南部非洲(2天)

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Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标

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Southern Africa
::南部非洲南部非洲

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The region of the African continent south of the Congo and Tanzania is named Southern Africa. The physical location is the large part of Africa to the south of the extensive Congo River basin. Southern Africa is home to a number of river systems; the Zambezi River is the most prominent. The Zambezi flows from the northwest corner of Zambia and western Angola all the way to the Indian Ocean on the coast of Mozambique. Along the way, the Zambezi River flows over the mighty Victoria Falls on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. Victoria Falls is the largest waterfall in the world and is a major tourist attraction for the region.
::刚果和坦桑尼亚以南的非洲大陆区域称为南部非洲,其实际位置是非洲大部分地区位于刚果河流域以南,南部非洲是若干河流系统的所在地;赞比西河最为突出,赞比西河从赞比亚西北角和安哥拉西部一直流向莫桑比克沿岸的印度洋,沿途,赞比西河横跨赞比亚和津巴布韦边界上强大的维多利亚瀑布,维多利亚瀑布是世界上最大的瀑布,是该区域的主要旅游景点。

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Southern Africa includes both type B and type C climates. The Tropic of Capricorn runs straight through the middle of the region, indicating that the southern portion is outside of  the tropics. The Kalahari Desert, which lies mainly in Botswana, is an extensive desert region with an arid mixture of grasslands and sand. When there is adequate rainfall, the grasslands provide excellent grazing for wildlife. Precipitation varies from three to ten inches per year.
::南部非洲既包括B类气候,也包括C类气候。摩角热带直通该区域中部,表明南部在热带以外。主要位于博茨瓦纳的卡拉哈里沙漠是一个广阔的沙漠地区,草地和沙地混合干旱。如果降雨充足,草地为野生生物提供了很好的牧场。每年降水量从3到10英寸不等。

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The Kalahari is home to game reserves and national parks. Large areas of dry salt pans stretch over ancient lake beds. The salt pans fill with water after heavy rainfall but are dry the remainder of the year. The Namib Desert, found along the west coast of Namibia, receives little rainfall. Moderate type C climates are found south of the Kalahari Desert in South Africa, where conditions are suitable for a variety of agricultural activities, including fruit orchards and an expanding wine industry.
::喀拉哈里岛是狩猎保护区和国家公园的家园,大片干盐盆在古老湖床上铺开,盐盆在暴雨后充斥着水,但今年剩余时间仍干涸,纳米比亚西海岸一带的纳米布沙漠降雨量很少,南非卡拉哈里沙漠以南地区有中度的C型气候,那里的条件适合各种农业活动,包括果园和不断扩大的葡萄酒业。

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Madagascar
::马达加斯加 马达加斯加

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Madagascar is included in this unit on Southern Africa, but it does not share its cultural geography or biodiversity.
::马达加斯加是南部非洲这一单位的成员,但它不分享其文化地理或生物多样性。

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The countries on the Southern African mainland share many of the demographic qualities of the rest of Africa: large family size, agrarian economies, multiple ethnic groups, rural populations, political instability, and a high rate of rural-to urban shift. Southern Africa is set apart from other Sub-Saharan African regions because of its mineral resources, including copper, diamonds, gold, zinc, chromium, platinum, manganese, iron ore, and coal.
::南部非洲大陆各国拥有非洲其他地区的许多人口素质:家庭规模大、农业经济、多种族群体、农村人口、政治不稳定以及从农村向城市的高度转变。 南部非洲与其他撒哈拉以南非洲地区不同,因为其矿产资源包括铜、钻石、黄金、锌、铬、白金、锰、铁矿石和煤。

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Countries in Southern Africa are quite large in physical area, except three smaller landlocked states: Lesotho, Swaziland, and Malawi. The larger countries--South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, and Angola--all have extensive mineral deposits.
::除了三个较小的内陆国(莱索托、斯威士兰和马拉维)外,南部非洲国家的实际面积相当大。 较大的国家(南非、博茨瓦纳、莫桑比克、津巴布韦、赞比亚、纳米比亚和安哥拉)都有丰富的矿藏。

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The vast mineral resources make this one of the wealthiest regions of Africa with the greatest potential for economic growth. A physical band of mineral resources in Southern Africa stretches from the rich oil fields off the northwest coast of Angola, east through the diamond-mining region, and into the northern Copper Belt of Zambia. A region of rich mineral deposits continues from the unique geological formation called the Great Dyke in central Zimbabwe through the Bushveld basin into South Africa.
::丰富的矿产资源使非洲这个最富有的地区成为经济增长潜力最大的地区之一,南部非洲的矿物资源从安哥拉西北海岸外的丰富油田延伸到赞比亚北部铜带,东经钻石开采区,再延伸到赞比亚北部。 一个丰富的矿产矿藏区域从津巴布韦中部称为大迪克的独特地质构造一直延续到南非的布什维尔德盆地。

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From here, it extends southwest through the central gold- and diamond-mining regions of South Africa toward the southern coast. Mining activity exists on both sides of the belt of mineral resources. Diamond mining is found in parts of Botswana and along the coast of Namibia. Coal can be found in central Mozambique. The countries that are able to conduct the necessary extractive processes are creating national wealth and increasing the standard of living for their people.
::它从这里向西南延伸,穿过南非中部的金矿和钻石开采区,向南海岸延伸,矿物资源带两侧都有采矿活动,在博茨瓦纳部分地区和纳米比亚沿岸有钻石开采活动,在莫桑比克中部有煤炭开采活动,有能力进行必要的采掘进程的国家正在创造国家财富,提高人民生活水平。

 

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is located to the east of the continent, in the Indian Ocean. Madagascar is the world’s fourth-largest island and is similar in area to France. Surrounding Madagascar are the independent island states of the Seychelles, Comoros, and Mauritius. Madagascar is included in this unit on Southern Africa but does not share its cultural geography or biodiversity.
::马达加斯加是世界第四大岛屿,在面积上与法国相似。 周围的马达加斯加是塞舌尔、科摩罗和毛里求斯的独立岛国。 马达加斯加是南部非洲的这个单位,但不分享其文化地理或生物多样性。

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Madagascar broke away from the mainland more than 160 million years ago and developed its own environmental conditions and cultural heritage. The early human inhabitants of Madagascar can trace their ancestry to the regions of Malaysia and Indonesia in Southeast Asia. People from the African mainland also joined the population. The whole island later came under the colonial domination of France but won its independence in 1960.
::马达加斯加在1.6亿多年前脱离了大陆,发展了自己的环境条件和文化遗产,马达加斯加早期居民可以追溯到东南亚的马来西亚和印度尼西亚地区,来自非洲大陆的人也加入了人口行列,整个岛屿后来受到法国的殖民统治,但在1960年赢得了独立。

