章节大纲

  • Close-up of guitar strings over the sound hole, highlighting string type and construction.

    What are the best guitar strings to use?
    ::什么是最好的吉他字符串用?

    Many guitar players are very meticulous when it comes to their strings.  There is a variety to select from, depending on the type of guitar and the style of music.  Electric guitars need steel strings so the magnetic pick-up will detect the string vibrations.  Acoustic guitar players have several choices.  Bronze strings (mixed with different amounts of cooper and zinc) have perhaps the brightest tone.  There are several combinations of bronze alloys to choose from.  For those with lots of money, titanium strings are available (but very expensive).  Gold coating also helps string life and makes its unique contribution to tone.  Alloy chemistry has contributed greatly to the strength, durability, and tonal quality of guitar strings.
    ::许多吉他手在弦方面非常谨慎。 取决于吉他的类型和音乐风格, 可以从中选择各种各样的吉他。 电吉他需要钢弦, 磁性接力器可以检测弦振动。 音响吉他手有几种选择。 铜弦( 与不同数量的椰子和锌混合在一起) 可能是最亮的音调。 铜合金可以选择多种组合。 对于有钱的人来说, 钛合金是可用的( 但非常昂贵 ) 。 金色涂层也有助于弦生活, 并且对音调做出独特的贡献。 Alloy 化学极大地促进了吉他强度、 耐久性和 质量 。

    Alloys
    ::合金合金

    An alloy is a composed of two or more , at least one of which is a metal .  You are probably familiar with some alloys such as brass and bronze.  Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.  Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.  Alloys are commonly used in manufactured items because the properties of these metal mixtures are often superior to a pure metal.  Bronze is harder than copper and more easily cast.  Brass is very malleable and its acoustic properties make it useful for musical instruments.
    ::合金由两个或两个以上组成, 其中至少一个是金属。 您可能熟悉铜和铜等合金。 铜和锌合金是铜和锌的合金; 铜和锡合金是铜和锡的合金。 制造物品通常使用合金, 因为这些金属混合物的特性往往优于纯金属。 铜比铜更难, 铸得更容易。 铜非常易变, 其声学特性使它对乐器有用 。

    An ancient bronze helmet and a modern brass trumpet, showcasing alloy uses.

    Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, has been in use since ancient times. The Bronze Age saw the increased use of metals rather than stone for weapons, tools, and decorative objects. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is widely used in musical instruments like the trumpet and trombone.
    ::铜是铜和锡的合金,自古以来就一直在使用,青铜时代看到越来越多的金属而不是石头用于武器、工具和装饰物品。 铜和锌合金布拉斯(铜和锌的合金)被广泛用于吹号角和长号龙卷风等乐器。

    Steels are a very important class of alloys.  The many types of steels are primarily composed of iron, with various amounts of the elements carbon, chromium, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, and boron.  Steels are widely used in building construction because of their strength, hardness, and resistance to .  Most large modern structures like skyscrapers and stadiums are supported by a steel skeleton (see Figure ).
    ::钢是一个非常重要的合金类别,许多类型的钢主要由铁组成,包括各种元素的碳、铬、锰、镍、和。 钢由于坚固、坚硬和耐抗力,在建筑中被广泛使用。 多数大型现代结构,如摩天大楼和体育场,都有一个钢骨骼支撑(见图 ) 。

    The Willis Tower in Chicago, demonstrating the use of steel in skyscraper construction.

    The Willis Tower (formerly called the Sears Tower) in Chicago was once the tallest building in the world and is still the tallest in the Western Hemisphere. The use of steel columns makes it possible to build taller, stronger, and lighter buildings.
    ::芝加哥的威利斯塔(前称西尔斯塔 ) ( Sears Tower ) 曾经是世界上最高的建筑,现在仍是西半球最高的建筑。 钢铁柱的使用使得建造更高、更坚固、更轻的建筑成为可能。

    Alloys can be one of two general types.  In one type, called a substitutional alloy, the various atoms simply replace each other in the crystal structure.  In another type, called an interstitial alloy, the smaller atoms such as carbon fit in between the larger atoms in the crystal packing arrangement.
    ::合金可以是两种一般类型中的一种。在一种类型中,称为替代合金,不同的原子在晶体结构中只是相互替换。在另一种类型中,称为间合合金,较小的原子,如水晶包装安排中较大原子之间的碳。

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Alloys are mixtures of materials, at least one of which is a metal.
      ::合金是材料的混合物,其中至少有一种是金属。
    • Bronze alloys were widely used in weapons.
      ::铜合金广泛用于武器。
    • Brass alloys have long been employed in musical instruments.
      ::Bras合金长期以来一直用于乐器。
    • Steel alloys are strong and durable.
      ::钢合金坚固且耐久。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is brass made of?
      ::黄铜是什么做的?
    2. What is bronze made of?
      ::什么是铜做的?
    3. Why is steel widely used in construction?
      ::为什么在建筑中广泛使用钢铁?
    4. What is a substitutional alloy?
      ::什么是替代合金?