豹、山羚和阿拉伯。 除非采取行动保护,否则国家可能会丧失生物多样性。

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Yemen
::也门 也门

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is a mountainous country bordering Oman and Saudi Arabia. The tallest mountains on the peninsula—reaching more than 12,000 feet in elevation—are located here. The four main regions of Yemen are the eastern desert region of the Rub’ al Khali; the Eastern Highlands south of the Rub’ al Khali; the Western Highlands, which have the highest peaks; and the western coastal plains. The Western Highlands receives about 30 inches of rain per year, while the eastern desert received almost no rainfall. A number of volcanic islands are located off the coast. A volcano on one of the islands erupted as recently as 2007. This region is an extension of the rift valley system coming out of East Africa.
::也门的四大主要地区是鲁布卡利的东部沙漠地区;鲁布卡利以南的东部高地;鲁布卡利以南的东部高地;西部高地,峰值最高;西部高地;西部沿海平原;西部高地每年降雨约30英寸,东部沙漠几乎没有降雨;一些火山岛位于沿海;最近于2007年爆发了一座火山,这是从东非流出裂谷系统的延伸。

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The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Most of the farmland is in the form of terraces cut into the mountainsides that trap rainwater as it flows down the slope from one terrace to the next. Food production is a primary concern because in 2017 the population was more than 28 million and increasing rapidly. The arid land has few trees, but firewood is in high demand for cooking. The demand for firewood has caused deforestation, which in turn has caused serious soil erosion and damage to the mountain terraces that produce the food. Yemen is facing serious environmental concerns. The fast-growing population will only put more pressure on the environmental systems. On the positive side, oil and natural gas reserves are being found in some quantities, which will assist with the economic conditions and help supply the energy needed in the future.
::传统上,经济以农业为主,大多数农田以田地的形式被切入山坡,雨水从一个梯田流向另一个梯田,从一个梯田流入下一个梯田,雨水就流入山坡。粮食生产是一个首要问题,因为2017年,人口超过2 800万,而且迅速增长。干旱土地的树木很少,但木柴需求很高。木柴需求已导致砍伐森林,这反过来又造成了严重的土壤侵蚀和对生产粮食的山梯田的破坏。也门正面临严重的环境问题。人口快速增长只会给环境系统带来更大的压力。从积极的一面看,石油和天然气储量已经达到一定数量,这将有助于改善经济条件,帮助提供未来所需的能源。

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Women in Yemen do not have the opportunities available in some of the more urbanized and modernized Gulf States. The contrast between the rural dynamics of Yemen and the urban culture of Dubai provides an example of a rural versus urban or a core versus peripheral spatial relationship. The basic formula of family size and income levels applies to Yemen. According to the , in 2017, the estimated fertility rate declined to 3.63 from more than 7.0 in 2000. However, the rural-to-urban shift is causing cities within Yemen to grow at an increasing rate. The situation is only going to intensify, as the population of Yemen is projected to reach 60 million by 2050 at the current rate of increase.
::也门妇女没有机会在一些较城市化和现代化的海湾国家获得机会,也门农村动态与迪拜城市文化之间的对比是农村与城市或核心与外围空间关系的一个实例,家庭规模和收入水平的基本公式适用于也门,根据2017年的估计生育率从2000年的7.0降至3.63,然而,农村向城市的转变正在导致也门城市以不断增长的速度增长,这种情况只会加剧,因为也门人口预计到2050年将按目前的增长率达到6 000万。

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Yemen has a democratically elected government that came about when North Yemen and South Yemen merged into one country to create a democratic republic in 1990. The population of Yemen is about 40 percent Shia and 60 percent Sunni. Yemen sided with Iraq and Saddam Hussein in the First Persian Gulf War in Kuwait, which resulted in Saudi Arabia expelling thousands of Yemeni workers.
::也门有一个民主选举的政府,当时北也门和南也门于1990年合并为一个国家,以建立一个民主共和国。 也门人口约40%是什叶派,60%是逊尼派。 也门在科威特第一次波斯湾战争中与伊拉克和萨达姆·侯赛因并肩作战,导致沙特阿拉伯驱逐了数千名也门工人。

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Yemen and Saudi Arabia have had a long-standing territorial dispute and only recently agreed on the desert border between the two countries. As the lone democracy on the peninsula, Yemen contrasts with the more conservative Islamic states and monarchies such as Saudi Arabia that are more common in the Middle East. Poor, rural, and agriculturally based, Yemen does not fit the mold of the typical oil-rich sheikdom of the region.
::也门和沙特阿拉伯长期存在领土争端,直到最近才就两国之间的沙漠边界达成一致。 也门作为半岛唯一的民主国家,与中东比较保守的伊斯兰国家和君主制形成鲜明对比,比如沙特,沙特在中东更为常见。 贫困、农村和以农业为基础的也门与该地区典型的石油丰富酋长制的模范格格格格格格格不入。