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Madagascar’s unique physical environment is home to many plants and animals found nowhere else in the world. At least 33 varieties of lemurs and many tropical bird species and other organisms are found only on Madagascar. It is an area of high biodiversity and is home to about five percent of all the animals and plants in the world. Tropical rain forests can be found on the eastern edge on the windward side of the island. The western side of the island experiences a rain shadow effect because of the height of the central highlands, which reach as high as 9,435 feet. The western side of the island has a smaller population and receives less precipitation.
::马达加斯加独特的自然环境是世界上许多动物和植物的栖息地。 至少有33种狐猴和许多热带鸟类物种和其他生物只存在于马达加斯加。 马达加斯加是一个生物多样性高的地区,占世界所有动植物的5%左右。 热带雨林可以在岛屿向风边的东边缘找到。 岛屿西面因中部高地高度高达9 435英尺而遭遇雨影效应。 岛屿西面人口较少,降水量较少。

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Since 1990, the eastern tropical rain forest has experienced a sharp decline because of extensive logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, mining operations, and drought. Population growth has placed a heavier demand on the environment, which in turn puts stress on the habitats of many of the unusual organisms that are unique to the island. Typical of many African nations, agriculture is Madagascar’s main economic activity. About 80 percent of the 25 million people who live on the island earn their living off the land.
::自1990年以来,由于大面积伐木、刀耕火种的农业、采矿作业和干旱,东部热带雨林急剧下降。 人口增长增加了对环境的需求,这反过来又给岛屿特有的许多非同寻常生物的栖息地带来压力。 在许多非洲国家中,农业是马达加斯加的主要经济活动。 在岛上的2500万人口中,约有80%靠土地谋生。

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Deforestation is occurring on all parts of the island and is more severe in areas where human habitation leads to a high demand for firewood used in cooking. In other parts of Africa, important environmental areas have been protected or transformed into national parks and wildlife preserves. Though protected areas do exist on Madagascar, efforts to protect the environment and the wildlife have been hampered by the lack of available funding and the population’s high demand for natural resources.
::森林砍伐正在岛内所有地区发生,在人类居住导致对用于烹饪的木柴需求高的地区更为严重。 在非洲其他地区,重要的环境地区已经受到保护或转变为国家公园和野生生物保护区。 尽管马达加斯加确实有保护区,但保护环境和野生生物的努力却因缺乏资金和民众对自然资源的高需求而受到阻碍。

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Angola
::安哥拉 安哥拉 安哥拉

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The largest country in Southern Africa is . Located on the west coast of the continent, the country includes the small exclave of Cabinda to the north, which borders the Congo River and is separated from the main body of Angola. Cabinda is a major oil producer and remains a foothold for rebel groups seeking greater control over oil resources. Offshore oil activity has increased in the northern region of Angola and has attracted international oil companies from many countries.
::卡宾达是南部非洲最大的国家,位于该大陆的西海岸,该国包括北部与刚果河接壤、与安哥拉主体分离的卡宾达的小型排泄物,卡宾达是主要的石油生产国,仍然是寻求对石油资源进行更大控制的反叛团体的立足点,安哥拉北部地区的近海石油活动有所增加,吸引了许多国家的国际石油公司。

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In 2007, Angola was the largest oil exporter to China, which has become one of Angola’s largest financial supporters. Oil revenues have helped Angola rebuild after a bitter civil war (1975–2002) devastated the country and its infrastructure. Angola is also burdened with thousands of refugees seeking safety from the civil wars in the Congo.
::2007年,安哥拉是中国最大的石油出口国,中国已成为安哥拉最大的金融支持者之一。 石油收入帮助安哥拉在痛苦的内战(1975-2002年)摧毁了安哥拉及其基础设施之后重建。 安哥拉还承受着数千名难民在刚果内战中寻求安全的负担。

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Angola was a Portuguese colony and fought hard for independence, which it received in 1975. After independence, strong factions clashed to obtain political power. At the same time, the Cold War was at a high point. The United States and the Soviet Union both used their influence to support political leadership in Angola and other parts of Africa to reflect their respective ideologies. Even Cuba had a large number of military troops in Angola in support of a socialist agenda.
::安哥拉是葡萄牙的殖民地,为独立进行了艰苦的斗争,它于1975年获得独立,独立后,强大的派别为获得政治权力而发生冲突,同时,冷战正处于一个高点,美国和苏联都利用其影响力支持安哥拉和非洲其他地区的政治领导人反映各自的意识形态,甚至古巴在安哥拉也有大批军队支持社会主义议程。

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As the factions within Angola fought for power, the country was deeply divided. Thus began a 27-year civil war that finally ended in 2002. The country has been working to recover from this turmoil ever since. Foreign aid and charitable organizations have helped feed the people, and oil revenues are beginning to support recovery. The government of Angola has suffered from serious corruption. Much of the wealth is centralized in the hands of an elite few and does not filter down to the general population.
::随着安哥拉内部各派别为争夺权力而斗争,安哥拉陷入了深刻的分裂,从而开始了最终于2002年结束的长达27年的内战,自那以来,安哥拉一直在努力从这场动乱中恢复过来,外国援助和慈善组织一直在帮助养活人民,石油收入也开始支持复苏。 安哥拉政府遭受了严重的腐败。 大部分财富集中在少数精英手中,没有渗透到普通民众手中。

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Natural resources were a major factor in the long, drawn-out civil war. Angola was one of the original countries in which the term  blood diamonds  was used. Resistant groups would mine the diamonds, sell them on the world market, and use that income to fund their military pursuits. Revenue from the diamond trade fueled the death and destruction of the newly independent country.
::自然资源是长期旷日持久的内战的一个主要因素,安哥拉是使用血腥钻石的原始国家之一,抵抗团体将开采钻石,在世界市场上出售钻石,并利用这些收入资助其军事追求,钻石贸易的收入助长了新独立国家的死亡和破坏。

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Diamonds are still being mined in Angola and bringing in considerable national income. The industry is not always controlled or managed to lessen the number of diamonds reaching the market from dubious sources. Natural resources have helped the country look to a future in which a more stable government can work to rebuild the country’s infrastructure and improve the standard of living for its people.
::钻石仍在安哥拉开采,并带来可观的国民收入。 钻石业并不总是被控制或管理来减少从可疑来源流入市场的钻石数量。 自然资源帮助安哥拉展望未来,让一个更稳定的政府能够重建国家的基础设施,提高人民的生活水平。

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Namibia
::纳米比亚 纳米比亚

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is a dry, arid land with few people. Its population density of about 6.5 people per square mile in 2009 was the second-lowest in the world after Mongolia. The physical geography of this large country is dominated by arid plateaus and desert regions with changes in elevation between them. The Namib Desert, characterized by enormous sand dunes, runs along the entire west coast. It meets up with the Great Escarpment, which is a sharp rise in elevation of as much as a mile high toward the interior. A central plateau dominates the north-south interior, and the Kalahari Desert is to the east.
::2009年,人口密度约为每平方英里6.5人,位居世界第二位,仅次于蒙古。这个大国的自然地理以干旱高原和沙漠地区为主,它们之间的海拔变化很大。纳米布沙漠以巨大的沙丘为特征,在整个西海岸一带运行。它与大倾斜相遇,向内地的海拔高达一英里。一个中央高原以北南内地为主,而卡拉哈里沙漠则位于东面。

