二元分子化合物 - 命名和公式

Why do so many relatives in royalty share the same name?
::为什么这么多皇室亲戚同姓?

Some families name a son (usually the firstborn) after his father.  So it is somewhat common to find John Smith, Jr. named after John Smith the father.  A few families may take it further and name the grandson John Smith III.  Countries with long histories of royalty take the naming even further.  One line of kings named Henry goes up to Henry the Eighth (not the nicest guy in the world – he had six wives and two of them came to untimely ends).  The use of numbering for names adds clarity to a system –we always know which Henry we are talking about.
::有些家庭以父亲的名字命名儿子(通常是长子)。因此,找到约翰·史密斯(John Smith,小约翰·史密斯,以父亲约翰·史密斯命名)有点常见。 有几个家庭可能更进一步,并命名孙子约翰·史密斯三世。 拥有悠久的皇室历史的国家甚至更进一步。 一连任国王亨利登上亨利八世(亨利不是世界上最好的人 — — 他有6个妻子,其中2个没有及时结束 ) 。 使用名字编号使系统更加清晰 — — 我们总是知道亨利在谈论的是什么。

Inorganic chemical compounds can be broadly classified into two groups: and .  The structure of all ionic compounds is an extended three-dimensional array of alternating positive and negative .  Since ionic compounds do not take the form of individual molecules, they are represented by empirical formulas.  Now we will begin to examine the formulas and nomenclature of molecular compounds.
::无机化学化合物可大致分为两类:和。所有离子化合物的结构是交替正数和负数的三维延伸阵列。由于离子化合物不以单个分子的形式出现,它们由实验公式代表。我们现在将开始研究分子化合物的公式和名称。

Molecular Compounds
::分子化合物

Molecular compounds are inorganic compounds that take the form of discrete molecules .  Examples include such familiar substance as water (H ₂ O) and carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ).  These compounds are very different from ionic compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl).  Ionic compounds are formed when metal atoms lose one or more of their electrons to atoms.  The resulting and are electrostatically attracted to each other.
::分子化合物是无机化合物,以离散分子的形式出现,例如水(H2O)和二氧化碳(CO2)等熟悉物质,这些化合物与氯化钠(NaCl)等离散化合物大不相同,金属原子失去一种或多种原子电子时,就形成离子化合物,由此产生并相互电解吸引。

So what holds the atoms of a molecule together?  Rather than forming ions, the atoms of a molecule share their valence electrons in such a way that a bond forms between pairs of atoms.  In a carbon dioxide molecule, there are two of these bonds, each occurring between the carbon and one of the two oxygen atoms. 
::那么,什么把分子的原子放在一起?分子的原子不是形成离子,而是以这样的方式分享其价值电子,这样一对原子之间就形成了一种联系。在二氧化碳分子中,有两种联系,一种是碳,另一种是氧原子。 一种是碳,另一种是碳,另一种是氧原子。

Larger molecules can have many, many bonds that serve to keep the molecule together.  In a large sample of a given molecular , all of the individual molecules are identical.
::大型分子可以拥有许多、许多的联结,可以将分子凝聚在一起。在一个特定分子的大量样本中,所有单个分子都是相同的。

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
::命名二进制分子化合物

Recall that a shows the number of atoms of each that a molecule contains.  A molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, so its formula is H ₂ O.  A molecule of octane, which is a component of gasoline, contains 8 atoms of carbon and 18 atoms of hydrogen.  The molecular formula of octane is C ₈ H ₁₈ .
::回顾显示分子所含每个原子的原子数量。水分子含有两个氢原子和一个氧原子,因此其公式是H2O。八烷分子是汽油的组成部分,含有8个碳原子和18个氢原子。八烷分子分子公式是C8H18。

A binary molecular compound is a molecular compound that is composed of two elements.  The elements that combine to form binary molecular compounds are both nonmetal atoms.  This contrasts with ionic compounds, which were formed from a metal ion and a nonmetal ion.  Therefore, binary molecular compounds are different because ionic charges cannot be used to name them or to write their formulas.  Another difference is that two nonmetal atoms will frequently combine with one another in a variety of ratios.  Consider the elements nitrogen and oxygen.  They combine to make several compounds including NO, NO ₂ , and N ₂ O.  They all can’t be called nitrogen oxide.  How would someone know which one you were talking about?  Each of the three compounds has very different properties and reactivity.  A system to distinguish between compounds such as these is necessary.
::二元分子化合物是由两个元素组成的分子化合物。 结合成二元分子化合物的元素是非金属原子。 这与金属离子和非金属离子形成的离子化合物形成对比。 因此, 二元分子化合物是不同的, 因为不能使用离子电荷来命名它们或写入它们的配方。 另一个不同之处是两个非金属原子经常在各种比例上相互结合。 考虑氮和氧。 它们结合产生若干化合物, 包括NO、NO2和N2O。 它们不能都称为氧化氮。 怎么会有人知道你们谈论的是什么? 三种化合物中的每一种都有非常不同的特性和反应力。 区分这些化合物的系统是必要的 。

Prefixes are used in the names of binary molecular compounds to identify the number of atoms of each element.  Table  shows the prefixes up to ten.
::在二进制分子化合物的名称中使用了前缀来识别每个元素的原子数量。表格显示的前缀最多为 10 。

Notice that the mono- prefix is not used with the nitrogen in the first compound, but is used with the oxygen in both of the first two examples.  The S ₂ Cl ₂ emphasizes that the formulas for molecular compounds are not reduced to their lowest ratios.  The o of mono- and the a of hepta- are dropped from the name when paired with oxide.
::注意第一化合物中的单项前缀不是与氮一起使用,而是与前两个例子中的氧一起使用。 S2Cl2强调分子化合物的公式不会降低到最低比率。单项和七项之O从与氧化物配对时的名称中删除。