章节大纲

  • An explosion of dynamite occurs in a green landscape, releasing black smoke and flames.

    What are some types of chemical reactions?
    ::什么是某种化学反应?

    Some chemistry reactions can be very calm and boring, while other reactions release a great deal of energy .  Dynamite is a chemical that can explode violently.  Here we see dynamite being used to move boulders to clear a path for a road.  The involved here release tremendous amounts of energy very quickly.
    ::有些化学反应可能非常平静和无聊,而另一些反应释放出大量的能量。 火药是一种可以猛烈爆炸的化学物质。 我们在这里看到炸药被用来移动巨石,为一条道路扫清道路。 这里所涉及的是迅速释放出大量的能量。

    Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel in 1866. Nitroglycerin, a very unstable explosive, was already known.  Nobel mixed the nitroglycerin with silica to stabilize it and form a solid material. He made a fortune with this discovery and established the Nobel Foundation, which funds the Nobel Prizes every year.
    ::硝化甘油是1866年阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔发明的。 硝化甘油是一种非常不稳定的炸药,已经广为人知。诺贝尔将硝化甘油与硅酸混为一谈,以稳定其稳定并形成坚固的材料。 他利用这一发现发了财并建立了诺贝尔基金会,每年为诺贝尔奖提供资金。

    Energy in Chemical Bonds
    ::化学债券中的能源

    Chemical reactions either require energy or release energy. The amount of energy needed or released depends upon the structure of the molecules that are involved in the reaction.  Some reactions need to be heated for long periods of time in order for change to take place.  Other reactions release energy, allowing to be given off to the surroundings .
    ::化学反应要么需要能量,要么需要释放能量。需要或释放的能量量取决于参与反应的分子的结构。一些反应需要长时间加热才能发生改变。其他反应释放能量,允许向周围释放能量。

    This energy can be used in a variety of ways.
    ::这种能源可以多种方式使用。

    Heating
    ::供热

    Coal, natural , oil – these materials can be burned to produce heat.  The reaction with oxygen releases a great deal of energy that can warm homes and offices.  Wood is another example of a chemical (yes, a very complicated one) that will release energy when burned.
    ::煤炭、天然、石油 — — 这些材料可以被燃烧以产生热。 氧气反应释放出大量能暖住家和办公室的能量。 木头是燃烧时释放能量的化学(是的,非常复杂 ) 的又一个例子。

    Transportation
    ::运输运输运输

    A major use for petroleum products is fuel for cars, trucks, airplanes, trains, and other vehicles.  The chemical used are usually a of compounds containing several carbon atoms in a chain.  When the material is ignited, a massive amount of gas is created almost instantaneously.  This increase in volume will move the pistons in an internal combustion engine to provide power.  A jet plane works on a similar principle.  Air comes into the front of the engine and mixes with the jet fuel.  This mixture is ignited and the gases formed create a lot of pressure to push the plane forward.  The idea can be seen even more clearly in the case of a rocket launch.  The ignition of the fuel (either solid-state or liquid) creates gases produced under great pressure that pushes the rocket up.
    ::石油产品的主要用途是汽车、卡车、飞机、火车和其他车辆的燃料。所使用的化学品通常是含有一个链条中若干碳原子的化合物。当材料被点燃时,几乎瞬间就会产生大量的气体。这种数量的增加将使内燃机的活塞起动。喷气飞机也按照类似的原理工作。空气进入发动机前部并与喷气燃料混合。这种混合物被点燃,气体形成巨大的压力,将飞机推向前进。在火箭发射的情况下,这种想法就更加明显了。燃料(固体或液体)的点燃在巨大的压力下产生气体,将火箭推升。

    A rocket launching, showcasing the ignition and gas expansion used for propulsion.

    Rocket launch.
    ::火箭发射

    Batteries
    ::电池

    A major source of energy produced by chemical reactions involves .  There are many types of batteries that operate using a variety of chemical reactions.  The general principle behind these reactions is the release of electrons that can then flow through a circuit, producing an electrical current. 
    ::化学反应产生的主要能量来源是化学反应。有很多类型的电池使用各种化学反应进行操作,这些反应的一般原则是释放电子,然后通过电路流动,产生电流。

    A car battery located in the trunk of a vehicle, showcasing its design and placement.

    Car battery.
    ::汽车电池。

    Batteries are used in a wide variety of applications:
    ::电池用于多种用途:

    1. flashlights
      ::手电筒
    2. watches
      ::手表
    3. computers
      ::计算机
    4. cars
      ::汽车汽车
    5. hybrid vehicles – provide some power to wheels
      ::混合混合型车辆——为轮车提供一些动力
    6. cell phones
      ::手机
    7. many other uses
      ::多种其他用途

    Batteries in cars, computers, cell phones, and other devices are usually rechargeable.  An electric current is passed through the battery to provide electrons that reverse (at least partially) the chemical reactions originally used to create the electric current.  However, eventually the system can no longer be recharged and the battery has to be discarded.
    ::汽车、计算机、手机和其他装置的电池通常可以充电,电流通过电池,以提供电子,(至少部分)逆转原先用来制造电流的化学反应,但最终系统无法再充电,电池必须丢弃。

    Hand-Warmers
    ::工 工 人 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工 工

    Hikers, campers, and other outdoor folks take advantage of chemical reactions to keep their hands warm.  Small containers of chemicals can undergo reaction to generate heat that can be used to avoid frostbite.  Some products contain iron filings that will react with air to release thermal energy.  These types of warmer cannot be reused. Other systems rely on heat being released when certain chemicals crystallize. If the warmer is placed in very hot water after use, the system can be regenerated.
    ::隐藏者、露营者和其他户外人士利用化学反应来保持他们的手的温暖。 小型化学品容器可以发生反应来产生热能,用来避免冻伤。 一些产品含有铁质文件,与空气发生反应以释放热能。 这些类型的热能无法再利用。 其他系统则依靠热能在某些化学物质结晶时释放出来。 如果在使用后将热水放入热水中,则系统可以再生。

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Some chemical reactions release energy.
      ::一些化学反应释放能量。
    • This energy can be used in a variety of ways.
      ::这种能源可以多种方式使用。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Who invented dynamite?
      ::谁发明了炸药?
    2. How was the nitroglycerin made more stable?
      ::硝化甘油是如何更稳定的?
    3. What kind of energy is released when we burn natural gas?
      ::当我们燃烧天然气时 释放出何种能量?
    4. How does burning gasoline power a car?
      ::汽车如何燃烧汽油动力?
    5. How do batteries create energy?
      ::电池如何创造能源?
    6. Explain how a hand-warmer works.
      ::解释一下一个人工暖和器是如何工作的。