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Natural resources are abundant. Uranium and diamonds are the major export products; lead, zinc, tin, silver, copper, and tungsten are also mined. The coastal waters support a substantial fishing industry. Namibia’s constitution contains language that addresses environmental conservation and the protection of wildlife habitat. The country has created nature conservancies, which have advanced the activities of ecotourism, a source of national wealth promoted by the government.
::天然资源丰富。 铀和钻石是主要的出口产品;铅、锌、锡、银、铜和钨也是被开采的。 沿海水域支持一个庞大的渔业。 纳米比亚宪法包含了环境保护和保护野生动物栖息地的语言。 纳米比亚建立了自然保护区,促进了生态旅游活动,而生态旅游是政府推动的国家财富来源。

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The Berlin Conference of 1884, when the colonial European powers met to divide up Africa, resulted in the German colonization of the region of Namibia. The German influence remains evident in the dominant religion. Most of the Christians in Namibia, which now make up about 80 percent of the population, are Lutherans.
::1884年的柏林会议,当时殖民的欧洲列强开会分裂非洲,导致德国对纳米比亚地区的殖民化。 德国的影响在占统治地位的宗教中仍然很明显。 占人口80%左右的纳米比亚大多数基督徒是路德教徒。

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By 1920, the region known as South West Africa had been transferred to South Africa by the League of Nations. South West Africa had to endure the political policies of apartheid while under the jurisdiction of South Africa. By 1966, local uprisings and a push for sovereignty resulted in a socialist independence movement that created the South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO). This organization was entrenched in a guerilla war with South Africa, which led to the return of Namibia to United Nations (UN) supervision. The name  Namibia  was adopted during this era. Socialist countries such as Cuba provided supported SWAPO’s movement for autonomy.
::到1920年,被称为西南非洲的区域被国际联盟转移到南非,西南非洲不得不忍受种族隔离的政治政策,而南非则受南非管辖;到1966年,当地起义和主权的推动导致了创建西南非洲人民组织(西南非洲人民组织)的社会主义独立运动;该组织在与南非的游击战争中根深蒂固,导致纳米比亚返回联合国(联合国)的监督;纳米比亚的名称在这个时代被采用;古巴等社会主义国家支持西南非洲人民组织自治运动。

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The 1980s brought about a transition in the governing process in the Namibian War of Independence. In 1985, South Africa installed an interim government in Namibia. A UN peace plan was reached that included Namibia in 1988, and Namibia finally gained its independence in 1990 following South Africa’s withdrawal from Angola in their civil war. SWAPO has become the dominant Namibian political affiliation. As a recently independent country, Namibia has had to work through a natural transition process to create a stable government to sustain itself as an independent country.
::1980年代在纳米比亚独立战争中实现了治理进程的转型。 1985年,南非在纳米比亚建立了临时政府。 1988年达成了一个包括纳米比亚在内的联合国和平计划,1990年南非在内战中从安哥拉撤军之后,纳米比亚终于获得独立。 SWAPO成为纳米比亚占主导地位的政治派别。 作为最近独立的国家,纳米比亚不得不通过一个自然转型进程建立一个稳定的政府,以维持作为一个独立国家。

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Zambia
::赞比亚赞比亚

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The landlocked country of was known as Northern Rhodesia during colonial times. From 1891 to 1923, it was administered by Britain’s South Africa Company. Then it became a colony of Great Britain. The name was changed to Zambia when the country was granted independence in 1964. Lusaka is its primate city and capital.
::在殖民时代,内陆国家被称为北罗得西亚,从1891年到1923年,它由英国的南非公司管理,随后成为英国殖民地,1964年赞比亚获得独立时,它改名为赞比亚。 卢萨卡是其原始城市和首都。

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Mining in the Copper Belt to the north provides both economic activity and employment opportunities for the people, but long distances from major seaports and the fluctuation in world commodity prices do not provide a stable economic situation for the mining industry. Though most of the population makes their living by subsistence agriculture, the country has a large urbanized population that heavily depends on the mining industry for employment and economic support.
::北部铜带采矿为人们提供了经济活动和就业机会,但远离主要海港和世界商品价格波动并不能为采矿业提供稳定的经济状况,尽管大部分人口靠自给农业为生,但该国有大量城市化人口,严重依赖采矿业提供就业和经济支持。

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The country is expected to double in population in about 35 years if current rates continue. The average family size is more than five members. The larger towns and cities along the major transportation routes are the main population centers. Unemployment remains high in these urban areas, and there are few opportunities for economic development. More than 70 ethnic groups can be found in Zambia, including a small but growing Chinese population. English is the official language, but many other languages are spoken. Most of the people are Christians with a wide variety of denominations. Animist and traditional beliefs are also common.
::平均家庭人口超过5个,主要交通路线沿线较大的城镇为主要人口中心,这些城市地区的失业率仍然很高,经济发展机会也很少,赞比亚有70多个族裔群体,包括人数不多但不断增长的中国人口。英语是官方语言,但讲许多其他语言。大多数人信奉基督教,信仰各异。动画主义和传统信仰也很普遍。

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Malawi
::马拉维 马拉维 马拉维

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is a landlocked nation that became independent in 1964. The British controlled the region in 1891 and named their colony Nyasaland after Lake Nyasa, a large lake in Malawi; the lake is also called Lake Malawi. The lake serves as the eastern border of the country. Another name for Lake Malawi is Calendar Lake, named so because of its physical dimensions, which are 52 miles wide and 365 miles long. Lake Malawi is a deep water lake with depths reaching 2,300 feet. The great depths of the lake are caused by the Great Rift Valley, which created the depression the lake rests in. The lake provides for the livelihoods for millions of people who live along its shores and depend on its resources of fish and fresh water.
::1891年,英国控制了该地区,并以马拉维一个大湖Nyasa湖命名其殖民地Nyasaland,该湖也称为马拉维湖,该湖是马拉维东部边界,马拉维湖的另一个名称是日历湖,因为其物理面积52英里宽,长365英里,因此命名为日历湖。马拉维湖是一个深水湖,深达2 300英尺。湖深,是大裂谷造成的,它造成了湖泊所在的低潮。湖为生活在其海岸上并依赖其鱼类和淡水资源的数百万人提供了生计。

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Malawi is not a technologically developed country. Only about 15 percent of the population lives in urban areas. About 90 percent of the country’s exports are agricultural products of tea, sugar, coffee, and tobacco. Malawi’s government requires substantial assistance from the international community, such as the and the (IMF). Complicating the situation are instances of government corruption that have led to the withholding of international aid. Another major problem for Malawi is the significant number of HIV-infected people. Also, the average family size is large, and rapid population growth places an ever-increasing demand on natural resources.
::马拉维不是一个技术发达的国家,只有大约15%的人口生活在城市地区。 马拉维出口的大约90%是茶叶、糖、咖啡和烟草等农产品。 马拉维政府需要国际社会(如国际货币基金组织(IMF))的大量援助。 更严重的是政府腐败导致国际援助被扣留。 马拉维的另一个主要问题是大量艾滋病毒感染者。 此外,家庭平均规模很大,人口快速增长导致对自然资源的需求不断增加。