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Stability in Yemen is critical for the security of the regional waterways. In the past decade, piracy against ships off the coast of Somalia has increased, and many ships have been boarded and taken hostage by pirates demanding high ransoms for the release of the ship and crew. Security in the region is critical to support safe passage for international shipping activity through the Gulf of Aden and the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait.
::也门的稳定对区域水道安全至关重要,过去十年来,索马里沿海针对船只的海盗行为有所增加,许多船只被海盗登上并扣为人质,海盗要求为释放船只和船员提供高额赎金,该区域的安全对于支持国际航运活动安全通过亚丁湾和曼德海峡至关重要。

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Yemen experienced civil unrest and citizen protests in the spring of 2011 similar to those in the other Arab countries. The protests and demonstrations targeted political corruption, poor economic conditions, and high unemployment. During this time, the government was also looking to modify its constitution. The protesters shifted their focus to call for the president of Yemen to resign after 21 years in power. The president and government resisted, and the conflicts turned more serious. Clans not loyal to the president sided with the protesters, and the Yemeni president was seriously injured in a military clash. He was flown to Saudi Arabia for medical treatment. When the president recovered and returned to Yemen he still refused to step down. The country continues to adjust to the situation.
::2011年春,也门经历了类似于其他阿拉伯国家的内乱和公民抗议。抗议和示威针对政治腐败、经济条件差和高失业率。在此期间,政府也在寻求修改宪法。抗议者将重点转向呼吁也门总统在执政21年后辞职。总统和政府抵制,冲突变得更加严重。不忠于总统的克拉人站在抗议者一边,也门总统在军事冲突中受重伤。他被空运到沙特阿拉伯接受治疗。当总统恢复并返回也门时,他仍然拒绝下台。该国继续适应局势。

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Applying Knowledge
::应用知识

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Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题

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1. Where are the mountains located on the Arabian Peninsula? How high do they reach in elevation?
   ::阿拉伯 半岛 的 山 山 在 何 方 、 高 高 、 达 了 何 等 高
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2. Why type of government does Saudi Arabia have? What is the law based on?
   ::沙特阿拉伯为何有这种类型的政府?法律基于什么?
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3. What are some things that women are not allowed to do in Saudi Arabia that they can do where you live?
   ::在沙特阿拉伯,妇女不能做哪些事情,她们可以在你住的地方做?
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4. Who are the Mutawa'een? When would one encounter them?
   ::穆塔瓦人是谁?
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5. Who drilled the first offshore Kuwaiti oil well? Why is this significant?
   ::谁钻了第一个科威特近海油井?
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6. What measures have the governments of Bahrain and Qatar taken to modernize their countries?
   ::巴林和卡塔尔政府采取了哪些措施使其国家现代化?
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7. How has the emirate of Dubai been able to promote a globalized economy?
   ::迪拜酋长国如何能够促进全球化经济?
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8. How  does the term Middle East Lite apply to Bahrain?
   ::中东利特一词如何适用于巴林?
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9. How has the current sultan of Oman used his country’s oil revenues?
   ::阿曼现任苏丹如何利用阿曼的石油收入?
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10. Outline five differences between the emirate of Dubai and the country of Yemen.
    ::概述了迪拜酋长国与也门国之间的五大差别。

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Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习

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Using  , locate each place on the list below. Next, find the closest city with an airport in proximity to each location. Calculate the distance and how long it would take to travel from to each city.
::使用 , 确定下面列表中每个位置的位置。 下一步, 找到离每个位置相近、 机场相近的最近的城市 。 计算距离以及从每个城市到每个城市需要多长时间 。

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• Arabian Sea
  ::阿拉伯海
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• Bab-el-Mandeb Strait
  ::巴贝尔曼德海峡
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• Gulf of Aden
  ::亚丁湾湾
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• Gulf of Oman
  ::阿曼湾
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• Mecca
  ::麦麦加
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• Medina
  ::梅迪纳usa. kgm
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• Persian Gulf
  ::波斯湾
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• Red Sea
  ::红海
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• Rub’ al-Khali
  ::鲁布·哈利
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• Strait of Hormuz
  ::霍尔木兹海峡

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Current Events
::当前事件

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Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频

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Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站

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is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge.  Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。

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provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。

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is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。

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is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。

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is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。

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  is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth. 
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。

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is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。

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is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。

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  is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。

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  is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.  
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。

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is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。

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  is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states. 
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。

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is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。

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 is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more. 
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。

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is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。

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is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。

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is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。

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is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。