Section outline

  • A running back evades players on a football field, illustrating breaking through defenses.

    What happens when an enemy gets past the first line of defense?
    ::当敌人越过第一道防线时会怎样?

    For this running back to make it past the first line of defense, there usually has to be a hole or break in the line. He then runs into the secondary, or the second line of defense. Whenever the skin is broken, it is possible for to easily enter your body. They get past the first line of defense, and run into the second line of defense.
    ::要想回到第一道防线, 通常必须有一个洞或突破防线。 然后他跑到第二条或第二条防线。 当皮肤骨折时, 很容易进入你的身体。 他们越过第一条防线, 跑到第二条防线。

    The Second Line of Defense
    ::第二防线

    If you have a cut on your hand, the break in the skin provides a way for pathogens to enter your body. Assume enter through the cut and infect the wound. These bacteria would then encounter the body’s second line of defense.
    ::如果你的手有切伤,皮肤的断裂为病原体进入身体提供了一种途径。 囊括通过伤口进入伤口并感染伤口。 这些细菌会遇到身体的第二防线。

    Inflammatory Response
    ::炎炎反应

    The cut on your hand may become red, warm, and swollen. These are signs of an inflammatory response. This is the first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection. As explained in Figure , the response is triggered by chemicals called cytokines and histamines , which are released when tissue is injured or infected. The chemicals communicate with other and coordinate the inflammatory response. You can see an animation of the inflammatory response at this link: .
    ::你的手上的切片可能会变成红色、温暖和肿胀。 这是发炎反应的迹象。 这是身体对组织损伤或感染的第一次反应。 如图中解释的那样, 反应是由组织受伤或感染时释放的称为细胞皮和甲胺的化学品引发的。 这些化学品会与其他化学品沟通并协调发炎反应。 您可以在此链接中看到煽动反应的动画 :

    Drawing illustrating the inflammatory response, highlighting capillary changes and leukocyte activity.

    This drawing shows what happens during the inflammatory response. Why are changes in capillaries important for this response?
    ::这张图显示了煽动性反应期间发生的情况。 为什么毛毛线变化对这一反应很重要?

    Leukocytes
    ::列骨球

    The chemicals that trigger an inflammatory response attract leukocytes to the site of injury or infection. Leukocytes are white blood cells . Their role is to fight infections and get rid of debris. Leukocytes may respond with either a nonspecific or a specific defense .
    ::引发炎症反应的化学品会将白血球吸引到受伤或感染的场所。 白血球是白细胞,其作用是防治感染和清除残块。 白血球可以使用非特定或特定防御手段应对。

    • A nonspecific defense is the same no matter what type of pathogen is involved. An example of a nonspecific defense is phagocytosis . This is the process in which leukocytes engulf and break down pathogens and debris. It is illustrated in Figure . The immune system's first line of defense is also a nonspecific defense.
      ::一种非特定防御是相同的,不管涉及哪种病原体。一种非特定防御的一个例子是量子细胞病。这就是白鲸吞没和分解病原体和碎片的过程。图中说明了这一点。免疫系统的第一道防御线也是非特定防御线。
    • A specific defense is tailored to a particular pathogen. Leukocytes involved in this type of defense are part of the immune response and are described in other concepts.
      ::特定防御是针对特定病原体设计的。 参与这种防御的列科西特是免疫反应的一部分,在其他概念中也有描述。

    Leukocytes (white) attacking pathogens (star-shaped) within a blood environment.

    In this image, leukocytes (white) are attacking pathogens (star-shaped).
    ::在这个图像中,白白正在攻击病原体(恒星形)。

      

     

    Further Reading
    ::继续阅读

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The second line of defense attacks pathogens that manage to enter the body.
      ::第二防线攻击进入人体的病原体
    • The second line of defense includes the inflammatory response and phagocytosis by nonspecific leukocytes.
      ::第二道防线包括非特定白鲸的炎症反应和脑细胞病。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a nonspecific defense?
      ::什么是非特定防御?
    2. What is the body’s second life of defense? When does it take effect?
      ::身体的第二个防御生命期是什么? 它何时生效?
    3. Identify the roles of nonspecific leukocytes in the body’s second line of defense.
      ::确定非特定白血球在人体第二防线的作用。
    4. Jera cut her finger. The next day, the skin around the cut became red and warm. Why are these signs of infection?
      ::Jera割断了她的手指,第二天,伤口周围的皮肤变红热了,为什么这些感染迹象呢?