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Mozambique
::莫桑比克 莫桑比克 莫桑比克

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Before colonial Europeans arrived in the region of along Africa’s east coast, the   Bantu   people of a number of ethnic subgroups were the dominant people, and they still make up more than 99 percent of the population. Portugal had claimed the region as a colony as early as the 16th century. Portugal strongly resisted releasing its claims to Mozambique but did so after much opposition. The country became independent in 1975.
::在殖民地欧洲人到达非洲东部沿岸地区之前,一些种族分组的班图人占据了主导地位,他们仍占人口的99%以上。 葡萄牙早在16世纪就宣称该地区是殖民地。 葡萄牙强烈抵制向莫桑比克宣布其要求,但经过许多反对之后却这样做了。 1975年,葡萄牙独立了。

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The transition from colony to independent nation was a struggle for Mozambique. The rebel groups that had been instrumental in fighting a guerrilla war for independence against Portugal remained active after 1975 and fighting continued after independence. The country fell into a violent civil war from 1977 to 1992. Central elements in this war were involvement or influence by Zimbabwe and South Africa on one side and Marxist support from the Soviet Union on the other.
::从殖民地向独立国家的过渡是莫桑比克的斗争。 1975年之后,那些在向葡萄牙发动独立游击战方面起重要作用的反叛团体仍然活跃,独立后战斗仍在继续。 从1977年到1992年,该国陷入了一场暴力内战。 这场战争的中心因素是津巴布韦和南非一方的介入或影响,而苏联另一方的马克思主义支持。

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More than one million people died in this brutal war, which also devastated the country, destroyed valuable infrastructure, and created more than one million refugees who sought sanctuary in neighboring countries. At the same time, most people of Portuguese descent left because of safety concerns. A peace agreement was finally reached in 1992. Since then, the country has struggled to create a stable government and provide a safe environment for its people.
::这场残酷的战争也摧毁了国家,摧毁了宝贵的基础设施,创造了100多万难民,他们到邻国寻求避难。 与此同时,大多数葡萄牙裔人出于安全考虑而离开。 1992年终于达成了和平协议。 此后,该国为建立一个稳定的政府并为人民提供安全的环境而奋斗。

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Foreign aid has remained a necessity to provide economic stability for Mozambique. The agrarian society includes a high percentage of the population that lives below the poverty line. Selective mining operations and the introduction of garment manufacturing augments the main agricultural activities. Since 2000, the government has worked to implement economic reforms and to curb excess spending. Both have had a positive effect on economic growth.
::外国援助仍然是莫桑比克实现经济稳定的必要条件,农业社会包括了生活在贫困线以下的高比例人口,有选择的采矿作业和服装制造业的引进扩大了主要农业活动,自2000年以来,政府一直在努力实施经济改革和遏制过度开支,两者都对经济增长产生了积极影响。

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It is not unusual for foreign debt to plague developing countries, and Mozambique has suffered from a high level of national debt that has threatened to bankrupt the country. Debt relief for Mozambique came through the International Monetary Fund's debt forgiveness program. Both debt forgiveness and loan rescheduling agreements were implemented. The positive growth pattern indicates that even desperately poor countries can work to improve the standard of living for their people if there are adequate resources and opportunities for employment. Still, rapid population growth potentially cancels out economic gains and threatens to deplete valuable resources, thereby creating an even more difficult path for future stability.
::外债困扰着发展中国家的情况并非罕见,莫桑比克的国民债务水平很高,有可能使该国破产;莫桑比克的债务减免是通过国际货币基金组织的债务减免方案实现的;债务减免和贷款重新安排协议都得到了执行;积极的增长模式表明,即使赤贫国家如果有足够的资源和就业机会,也能努力提高人民的生活水平;然而,快速的人口增长可能抵消经济收益,并有可能耗尽宝贵的资源,从而为未来稳定创造更加困难的道路。

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Zimbabwe
::津巴布韦 津巴布韦

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There is no better way to understand Zimbabwe than to become familiar with the history and heritage of the people who live there. The Great Zimbabwe Kingdom flourished from about 1250 to 1450, when it was eclipsed by succeeding kingdoms. Ruins from the extensive stone architecture of that era remain and are a major tourist attraction. These kingdoms were major trading centers for the region but later clashed with the colonial powers that desired to dominate regional trade for themselves. The Bantu civilization of Southern Africa established a number of kingdoms that existed in Zimbabwe up to the colonial era.
::了解津巴布韦的最好办法莫过于熟悉津巴布韦人民的历史和遗产;伟大的津巴布韦王国从大约1250年到1450年蓬勃发展到1450年,当时继承的王国遮盖了它;那个时代巨大石头结构的废墟仍然存在,是主要的旅游景点;这些王国是该地区的主要贸易中心,但后来又与希望自己主宰区域贸易的殖民国家发生冲突;南部非洲的班图文明在津巴布韦建立了直到殖民时代之前存在的一些王国。

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Zimbabwe experienced similar colonial activity to that which befell Zambia, its neighbor to the north. Britain arrived in the late 1800s, and by 1923 they called their newly controlled colony Southern Rhodesia, after Cecil Rhodes, who headed the British South Africa Company, a mercantile company that broke new ground in the region. The British were able to put down any resistance to their activity and consolidated their holdings.
::津巴布韦经历了与北方邻国赞比亚相邻的类似殖民活动。 英国于1800年代末抵达,1923年,他们称新控制的南罗得西亚殖民地南罗得西亚为南罗得西亚(Cecil Rhodes ) , 他领导了英属南非公司(British South African Company Company ) , 该公司在该地区开创了新的局面。 英国人能够击败对其活动的任何抵抗并巩固其财产。

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In 1965, the white-dominated leadership of the Rhodesian government unilaterally declared its independence, but Britain did not recognize this action. The United Nations (UN) issued sanctions against the white leadership. The response was an internal guerrilla uprising to fight for free elections that would include black Africans. Independence was finally granted in 1980, and the country’s name was officially changed from Rhodesia to Zimbabwe.
::1965年,罗得西亚政府以白人为主的领导层单方面宣布独立,但英国不承认这一行动。 联合国(UN)对白人领导层实施制裁。 反应是一场内部游击起义,以争取自由选举,包括黑人。 1980年终于获得独立,该国的名字正式从罗得西亚改为津巴布韦。

