Section outline

  • Y-shaped antibodies surround a green pathogen, representing the humoral immune response.

    What are those Y-shaped things floating around the cell?
    ::那些Y形的东西在细胞周围漂浮着什么?

    They are antibodies , which are large . And they signal specific antigens for destruction. It does help that the antigens are usually attached to .
    ::它们是抗体,是巨大的。它们发出特定抗原的信号,要摧毁。这确实有助于抗体通常被附着。

    Humoral Immune Response
    ::应对不道德体重不足反应

    There are actually two types of immune responses: humoral and cell-mediated. The humoral immune response involves mainly B cells and takes place in and lymph . 
    ::事实上,免疫反应有两种类型:幽默和细胞介质。 幽默的免疫反应主要涉及B细胞,发生在淋巴和淋巴。

    B Cell Activation
    ::B 细胞激活

    B cells must be activated by an antigen before they can fight pathogens. This happens in the sequence of events shown in Figure . First, a B cell encounters its matching antigen and engulfs it. The B cell then displays fragments of the antigen on its surface. This attracts a helper T cell . The helper T cell binds to the B cell at the antigen site and releases cytokines that “tell” or signal the B cell to develop into a plasma cell .
    ::B细胞必须在抗原体抗生素之前先用抗原激活。这种情况发生在图中显示的事件序列中。首先,B细胞遇到匹配的抗原并吞没它。B细胞随后在表面显示抗原的碎片。这吸引了一个帮助T细胞。帮助T细胞在抗原现场与B细胞捆绑,释放出“提示”或信号B细胞发展成等离子细胞的细胞。

    B cell activation sequence: antigen encounter, helper T cell signaling, plasma cell development.

    Activation of a B cell must occur before it can respond to pathogens. What role do T cells play in the activation process?
    ::B细胞必须在能够对病原体作出反应之前激活。 T细胞在激活过程中起什么作用?

    Plasma Cells and Antibody Production
    ::Plasma 细胞和抗体生产

    Plasma cells are activated B cells that secrete antibodies. Antibodies are large, Y-shaped proteins that recognize and bind to antigens. Plasma cells are like antibody factories, producing many copies of a single type of antibody. The antibodies travel throughout the body in blood and lymph. Each antibody binds to just one kind of antigen. When it does, it forms an antigen-antibody complex (see Figure ). The complex flags the antigen-bearing for destruction by phagocytosis .
    ::等离子细胞是分泌抗体的活性B细胞。抗体是大型的、Y形的蛋白质,能识别抗原并与抗原结合。等离子细胞像抗体工厂一样,产生许多单一抗体的复本。抗体通过血液和淋巴穿透身体。每种抗体只与一种抗原结合。当它们结合时,就会形成抗原抗体复合体(见图 )。复杂的抗原标记会通过发性硬化而毁灭。

    The interaction between antibodies and antigens in the humoral immune response.

    An antibody matches only one type of antigen.
    ::抗体只匹配一种抗原

    Memory Cells
    ::内存单元格

    Most plasma cells live for just a few days, but some of them live much longer. They may even survive for the lifetime of the individual. Long-living plasma cells are called memory cells. They retain a “memory” of a specific pathogen long after an infection is over. They help launch a rapid response against the pathogen if it invades the body again in the future.
    ::大部分等离子细胞仅活几天,但其中一些甚至活得更久。它们甚至可以活到个人的一生。长寿等离子细胞被称为记忆细胞。它们保留了特定病原体的“模拟 ” , 在感染结束后很久。如果病原体今后再次侵入人体,它们有助于对病原体做出快速反应。

      

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Activated B cells produce antibodies to a particular antigen.
      ::激活的B细胞产生抗体 与特定的抗原。
    • Memory B cells remain in the body after the immune response is over and provide immunity to pathogens bearing the antigen.
      ::免疫反应结束后,内存B细胞留在体内,并对携带抗原的病原体提供免疫。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How do plasma cells help fight pathogens? Include the role of antibodies in your response.
      ::等离子细胞如何帮助抗病原体? 将抗体的作用包含在您的响应中 。
    2. If a disease destroyed a person’s helper T cells, how might this affect the ability to launch an immune response?
      ::如果疾病摧毁了一个人的帮助T细胞,这将如何影响启动免疫反应的能力?
    3. What are memory cells? What is their role?
      ::什么是记忆细胞?它们的作用是什么?