章节大纲

  • Pink roses bloom, symbolizing love, connected to the theme of Romeo and Juliet.


    Have you ever read the story of Romeo and Juliet?
    ::你读过罗密欧和朱丽叶的故事吗?

    Shakespeare once wrote, “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet,” part of the romantic balcony scene between Romeo and Juliet in the play of that name.  The two families were bitter rivals, but Juliet was saying she loved Romeo no matter what his name was.  Some names are simple – we know Romeo mainly as Romeo.  Most have us have a first name, middle name (often not used), and last name.  In some cultures, names will be much more complex.  The full name of the famous 20 th century artist Pablo Picasso is Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picass. 
    ::莎士比亚曾经写道 : “ 以任何其他名字命名的玫瑰会闻到甜美的味道,”罗密欧和朱丽叶之间的浪漫阳台场景的一部分。 ”这两个家庭是苦敌,但朱丽叶说她爱罗密欧,不管他的名字是什么。 有些名字很简单 — — 我们知道罗密欧主要是罗密欧。 多数人有名字,中间名字(通常不使用 ) , 姓。 在有些文化中,名字会更加复杂。 20世纪著名艺术家巴勃罗·皮卡索的全名是巴勃罗·迭戈·何塞·弗朗西斯科·德保拉·胡安·内波穆塞诺·玛丽亚·德洛斯·雷梅迪奥斯·西普里亚诺(Los Remedos Cipriano de la Santisima 特里纳·帕特里西奥·克莱托·鲁兹和毕卡斯。 ”

    Many materials exist as simple binary compounds composed of a metal and a non-metal , with each consisting of only one type of .  Other combinations of atoms also exist, either larger ionic complexes or complete molecules.  Some of the most useful materials we work with contain polyatomic ions.
    ::许多材料是简单的二元化合物,由金属和非金属组成,每种材料只由一种类型组成。其他原子组合也存在,有较大的离子复合物,也有完整的分子。我们从事的一些最有用的材料含有多原子离子。

    Polyatomic Ions
    ::多质离子

    A polyatomic ion is an ion composed of more than one atom. The ammonium ion consists of one nitrogen atom and four hydrogen  atoms. Together, they comprise a single ion with a 1+ charge and a formula of NH 4 + . The carbonate ion consists of one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms and carries an overall charge of 2−. The formula of the carbonate ion is CO 3 2- . The atoms of a polyatomic ion are tightly bonded together and so the entire ion behaves as a single unit. The figures below show several models.
    ::多原子离子是一个由多个原子组成的离子。 铵离子由1个氮原子和4个氢原子组成。 它们共同组成一个单离子, 配有1+电荷和1NH4+公式。 碳酸盐离子由1个碳原子和3个氧原子组成,总配有2- 。 碳酸盐离子的配方是CO32- 。 多原子的原子紧密结合在一起, 因此整个离子作为单一单位运作。 下面的数字显示几个模型。

    3D model of ammonium ion, featuring one blue nitrogen atom and four white hydrogen atoms.

    A. The ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) is a nitrogen atom (blue) bonded to four hydrogen atoms (white).
    ::A. 铵离子(NH4+)是一种氮原子(蓝色),与四个氢原子(白色)结合。

    3D representation of a hydroxide ion with red oxygen and white hydrogen atoms.

    B. The hydroxide ion (OH - ) is an oxygen atom (red) bonded to a hydrogen atom.
    ::B. 氢氧化离子(OH-)是氧原子(红)与氢原子结合。

    Three-dimensional model of a carbonate ion with carbon and oxygen atoms.

    C. The carbonate ion (CO 3 2- ) is a carbon atom (black) bonded to three oxygen atoms.
    ::C. 碳酸盐离子(CO32-)是碳原子(黑)结合为三个氧原子。

    Table lists a number of polyatomic ions by name and by structure.  The heading for each column indicates the charge on the polyatomic ions in that group.  Note that the vast majority of the ions listed are anions – there are very few polyatomic cations.
    ::表格按名称和结构列出了若干多原子离子。每列的标题显示该组中多原子离子的充电。请注意,所列离子绝大多数是阴离子 — — 多原子电解非常少。

    Common Polyatomic Ions

    1-

    2-

    3-

    1+

    2+

    acetate, CH 3 COO -
    ::乙酸乙酯,CH3COO -

    carbonate, CO 3 2- 

    ::碳酸碳酸盐,CO32-

    arsenate, AsO 3 3-
    ::阿索尔33号...