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In 1980, Robert Mugabe came to power as the first president and extended his authoritarian rule for 30 years. During this time, the country experienced civil unrest and political turmoil. Mugabe was accused of corruption, election rigging, and pillaging of public funds for personal gain. Under his leadership, there were accusations of government mismanagement, human rights abuses, and hyperinflation of the country’s currency.
::1980年,罗伯特·穆加贝以第一任总统身份上台,并将独裁统治延长了30年。 在此期间,该国经历了内乱和政治动荡。 穆加贝被指控腐败、操纵选举、掠夺公共资金谋取私利。 在穆加贝的领导下,有人指控政府管理不善、侵犯人权、以及国家货币暴涨。

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In 2008, inflation led to serious devaluation of the currency. The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe printed banknotes in the denomination of 100 trillion dollars that were only worth a few US dollars in the international exchange. Zimbabwe citizens continue to work through these difficult economic conditions.
::2008年,通胀导致货币严重贬值。 津巴布韦储备银行印制了价值100万亿美元的钞票,在国际汇率中仅值几美元。 津巴布韦公民继续通过这些困难的经济条件工作。

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Mugabe initiated a land reform policy that would take land owned by people of white European ancestry and redistribute it to people of black African ancestry. During the colonial era, white Europeans, who only made up a small percentage of the population, moved in and took control of most of the agricultural lands. Land reform was a progressive policy and was meant to provide a greater level of equality within the country. However, the disorganized methods used to carry out the plan resulted in violence and the confiscation of farmland with little regard for the rule of law.
::穆加贝启动了一项土地改革政策,将白人欧洲后裔拥有的土地重新分配给非洲黑人后裔。 在殖民时代,白人欧洲人(仅占人口的一小部分)迁入并控制了大部分农地,土地改革是一项进步政策,目的是在国内提供更大程度的平等,然而,用于实施该计划的混乱方法导致了暴力和没收农田,而很少考虑到法治。

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Thousands of white farmers and their families left the country. Some were killed when their farms were taken over by force. Mugabe was accused of corruption in making sure his cronies benefited from the land reform without being concerned about the general population. The disruption in the agricultural sector resulted in a drastic reduction in agricultural output. The country shifted from a once sustainable, prosperous agricultural sector with extensive exports to an agricultural system that was in disarray. The result was food shortages and the loss of enormous agricultural export profits.
::穆加贝被控腐败,在不关心一般民众的情况下,确保自己的亲友从土地改革中受益,农业部门的中断导致农业产量急剧下降,该国从曾经可持续、繁荣、出口广泛的农业部门转向了混乱的农业系统,其结果是粮食短缺和农业出口利润损失巨大。

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Shaping a stable post-Mugabe government will be a challenge for Zimbabwe. Solving the problems resulting from the transition from exploitive colonial rule to personal authoritarian rule will be a difficult undertaking. The country has serious economic problems that have lowered the number of opportunities and advantages for its people. Life expectancy has dropped from about 60 years in 1990 to fewer than 40 years two decades later.
::塑造一个稳定的穆加贝后政府将是津巴布韦的一项挑战。 解决从剥削殖民统治向个人专制统治过渡所造成的问题将是一项艰巨的任务。 该国面临严重的经济问题,这降低了人民的机会和优势。 预期寿命从1990年的大约60岁下降到20年后的不到40岁。

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Health care, education, and social services have not reached the level needed to sustain a healthy society by world standards. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has hit Zimbabwe hard, affecting a higher percentage of its population than most of the other African countries. Political turmoil, civil unrest, and violence have reduced the level of law and order within the country. These issues are indicators that within the globalization process, countries such as Zimbabwe will be losing out on the opportunity to attract foreign investments, manufacturing expansions, or employment opportunities being developed elsewhere to meet the demands of the marketplace.
::保健、教育和社会服务尚未达到以世界标准维持健康社会所需的水平,艾滋病毒/艾滋病对津巴布韦的影响严重,其人口比例高于大多数其他非洲国家,政治动荡、内乱和暴力降低了国内的法律和秩序水平,这些问题表明,在全球化进程中,津巴布韦等国家将失去吸引外国投资、制造业扩张或其他地方为满足市场需求而开发的就业机会的机会。

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Botswana
::博茨瓦纳

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The country of is relatively flat, and the Kalahari Desert covers as much as 70 percent of its land area. By the time it established independence from Britain in 1966, the lack of agricultural lands had reduced the country’s economic level to the lowest in the world. At that time, the country was called Bechuanaland.
::国家相对平坦,喀拉哈里沙漠占其土地面积的70%。 到1966年英国独立时,农业用地的缺乏已经将国家的经济水平降低到世界最低水平。 当时,该国被称为贝丘阿纳兰。

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Botswana has transitioned more smoothly than other African countries into a stable political system with a fast-growing economy. It has an emerging service sector, extensive diamond mining, and expanding industrial ambitions. Personal incomes are rising, and the standard of living is reaching upward to the second highest in the region after South Africa.
::博茨瓦纳比其他非洲国家更顺利地向一个经济快速增长的稳定政治体系转型。 它有一个新兴的服务部门、广泛的钻石开采和不断扩大的工业野心。 个人收入正在上升,生活水平正在攀升到南非之后的第二位。

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Botswana is fortunate to have had uninterrupted civilian political leadership for the decades following independence. This stable government has implemented progressive social policies and attracted significant capital investments to create one of the most dynamic economies in Africa. Diamond mining has been the principle extraction activity dominating the country’s export income. The stability of the country has enhanced the tourism market and created a growing ecotourism industry. The vast Kalahari Desert and the well-protected game reserves provide attractive tourist destinations.
::幸运的是,博茨瓦纳在独立后的几十年里拥有了不间断的文职政治领导。 这个稳定的政府实施了进步的社会政策并吸引了大量资本投资,以创建非洲最有活力的经济体之一。 钻石开采一直是主导该国出口收入的主要开采活动。 该国的稳定加强了旅游市场并创造了日益增长的生态旅游产业。 庞大的卡拉哈里沙漠和受保护的狩猎保护区提供了有吸引力的旅游目的地。

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Far from the fast-growing urban development of the big cities in Botswana, there exists a dispute between the government of Botswana and the indigenous San people who live in the middle of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. The government has established programs to move the San from the reserve to other locations where they would become less nomadic and settle into a more agrarian lifestyle.
::博茨瓦纳政府与居住在卡拉哈里中部狩猎保留地中间的土著桑族人之间还存在争端。 政府制定了一些方案,将桑族人从保留地迁到其他地方,在那里他们将变得不那么游牧,并定居到更加农耕的生活方式中。

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According to the government position, this is to keep the natural habitat and wildlife from being affected by human activity, thereby promoting tourism. The courts, however, ruled against the forced move of the San out of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Critics of the government program claim the real reason for the move is to clear the land of human habitation so the area can be developed for mining purposes. Estimates indicate that fewer than 100,000 San presently live in Southern Africa. About 55,000 San live in Botswana.
::根据政府的立场,这是为了防止自然生境和野生生物受到人类活动的影响,从而促进旅游业;然而,法院裁定,不得强迫San人迁出中卡拉哈里野生动物保护区;政府方案的批评者声称,搬迁的真正理由是清除人类居住土地,以便开发出用于采矿目的的土地;估计表明,目前不到10万San人生活在南部非洲;大约55 000名San人生活在博茨瓦纳。

