Section outline

  • Objectives
    ::目标目标目标和目标目标目标目标目标

    Identify and describe the most common types of social interactions.
    ::确定和描述最常见的社会互动类型。

    Explain the different types of social interactions that help to stabilize
    ::解释有助于稳定稳定的不同类型的社会互动

    society.
    ::社会。

    Explain the social interactions that disrupt the stability of a society and
    ::解释破坏社会稳定的社会互动以及破坏社会稳定的社会互动

    how these interactions disrupt society.
    ::这些互动如何扰乱社会。


    Universal Generalizations
    ::普遍化

    Social interactions help to stabilize society or can cause change in society.
    ::社会互动有助于稳定社会或促成社会变革。

    Social interactions take place in societies all throughout the world.
    ::世界各地的社会都进行社会互动。

    The most common forms of social interaction are exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, and accommodation.
    ::最常见的社会互动形式是交流、竞争、冲突、合作和通融。


    Guiding Questions
    ::问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问

    How do you interact with other people?
    ::你如何与其他人互动?

    Explain the significance of exchange as part of people’s daily interaction?
    ::解释交流作为人们日常互动的一部分的意义?

    Identify and explain the types of social interaction that help stabilize
    ::确定和解释有助于稳定稳定的社会互动类型

    society?  Which ones disrupt society?
    ::哪些社会会扰乱社会?

    What are the similarities and differences between competition and conflict?
    ::竞争与冲突之间有什么相似之处和不同之处?

    What is the importance of cooperation for a stable society?
    ::合作对稳定社会的重要性是什么?

    How do people and groups utilize accommodation to settle arguments or
    ::人民和群体如何利用住宿解决争议,或

    disagreements?
    ::分歧?

    TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

    ::社会接触类型

    Social interaction is the basis of the whole social order.  Social group is the product of social interaction.  Interaction is the real foundation of all social processes, structure, social groups, and functions.  In sociology, interaction is the gate of its knowledge.  

    A fundamental feature of social life is , or the ways in which people act with other people and react to how other people are acting. To recall our earlier paraphrase of John Donne, no one is an island. This means that all individuals, except those who choose to live truly alone, interact with other individuals virtually every day and often many times in any one day. For social order, a prerequisite for any society, to be possible, effective social interaction must be possible. Partly for this reason, sociologists interested in microsociology have long tried to understand social life by analyzing how and why people interact they way they do.
    ::社会生活的一个基本特征是,或者人们如何与他人交往,如何对其他人的行为作出反应。回顾一下我们先前对约翰·多恩的说法,没有人是一个岛屿。这意味着,除了那些选择真正单独生活的人之外,所有个人几乎每天和在任何一天中经常多次与其他个人互动。社会秩序是任何社会的一个先决条件,因此,必须能够进行有效的社会互动。出于这一原因,对微观社会学感兴趣的社会学家长期以来一直试图通过分析人们如何和为什么互动来理解社会生活。

    Social interaction is a fundamental feature of social life. For social order to be possible, effective social interaction must also be possible.
    ::社会互动是社会生活的一个基本特征,社会秩序要成为可能,有效的社会互动也必须成为可能。

    © Thinkstock
    ::智商

    SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
    ::社会变革的观念

    is a sociological perspective that explains and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. The theory is fundamentally oriented around rational choice theory, or the idea that all human behavior is guided by an individual's interpretation of what is in his best interest. Social exchange theory advances the idea that are essential for life in and that it is in one's interest to form relationships with others.  

    Of course, whether or not it is in an individual's interest to form a relationship with a specific person is a calculation that both parties must perform. Nevertheless, social exchange theory argues that forming relationships is advantageous because of exchange. Each party to the relationship exchanges goods and perspectives, creating a richer life for both. Notably, while social exchange theory may reference the literal exchange of goods, it can also mean the exchange of intangible elements. For example, it is in the interests of a dairy farmer and a vegetable farmer to form a relationship because they can exchange their material goods. The theory also applies to Jack and Jill who decide to get married for the emotional support they exchange with one another.
    ::当然,无论与特定个人建立关系是否符合个人的利益,双方都必须进行这种计算。然而,社会交流理论认为,建立关系是有利的,因为交换。关系的每一方都交换货物和观点,为双方创造更富裕的生活。值得注意的是,虽然社会交流理论可以参考商品的字面交换,但也可以指无形要素的交换。例如,建立关系有利于奶农和蔬菜农民,因为他们可以交换物质商品。该理论也适用于决定结婚以相互交换情感支持的杰克和吉尔。

