章节大纲

    • Describe the organization of the modern periodic table.
      ::描述现代定期表格的组织情况。

    Close-up of a book spine with the word 'Dictionary' clearly visible.

    How has the English dictionary evolved over time?
    ::英文词典如何随着时间推移而演变?

    Language changes with time.  New words enter the language and old words often disappear from lack of use.  Dictionaries are published so that people can keep up with changes in language and know how to use words properly.  These publications may be in print, as is the law dictionary below, or they may be electronic.  Dictionaries can be found on the internet and apps are available for smartphones.  Dictionaries are invaluable for good, reliable .
    ::语言随时间而变化。 新的单词输入语言, 旧单词往往因为没有使用而消失。 字典的出版是为了使人们能够跟上语言的变化并知道如何正确使用词句。 这些出版物可以印刷, 如下文的法律词典那样, 也可以是电子的。 字典可以在互联网上找到,智能手机可以使用应用程序。 字典对于良好、可靠来说是宝贵的。

    The Modern Periodic Table 
    ::现代定期表格

    The periodic table has undergone extensive changes in the time since it was originally developed by Mendeleev and Moseley.  Many new have been discovered, while others have been artificially synthesized.  Each fits properly into a group of elements with similar properties.  The periodic table is an arrangement of the elements in order of their so that elements with similar properties appear in the same vertical column or group.
    ::周期表自最初由门捷列夫和莫塞利编制以来,在时间上经历了广泛的变化,发现了许多新的数据,而其他数据则人工合成。每个数据都适合具有类似属性的一组元素。周期表是按照元素的顺序排列的,使具有类似属性的元素出现在同一个垂直列或组中。

    The figure below shows the most commonly used form of the periodic table.  Each square shows the chemical symbol of the along with its name.  Notice that several of the symbols seem to be unrelated to the name of the element: Fe for iron, Pb for lead, etc.  Most of these are the elements that have been known since ancient times and have symbols based on their Latin names.  The of each element is written above the symbol. 
    ::下图显示周期表最常用的形式。 每个方块显示其名称的化学符号。 请注意, 几个符号似乎与元素名称无关: Fe for root, Pb for lead等。 其中大部分是古代以来已知的元素, 并有基于拉丁字母的符号。 每个元素的符号都写在符号上方 。


    A complete periodic table displaying elements with their atomic numbers and symbols.

    A period is a horizontal row of the periodic table.  There are seven periods in the periodic table, with each one beginning at the far left.  A new period begins when a new principal begins filling with electrons.  Period 1 has only two elements (hydrogen and helium), while periods 2 and 3 have 8 elements.  Periods 4 and 5 have 18 elements.  Periods 6 and 7 have 32 elements because the two bottom rows that are separated from the rest of the table belong to those periods.  They are pulled out in order to make the table itself fit more easily onto a single page.
    ::周期表的横行是周期表的一行。周期表中有七个周期,每个周期从最左边开始。当新的本金开始用电子填充时,一个新的周期开始。第1周期只有两个元素(氢和氦),第1周期只有两个元素,第2和3周期有8元素。第4和5周期有18元素。第6和7周期有32个元素,因为与表格其余部分分开的两条底行属于这两个时期。它们被抽出,以使表格本身更方便地适合单页。

    A group is a vertical column of the periodic table, based on the organization of the outer shell electrons.  There are a total of 18 groups.  There are two different numbering systems that are commonly used to designate groups and you should be familiar with both.  The traditional system used in the United States involves the use of the letters A and B.  The first two groups are 1A and 2A, while the last six groups are 3A through 8A.  The middle groups use B in their titles.  Unfortunately, there was a slightly different system in place in Europe.  To eliminate confusion the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) decided that the official system for numbering groups would be a simple 1 through 18 from left to right.  Many periodic tables show both systems simultaneously.
    ::根据外壳电子的组织结构,定期表格有一个垂直列。共有18个组。有两个不同的编号系统,通常用来指定小组,你应该熟悉这两个组。美国使用的传统系统是使用字母A和字母B。头两个组是1A和2A,最后6个组是3A至8A。中间组在标题上使用B。不幸的是,欧洲有一个略有不同的系统。为消除混乱,国际理论化学和应用化学联合会(IUPAC)决定,正式的编号系统从左到右是一个简单的1至18。许多定期表格同时显示两个系统。