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Botswana’s government has advanced one of Africa’s most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with HIV/AIDS. Medical care, education, and social services are being strengthened. Botswana ranks at the top end in terms of the percentage of people who are infected with HIV/AIDS. This epidemic cuts across all levels of society and culture. The social stigma attached to being infected with HIV discourages individuals from being tested for the disease or seeking medical care. Addressing this epidemic is a challenge throughout Southern Africa.
::博茨瓦纳政府推进了非洲最进步、最全面的艾滋病毒/艾滋病防治方案之一。 医疗、教育和社会服务正在得到加强。 博茨瓦纳在艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染者比例方面名列前茅。 这一流行病遍及社会和文化的各个层次。 感染艾滋病毒的社会污名使得个人无法接受该疾病的检测或寻求医疗护理。 解决这一流行病是整个南部非洲的一个挑战。

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South Africa
::南非 南非 南非 南非

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Anchoring Sub-Saharan Africa to the south is the country of . Its large land area and vast mineral resources support a population of more than 54 million people. The Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of the continent is a transition point from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean. Its strategic location was important for the control of shipping during the early colonial era before the Suez Canal provided a shortcut between Europe and Asia, bypassing most of Africa. The European colonial era first brought Dutch explorers to the Cape of Good Hope, where they established the city of Cape Town as a stopover and resupply outpost on their way to rest of Asia.
::撒哈拉以南的非洲以南的国家是撒哈拉以南的国家,其广阔的陆地面积和丰富的矿产资源支撑着5 400多万人的人口。非洲大陆南端的好望角是一个从大西洋向印度洋的过渡点,其战略位置对于在苏伊士运河之前的殖民时期控制航运十分重要,在苏伊士运河为欧洲和亚洲提供了一条捷径,绕过非洲大部分地区。欧洲殖民时代首先将荷兰探险家带到了好望角,他们在那里建立了开普敦市,作为前往亚洲其他地区的中转站和补给站。

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South Africa is home to many indigenous ethnic groups and is demonstrative of the diverse pattern of human geography. The country has a history of both ethnic diversity and ethnic division. Two of the largest African groups are the Xhosa and the Zulu. The European component of the ethnic mosaic was enhanced by colonial and neocolonial activities. After the arrival of the first Dutch ships, other Europeans followed and competed with the African groups for land and control.
::南非是许多土著族裔群体的家园,是人类地理格局多样性的示范,南非有着种族多样性和种族分裂的历史,非洲最大的两个群体是Xhosa和Zulu,欧洲族裔混杂部分因殖民和新殖民活动而得到加强,在第一批荷兰船只抵达后,其他欧洲人跟踪非洲群体并与其竞争土地和控制权。

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The discovery of first diamonds and then gold prompted Britain’s involvement in South Africa. The Boer Wars (1880–81 and 1899–1902) were fought between the Dutch-based Boers and Britain for control of South Africa’s mineral resources. South Africa became a British colony dominated by a white power structure. The Boers (later known as Afrikaners) spoke Afrikaans and were prominent in the South African political system.
::首先发现钻石,然后发现黄金,促使英国参与南非事务。 布尔战争(1880-81和1899-1902年)是设在荷兰的布尔斯人与英国为控制南非矿产资源而作战的。 南非成为英国殖民地,以白人权力结构为主。 布尔斯人(后来被称为南非人)讲南非荷兰语,在南非政治体系中名列前茅。

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Segregation first developed as an informal separation of the racial groups but evolved into the legally institutionalized policy of apartheid, which separated people into black, white, and colored (mixed race) racial categories. A fourth category was developed for people from Indian or Asian backgrounds. Apartheid eventually found its way into every aspect of South African culture.
::种族隔离最初是作为非正式的种族群体分离而形成的,但后来演变成法律上制度化的种族隔离政策,将人分为黑人、白人和有色人种(混合种族)类别,第四类是印度人或亚洲人背景的人,种族隔离最终进入南非文化的每个方面。

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In the larger scale of society, access and separation were based on race. Each racial group had its own beaches, buses, hospitals, schools, universities, and so on. The legal system divided the population according to race, with the white minority receiving every advantage. There were extensive and detailed rules for every aspect of daily activity, including which public restroom or drinking fountain could be used, which color an individual’s telephone could be, and which park bench a person could sit on.
::在更大的社会范围内,进入和分离都是基于种族的,每个种族群体都有自己的海滩、公共汽车、医院、学校、大学等等。 法律制度按种族划分人口,白人少数民族享有各种优势。 日常活动的各个方面都有广泛而详细的规则,包括公共厕所或饮用水喷泉的使用,这可以给个人的电话带来颜色,谁可以坐在哪个公园里。

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The government also sanctioned separate homelands for people from different ethnic groups. People were physically removed from their homes and transported to their respective new homelands based on their racial or ethnic background. The policy of apartheid not only divided the country at that time but set up racial barriers that will take generations to overcome.
::此外,政府也批准为不同族裔群体的人民建立单独的家园。 人民被从自己的家园被从肉体上赶出去,根据种族或族裔背景被送往各自的新家园。 当时的种族隔离政策不仅分裂了国家,还设置了种族障碍,需要几代人才能克服。

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The controversial policy of apartheid in South Africa achieved international attention. Many countries condemned it and implemented economic sanctions and trade restrictions against South Africa. Opposition grew within the country and erupted into violence and social unrest. As a result, the white-dominated government of South Africa began to dismantle the apartheid system in the 1990s.
::南非有争议的种族隔离政策引起了国际关注,许多国家谴责这一政策,并对南非实施了经济制裁和贸易限制。 国内的反对派不断增长,并爆发了暴力和社会动乱。 结果,以白人为主的南非政府在1990年代开始废除种族隔离制度。

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The ban on political opposition parties, such as the African National Congress, was lifted, and after 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela was released from prison, where he had held for his resistance activities. The apartheid legislation was repealed, and a new era began. Mandela was the first African to be elected president of South Africa in the new multiracial elections of 1994. His presidency, which ended in 1999, set the stage for a multiracial society. South Africa is still working through the consequences from years of racial separation.
::对诸如非洲国民议会等政治反对党的禁令已经解除,在被监禁27年之后,纳尔逊·曼德拉从监狱获释,他在那里因抵抗活动而被关押。 种族隔离立法被废除,新时代开始。 曼德拉是1994年新的多种族选举中第一位当选南非总统的非洲人。 他于1999年结束的总统任期为多种族社会奠定了基础。 南非仍在历经多年种族分离的后果。