    ammonium, NH 4 +
    ::NH4+

    dimercury, Hg 2 2+
    ::汞-二汞,汞-22+

    bromate, BrO 3 -
    ::溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,溴,

    chromate, CrO 4 2-
    ::染色体,CrO42 -

    phosphite, PO 3 3-
    ::磷,PO33-

    		   

    chlorate, ClO 3 -
    ::氯酸盐 氯三联苯-

    dichromate, Cr 2 O 7 2-
    ::铬,Cr2O72 -

    phosphate, PO 4 3-
    ::磷酸酯 PO43 -

    		   

    chlorite, ClO 2 -
    ::氯, ClO2

    hydrogen phosphate, HPO 4 2-
    ::磷酸氢,HPO42-

    		     

    cyanide, CN -
    ::氰化物 氯化萘

    oxalate, C 2 O 4 2-
    ::氧,C2O42-

    		     

    dihydrogen phosphate, H 2 PO 4 -
    ::磷酸二氢、H2PO4-

    peroxide, O 2 2-
    ::过氧化物,O22-

    		     

    hydrogen carbonate, HCO 3 -
    ::碳酸氢、氢碳酸氢、HCO3-

    silicate, SiO 3 2-
    ::硅酸盐,SiO32 -

    		     

    hydrogen sulfate, HSO 4 -
    ::硫酸氢,HSO4-

    sulfate, SO 4 2-
    ::硫酸盐,SO42 -

    		     

    hydrogen sulfide, HS -
    ::硫化氢,HS --

    sulfite, SO 3 2-
    ::硫酸盐,SO32 -

    		     

    hydroxide, OH -
    ::氢氧化物,OH -

    		       

    hypochlorite, ClO -
    ::氯-氯-氯-氯

    		       

    nitrate, NO 3 -
    ::硝酸盐, NO3 -

    		       

    nitrite, NO 2 -
    ::亚硝酸,NO2

    		       

    perchlorate, ClO 4 -
    ::氯四氯甲烷、氯四氟化碳-

    		       

    permanganate, MnO 4 -
    ::高锰酸, MnO4 -

    		       

    The vast majority of polyatomic ions are anions, many of which end in –ate or –ite . Notice that in some cases such as nitrate (NO 3 - ) and nitrite (NO 2 - ), there are multiple anions that consist of the same two . In these cases, the difference between the ions is in the number of oxygen atoms present, while the overall charge is the same. As a class, these are called oxoanions. When there are two oxoanions for a particular element, the one with the greater number of oxygen atoms gets the –ate suffix, while the one with the fewer number of oxygen atoms gets the –ite suffix. The four oxoanions of chlorine are shown below.
    ::绝大多数多原子离子都是阴离子,其中许多以(ate)或(ite)为终点。 注意在诸如硝酸盐(NO3)和亚硝酸(NO2)等某些情况中,有多种离子由相同两个组成。 在这些情况下,离子之间的差别在于氧原子的数量,而总电荷是相同的。 作为一个类别,这些被称为氧化物。 当特定元素有两种氧化物时,氧原子数量较多的氧原子就能得到 -- -- 硝酸酯(NO3)和亚硝酸盐(NO2 ) -- -- 亚硝酸盐(NO2),而氧原子数量较少的离子则得到 -- -- ite 后缀。 氯的四种氧化物如下所示。

    • ClO - , hypochlorite
      ::ClO-,次氯酸
    • ClO 2 - , chlorite
      ::ClO2, 氯化石
    • ClO 3 - , chlorate
      ::ClO3-,氯酸盐
    • ClO 4 - , perchlorate
      ::ClO4-, 高氯酸酯

    In cases such as this, the ion with one more oxygen atom than the –ate anion is given a per- prefix. The ion with one fewer oxygen atom than the –ite anion is given a hypo- prefix.
    ::在这样的情况下,氧原子比-ate Anion多一个氧原子的离子为每个前缀。 氧原子比-ite Anion少一个的离子被给定了一个副前缀。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Polyatomic ions contain more than one type of atom in the ion.
      ::多原子离子含有一种以上的原子。
    • The majority of polyatomic ions are anions that are named ending in “ate” or “ite.”
      ::多原子离子大多是被命名为以“国”或“地”结尾的阴离子。
    • Some anions have multiple forms and are named accordingly.
      ::有些阴离子有多种形式,并相应命名。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Write the formulas for the following ions:
      1. ammonium
        ::
      2. carbonate
        ::碳碳酸碳酸碳酸碳酸碳
      3. sulfate
        ::硫酸盐
      4. phosphate
        ::磷磷酸酯

      ::编写下列离子的公式:碳酸铵硫酸盐磷酸铵
    2. Name the following ions:
      1. PO 3 3-
        ::Po33 -
      2. SiO 3 2-
        ::西欧32 -
      3. OH -
        ::哦 - - 哦 - 哦 - 哦 - 哦 - Oh, oh, it's not.
      4. MnO 4 -
        ::MnO4 - MnO4 -

      ::命名如下离子: PO33-SiO32-OH-MnO4-