    Most recent depictions of the periodic table show an incomplete seventh period. In fact, many of those seventh period elements were not known before the early twentieth century. Many elements have been synthesized by bombarding known elements with sub-atomic particles such as neutrons or alpha particles . Uranium has been used in this manner to produce elements 93-100. Larger elements (atomic numbers 101 and above) are formed by fusing nuclei of smaller elements together.
    ::最近对定期表格的描述显示,该周期表的描述显示的是第七期的不完整,事实上,在二十世纪初之前,这些第七期的元素中有许多是未知的,许多元素是通过轰炸已知元素与中子或α粒子等亚原子粒子合成的,铀以这种方式被用于产生元素93-100,大型元素(原子编号101及以上)是通过将较小元素的核结合而形成的。

    These synthetic elements tend to be very unstable, often existing for less than a second, so little is known about them. Elements up to 112 are known (not in any detail, however), and some evidence for elements 113 and above had been put forth, with elements 114 and 116 being added to the table in 2011. In December 2015, the IUPAC verified the existence of four new elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 and approved their addition to the periodic table.
    ::这些合成元素往往非常不稳定,往往只有不到一秒钟的时间,因此对这些元素知之甚少,已知最多为112个元素(但并不详细),并提出了关于113个元素和以上元素的一些证据,2011年表内增加了114个元素和116个元素。 2015年12月,国际化联核实了四个新元素113、115个元素、117个元素和118个元素的存在,并批准将其添加到定期表格中。

    The following are the new names and their origins: 
    ::以下是新名称及其来源:

    • Element 113 was named Nihonium, symbol Nh, proposed by Japanese researchers after the Japanese word Nihon, which means Japan.
      ::元素113被命名为Nihonium, 符号Nh, 由日本研究人员提出, 以日文为日文, 意思是日本。
    • A team of scientists from Russia and the United States named element 115, Moscovium, symbol Mc, after Moscow and element 117, Tennessine, symbol Ts, after Tennessee.
      ::来自俄罗斯和美国的一组科学家 命名为元素115 莫斯科的莫斯科 符号Mc 和元素117 Tennessine 符号Ts 田纳西的田纳西
    • The Russian team that discovered element 118 named it Oganesson, symbol Og, after Yuri Oganessian, a prolific element hunter.
      ::发现第118号元素的俄罗斯小组 命名为Oganesson Ognesson, 符号Og, 以尤里·奥加尼西亚命名, 是一个巨大的元素猎人。

    These elements complete the seventh period or row of the periodic table.
    ::这些要素完成周期表的第七期或行。

     

     

    Watch the additional videos below to learn more about the newly identified and named chemical elements:
    ::更多了解新识别和命名的化学元素:

    Element Name and Symbol: Nihonium (Nh)
    ::元素名称和符号:Nihonium(Nh)

    Atomic Number: 113
    ::原子数量: 113

     

     

    Element Name and Symbol: Moscovium (Mc)
    ::元素名称和符号: (Mc)

    Atomic Number: 115
    ::原子数量: 115

     

     

    Element Name and Symbol: Tennessine (Ts)
    ::元素名称和符号: tennesine (Ts)

    Atomic Number: 117
    ::原子数: 117

     

     

    Element Name and Symbol: Oganesson (Og)
    ::元素名称和符号: Oganesson (Og)

    Atomic Number: 118
    ::原子数量: 118

     

     

    Summary       
    ::摘要

    • The periodic table is arranged in order of atomic number
      ::周期表按原子序号排列
    • A period is a horizontal row of the periodic table.
      ::周期是周期表的横向行。
    • A group is a vertical row of the periodic table.
      ::组为周期表的垂直行。

    Review  
    ::回顾

    1. How is today’s periodic table different from the one that Mendeleev published?
      ::今天的周期表与Mendeleev出版的周期表有何不同?
    2. Are all the elements in today’s periodic table naturally occurring? Explain your answer.
      ::今天周期表中的所有元素是否都自然出现?请解释您的答复。
    3. What is a “period"? What does it represent?
      ::什么是“时期”,它代表什么?
    4. What is a “group"? What does it represent?
      ::“集团”是指什么?它代表什么?
    5. Why are there two different numbering systems for groups?
      ::为什么群体有两种不同的编号系统?