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South Africa has large, modern cities such as Cape Town, Johannesburg, and Durban, each about the size of the US city of Chicago or larger. The cities of Pretoria, East Rand, and Port Elizabeth are also major metropolitan areas and have more than one million people each. These urban centers all contribute to and support the extensive mining and agricultural activities that provide national wealth. As the country that exports more diamonds than any other in the world, South Africa has gained much national income from the extraction of mineral resources, which are being tapped by some of the largest mining operations on Earth.
::南非拥有大型现代城市,如开普敦、约翰内斯堡和德班等,每个城市的大小都与美国芝加哥城或更大的城市差不多。 比勒陀利亚、东兰德和伊丽莎白港等城市也是主要大都市地区,每个城市人口超过100万。 这些城市中心都为提供国家财富的广泛采矿和农业活动做出贡献和支持。 作为出口钻石比世界上其他任何钻石都多的国家,南非通过开采矿物资源获得了大量国民收入,而地球上一些最大的采矿活动正在开采矿物资源。

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Large parts of South Africa have a moderate climate and good soils, which combine to produce enormous quantities of agricultural products, both for domestic consumption and for export profits. Mining and agriculture have provided extensive opportunities for employment. These opportunities draw in migrants from neighboring countries that have experienced either political unrest or poor economic conditions. These immigrants add to the cultural dynamics of an already ethnically diverse country.
::南非大部分地区气候温和,土壤肥沃,生产了大量农产品,既用于国内消费,也用于出口利润,采矿和农业提供了广泛的就业机会,这些机会来自经历过政治动荡或经济状况不佳的邻国,这些移民增加了已经具有族裔多样性的国家的文化动态。

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South Africa’s manufacturing sector is not well developed. The country depends on Europe, East Asia, and the United States, the three main core economic areas of the world, to provide postindustrial goods. There are few well-paying manufacturing jobs to provide for a growing or stable South African middle class.
::南非的制造业部门并不十分发达。 南非依赖欧洲、东亚和美国 — — 世界三大核心经济地区 — — 提供工业后商品。 很少有高薪制造业岗位可以提供增长或稳定的南非中产阶级。

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The structure and dynamics of the current economic activities have brought about a two-tiered socioeconomic system. Most of the population may work in the mines, in agricultural activities, or in the service sector, but they are not directly benefiting from the profits of their labor, other than earning a wage. These people find themselves in the poorer working-class majority of the population.
::当前经济活动的结构和动态带来了双重社会经济体系。 大部分人口可能从事矿山、农业或服务业,但他们除了挣工资之外,没有直接从劳动利润中获益。 这些人发现自己在劳动阶级中处于较贫困的大多数。

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The landowners, mining corporation executives, and social elite that control the service sector or are employed in activities such as banking or the commodity markets are receiving higher incomes and have created a wealthier upper class. Apartheid supported this class division. The current free and open legal system has yet to bring about a change in the socioeconomic structure of the population. Millions of poor ethnic minorities find themselves in living conditions similar to their economically depressed neighbors in other parts of Africa, while the wealthier upper class has established a good standard of living similar to that of the core economic areas of the world.
::控制服务部门或受雇于银行或商品市场等活动的地主、矿业公司主管和社会精英正在获得较高的收入,并创造了较富裕的上层阶级。种族隔离支持这一阶级划分。目前的自由和开放的法律制度尚未改变人口的社会经济结构。数百万贫穷的少数民族的生活条件与非洲其他地区经济萧条的邻国相似,而较富裕的上层阶级则建立了与世界核心经济地区类似的良好生活水平。

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South Africa redrew its internal provincial boundaries in 1994. The large former Cape Province in the south, which had been a former British center of power, was divided into three smaller provinces. The large Transvaal Province in the north, which had been a center for Afrikaners, was divided into four smaller provinces. Orange Free State changed its name to Free State and Natal Province changed its name to KwaZulu-Natal. The changes were made based on the size and political management of the country that had come with the transfer of power when Mandela became president. The European colonial pattern of settlement was adjusted to represent a more South African pattern of political administration.
::1994年,南非重新划定了国内各省的边界,南部的大型前开普省曾经是英国的一个权力中心,现在被划分为三个较小的省:北部的大特兰斯瓦尔省,以前是非洲移民中心,现在又分为四个较小的省;橙色自由邦改名为自由邦,纳塔尔省改名为夸祖卢-纳塔尔;根据曼德拉当年总统时权力移交时该国的规模和政治管理情况进行了改变;对欧洲殖民定居模式进行了调整,以代表南非的政治管理模式。

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The 2010 World Cup Soccer Games
::2010年世界杯足球运动会

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In 2010, South Africa was chosen to host the World Cup soccer games. The African teams included Algeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa. The World Cup is held once every four years. The cost to host the games was enormous and also a testimony to the people and government of South Africa. The country had to build five new stadiums and upgrade five existing stadiums for the games. The largest stadium was Soccer City in Johannesburg, with a capacity of about 84,490. Overall construction costs were estimated to be more than one billion dollars. Transportation infrastructure and road networks were also improved.
::2010年,南非被选为世界杯足球赛的东道主,非洲球队包括阿尔及利亚、喀麦隆、象牙海岸、加纳、尼日利亚和南非;世界杯每四年举办一次;世界杯的主办费用是巨大的,也是南非人民和政府的见证;南非不得不建造五个新的体育场,并升级五个现有的体育场;最大的体育场是约翰内斯堡的足球城,容量约为84 490美元;建筑总费用估计超过10亿美元;运输基础设施和公路网也得到了改善。

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The preparations and costs that South Africa undertook to hold the games were not without controversy. Sections of shack dwellers in Durban and in other places were relocated to be out of the sight of international visitors attending the games. This move was made to improve the country’s image for tourism. There were also reports of strikes by the construction workers building the stadiums, many of them temporary workers making about 300 dollars per month, who argued that their wages were too low.
::南非承诺举办比赛的准备和费用并非毫无争议,德班和其他地方的棚户区居民被迁移到远离国际观光客的视线之外,这是为了改善南非的旅游形象。 还有关于建造体育场的建筑工人罢工的报道,其中许多是临时工人,每月挣300美元左右,他们认为他们的工资太低。

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South Africa’s unemployment rate at the time was about 25 percent, and the country continues to struggle with unemployment. The hope was that the infrastructure improvements would benefit the country for the long term and that tourism would increase if the individuals who came for the games encouraged others to visit. South Africa was banking on this event to boost its economic conditions and strengthen its standing in the global marketplace.
::南非当时的失业率约为25%,而且该国仍在努力解决失业问题。 其希望是,基础设施的改善将长期造福于南非,如果来玩游戏的人鼓励其他人访问,旅游业将增加。 南非正在为此活动进行银行投资,以提升其经济条件并加强其在全球市场中的地位。

