章节大纲

  • Sculpture depicting two ancient philosophers engaging in discussion or debate.

    Pick a little, talk a little, pick a little, talk a little,
    ::选一点,说一点, 挑一点,说一点,说一点,

    Cheep cheep cheep, talk a lot, pick a little more
    ::切 切 切 切 切 说 说 多说 多挑一点

    These lyrics from the musical "Music Man" summed up the way science was done for centuries.  Okay, the lyrics referred to a group of gossiping ladies, but the outcome was the same.  The Greek and Roman philosophers debated, discussed, and sometimes even attacked one another.  But the mode of discovery was talk.  There was no experimentation – the idea had not been thought of yet.  So science did not develop very far and there was no reliable way to establish what was true and what was false.
    ::音乐“音乐人”的这些歌词总结了科学几个世纪来的方式。 好了,歌词提到了一群流言不讳的女人们,但结果是一样的。 希腊和罗马哲学家辩论、讨论,有时甚至互相攻击。 但发现的方式是交谈。 还没有尝试 — — 还没有想到这个想法。 因此科学发展得并不远,也没有可靠的方法确定什么是真实的,什么是虚假的。

    John Dalton 
    ::约翰·道尔顿

    While it must be assumed that many more scientists, philosophers, and others studied the composition of matter after Democritus, a major leap forward in our understanding of the composition of matter took place in the 1800s with the work of the British scientist John Dalton. He started teaching school at age twelve, and was primarily known as a teacher.  In his twenties, he moved to the growing city of Manchester, where he was able to pursue some scientific studies.  His work in several areas of science brought him a number of honors.  When he died, over 40,000 people in Manchester marched at his funeral.
    ::虽然必须假定还有更多的科学家、哲学家和其他科学家在民主后研究物质的构成,但1800年代,随着英国科学家约翰·道尔顿(John Dalton)的工作,我们对物质构成的理解有了重大进步。他12岁就开始教学,主要被称为教师。20多岁时,他搬到了成长中的曼彻斯特市,在那里他能够进行一些科学研究。他在几个科学领域的工作给他带来了一些荣誉。当他去世时,在曼彻斯特的4万多人在葬礼上游行。

    Dalton studied the weights of various and compounds. He noticed that matter always combined in fixed ratios based on weight, or volume in the case of . Chemical compounds always contain the same proportion of elements by mass, regardless of amount, which provided further support for Proust's .  Dalton also observed that there could be more than one combination of two elements.
    ::道尔顿研究了各种化合物的重量。他注意到,物质总是根据重量或体积按固定比率混合在一起。化学化合物总是按质量(无论数量多少)包含相同比例的元素,这为普鲁斯特提供了进一步的支持。道尔顿还指出,两种元素可能有一个以上的组合。

    A portrait of John Dalton, seated, deep in thought, with books nearby.

    Dalton.
    ::道尔顿

    Dalton's Atomic Theory (1804) 
    ::道尔顿原子理论(1804年)

    From his experiments and observations, as well as the work from peers of his time, Dalton proposed a new theory of the . This later became known as Dalton's atomic theory . The general tenets of this theory were as follows:
    ::道尔顿从他的实验和观察,以及他时代同行的工作,提出了一个新的理论。这个理论后来被称为道尔顿的原子理论。这个理论的一般原理如下:

    • All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
      ::所有物质都由微小微粒组成,叫做原子。
    • Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.
      ::特定元素的原子大小、质量和其他属性相同。不同元素的原子大小、质量和其他属性不同。
    • Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
      ::不能对原子进行分解、创建或销毁。
    • Atoms of different elements can combine in simple whole number ratios to form chemical compounds.
      ::不同元素的原子可以以简单的整数比率组合成化学化合物。
    • In , atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.
      ::在原子中,原子是结合、分离或重新排列的。

    Dalton's atomic theory has been largely accepted by the scientific community, with the exception of three changes. We know now that (1) an atom can be further sub-divided, (2) all atoms of an element are not identical in mass, and (3) using and fusion techniques, we can create or destroy atoms by changing them into other atoms.
    ::道尔顿的原子理论基本上为科学界所接受,只有三个变化除外。 我们现在知道伤心1) 一个原子可以进一步细分,(2) 一个元素的所有原子在质量上不完全相同,(3) 使用和聚变技术,我们可以通过将原子改变为其他原子来创造或摧毁原子。

    Symbols representing various elements according to Dalton's atomic theory.

    Dalton's symbols.
    ::道尔顿的符号

      

     

     

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Dalton proposed his atomic theory in 1804.
      ::道尔顿在1804年提出了他的原子理论
    • The general tenets of this theory were as follows:
      • All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
        ::所有物质都由微小微粒组成,叫做原子。
      • Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.
        ::特定元素的原子大小、质量和其他属性相同。不同元素的原子大小、质量和其他属性不同。
      • Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
        ::不能对原子进行分解、创建或销毁。
      • Atoms of different elements can combine in simple whole number ratios to form chemical compounds.
        ::不同元素的原子可以以简单的整数比率组合成化学化合物。
      • In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged
        ::在化学反应中,原子是结合、分离或重新排列的

      ::这一理论的一般原理如下:所有物质由称为原子的极小微粒组成。一个特定元素的原子在大小、质量和其他特性方面是相同的。不同元素的原子在大小、质量和其他特性方面是不同的。原子不能被细分、创建或销毁。不同元素的原子可以以简单的整数比例组合成化学化合物。在化学反应中,原子被组合、分离或重新排列。在化学反应中,原子被组合、分离或重新排列。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Did Dalton believe that atoms could be created or destroyed?
      ::道尔顿相信原子可以被创造或摧毁吗?
    2. According to Dalton's theory, a ll atoms of the same ______ are identical in si ze, mass, and other properties.
      ::根据道尔顿的理论 同一原子在大小、质量和其他特性上都是相同的
    3. What parts of the theory are not considered valid any more?
      ::理论中哪些部分不再被视为有效?