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The impact of sports on society—both positive and negative—can be enormous. Hosting the World Cup necessitated the strengthening of South Africa’s security operations to meet FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) standards to handle the high influx of participants and visitors. It has been estimated that South Africa invested about $4.3 billion to host the games. These are billions of dollars that did not go toward providing water, medical clinics, and educational support to the poorest neighborhoods and communities. The financial investments indicate the power and attraction that the World Cup holds on a global basis. No African team was in the final match, but soccer is a widely supported sport throughout Africa.
::体育对社会的正面和负面影响可能是巨大的。 主办世界杯需要南非加强安全行动,以达到国际足联(Fédélation International de Fool Asociation)的标准,从而应对大量参与者和游客的涌入。 据估计,南非投资约43亿美元来主办这些游戏。 这些是数十亿美元,并没有用于为最贫穷的邻里和社区提供水、医疗诊所和教育支持。 金融投资表明世界杯在全球拥有的实力和吸引力。 没有一支非洲球队是最后的比赛,但足球是整个非洲得到广泛支持的运动。

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Swaziland and Lesotho
::斯威士兰和莱索托

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The two small landlocked enclaves of and are independent countries surrounded by South Africa. Mozambique borders Swaziland to the north. Under British occupation, the area of Lesotho was called Basutoland. Upon achieving independence in 1966, the area was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho. The country is mountainous, and most of the land area is more than one mile in elevation.
::莫桑比克北部与斯威士兰接壤,在英国占领下,莱索托地区被称为巴苏托兰,1966年获得独立后,该地区被重新命名为莱索托王国,该国是山区,大部分陆地高地超过一英里。

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The Sotho people have a Bantu background and speak a Bantu language. More than 80 percent are Christian. Lesotho is the size of the US state of Maryland and has a population of approximately two million people. The main economic activity has been based on agriculture, but a large percentage of income comes from remittances from Lesotho citizens who work in South Africa. Light manufacturing is beginning to emerge to improve the economy.
::索托人有班图人背景,讲班图语,80%以上是基督徒。莱索托是美国马里兰州,人口约200万。主要经济活动以农业为基础,但很大一部分收入来自在南非工作的莱索托公民的汇款。轻制造业正在开始出现,以改善经济。

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Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy, which means the government is led by a prime minister, but the king retains his ceremonial position. Reforming the country from a kingdom to a democratic-style government has not been without obstacles. The country has been subjected to political unrest, resulting in many years of military rule and violent internal conflicts. Lesotho is trying to stabilize its political situation and economy.
::莱索托是一个君主立宪制国家,这意味着政府由总理领导,但国王保留其礼仪地位。 将国家从一个王国改革为民主式政府并非没有障碍。 莱索托经历了政治动荡,导致多年的军事统治和国内暴力冲突。 莱索托正在努力稳定其政治局势和经济。

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The Swazi Kingdom functioned under relative autonomy during colonial times, and Britain granted independence to Swaziland in 1968. The Swazi are a Bantu people who migrated into Southern Africa centuries ago with the Xhosas and Zulus. Swaziland has low mountains to the north with the grasslands and scrub forests of the savannas in the east and rain forests in the west. It is ruled by an absolute monarch, one of the last in the world. Political unrest has led to challenges to his rule. Reformers are pushing for modification of the government and for some element of democratic reform, but reforms are slow in materializing. The small country of Swaziland is about the size of the US state of New Jersey. There are more than one million people, and one-third of the population is infected with HIV/AIDS.
::斯威士兰王国在殖民时代相对自治,英国于1968年授予斯威士兰独立。斯威士兰是一个班图人,几百年前与Xhosas和Zulus一起移民到南部非洲。斯威士兰北部有低山,东部有草地,清除了热带草原的森林,西部有雨林。斯威士兰由一位绝对君主统治,是世界上最后一位君主之一。政治动乱导致他的统治面临挑战。改革者正在推动政府改革,某些民主改革内容也在缓慢进行,但改革进展缓慢。斯威士兰小国与美国新泽西州相比,面积小,超过100万人,三分之一的人口感染了艾滋病毒/艾滋病。

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Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语

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Applying Knowledge
::应用知识

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Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题

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1. What is threatening Madagascar’s biodiversity?
   ::马达加斯加的生物多样性受到什么威胁?
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2. What do the Great Dyke and the Bushveld basin offer for economic development?
   ::大戴克和布希维尔德盆地为经济发展提供了什么?
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3. What did Namibia do to address environmental conservation and protect its wildlife?
   ::纳米比亚在环境保护和保护野生动物方面做了哪些工作?
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4. Name the country that provided support for SWAPO. Why do you think they did so?
   ::说明向SWAPO提供支助的国家。你认为他们为什么这样做?
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5. Why is Lake Malawi called Calendar Lake? What process created Lake Malawi?
   ::为什么马拉维湖被称为 " 日历湖 " ?什么进程创造了马拉维湖?
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6. How did the Cold War influence Southern African countries?
   ::冷战如何影响南部非洲国家?
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7. What economic condition plagues most developing countries that seek aid from the IMF and the World Bank?
   ::寻求货币基金组织和世界银行援助的多数发展中国家面临什么经济困境?
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8. Why has Botswana reached a higher standard of living for its people than other countries in Southern Africa?
   ::为什么博茨瓦纳人民的生活标准比南部非洲其他国家高?
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9. How has the policy of apartheid affected South Africa? When did apartheid officially end?
   ::种族隔离政策如何影响南非? 种族隔离何时正式结束?
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10. How do the people of Swaziland or Lesotho fit into the two-tiered system of social stratification in South Africa?
    ::斯威士兰或莱索托人民如何融入南非的两级社会分层体系?

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Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习

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1. Using , complete the following activities:
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   1. Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
      ::在下面的子弹名单上 找到每个地方
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   2. Find the nearest city with an international airport in proximity to each location on the bulleted list below.
      ::找到最近的城市,在下面子弹清单上每个地点附近有一个国际机场。
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   3. Calculate the distance and travel time by plane to each city from the .
      ::乘飞机计算距离和旅行时间,从该城市飞往每个城市。
   
   ::使用以下活动,完成以下活动: 定位以下圆点列表中的每个地点; 找到最近的城市,在下面的圆点列表中的每个地点附近有一个国际机场。 计算从该城市飞往每个城市的飞机的距离和飞行时间 。
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2. Using , determine the latitude and longitude for each location on the bulleted list below.
   ::使用,确定以下子弹列表中每个位置的纬度和经度。
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3. Be prepared to share and discuss your answers.
   ::准备分享和讨论你的答案

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• Bushveld basin
  ::布什盆地
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• Cabinda
  ::卡宾达
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• Cape of Good Hope
  ::美好希望角
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• Copper Belt
  ::铜带
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• Great Dyke
  ::大戴克
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• Great Escarpment
  ::大规模升级
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• Kalahari Desert
  ::卡拉哈里沙漠
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• Lake Malawi
  ::马拉维湖
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• Namib Desert
  ::Namib 沙漠
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• Victoria Falls
  ::维多利亚瀑布
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• Zambezi River
  ::赞比西河

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Current Events
::当前事件

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Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站

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is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge.  Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。

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provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。

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is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。

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is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。

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is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。

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  is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth. 
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。

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is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。

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is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。

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  is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。

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is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.  
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。

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is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。

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is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states. 
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。

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is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。

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 is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more. 
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。

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is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。

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is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。

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is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。

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is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。