    Social exchange theory is only comprehensible through the lens of rational choice theory. Rational choice theory supposes that every individual evaluates his/her behavior by that behavior's , which is a function of minus costs. Rewards are the elements of relational life that have positive for a person, while costs are the elements of relational life that have negative value for a person. Social exchange theory posits that individuals perform the calculus of worth when decided to form or maintain a relationship with another person. A good example of this would be proverbial "pro/con" list someone might make when deciding to stay or break up with her significant other.
    ::社会交流理论只能通过理性选择理论的透镜来理解。理性选择理论假定每个人通过该行为来评估自己的行为,这是由负成本决定的。奖励是关系生活的要素,对一个人具有积极意义,而费用则是对一个人具有消极价值的关系生活的要素。社会交流理论假定,在决定与另一个人建立或保持关系时,个人将进行价值的计算。 典型的“pro/con”就是“pro/con”列表,在决定与另一个重要的人住在一起或分手时,可以列出一个人。

    Several assumptions undergird social exchange theory. The first is that humans seek rewards and avoid punishments. Second, humans are rational actors. Finally, social exchange theory acknowledges that the standards by which humans evaluate costs and rewards vary over time and from person to person. This means that what might seem rational to one person would seem completely irrational to another. However, so long as the individual's decision-making regarding the formation of social relationships involves an evaluation of worth, regardless of what that means to the person, the behavior fits the frame established by social exchange theory.        
                 
     Source: Boundless. “Cooperation.” Boundless Sociology . Boundless, 19 Jun. 2015. Retrieved 20 Jun. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/social-interaction-5/types-of-social-interaction-51/cooperation-319-8261/
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    COOPERATION
    ::合作

    Cooperation is the process of two or people working or acting together. Cooperation enables social reality by laying the groundwork for , , and the entire social system. Without cooperation, no institution beyond the individual would develop; any behavior is an example of cooperation. Cooperation derives from an overlap in desires and is more likely if there is a between the parties. This means that if two people know that they are going to encounter one another in the future or if they have memories of past cooperation, they are more likely to cooperate in the present.

    Cooperation in Politics
    ::政治合作与政治合作

    Without cooperation, Congress would be unable to create any laws.
    ::没有合作,国会将无法制定任何法律。


    SOCIAL CONFLICT
    ::社会冲突


    is the struggle for agency or within a . It occurs when two or people oppose one another in , reciprocally exerting social power in an effort to attain scarce or incompatible , and prevent the opponent from attaining them.
    ::当两个或两个民族相互对立,相互行使社会权力, 以达到稀缺或不相容的目的, 阻止对手获得社会权力时,就会发生这种情况。

    emphasizes interests deployed in conflict, rather than the and . This perspective argues that the pursuit of interests is what motivates conflict. are scarce and individuals naturally fight to gain of them. Thus, the theory sees conflict as a normal part of social life, rather than an abnormal occurrence. The three tenets of conflict theory are as follows:
    ::这种观点认为,追求利益是引发冲突的因素,是稀缺的,个人自然会为争取冲突而斗争。 因此,理论认为冲突是社会生活的正常部分,而不是非正常的发生。

    • Society is composed of different that compete for resources.
      ::社会由不同的竞争资源者组成。
    • While societies may portray a sense of cooperation, a continual power struggle exists between as they pursue their own interests.
      ::虽然社会可以描述一种合作感,但在追求自身利益的过程中,权力斗争还在持续。
    • Social groups will use resources to their own advantage in the pursuit of their goals, frequently leading powerful groups to take advantage of less powerful groups.
      ::社会群体在追求其目标时将利用资源为自己谋利,往往领导强者群体利用较弱者群体。

    According to the principles of conflict theory, all cooperation is only for the purpose of acquiring individual or group resources. This motivation for behavior restructures day-to-day interactions among people in a given society.
    ::根据冲突理论原则,所有合作都只是为了获得个人或集体资源,这种行为的动机是重组特定社会中人们之间的日常互动。

    War
    ::战争 战争

    War is the classic example of conflict: one army is attempting to maintain control of resources (land, weapons, morale) so that the other army cannot have them.
    ::战争是冲突的典型例子:一军试图控制资源(土地、武器、士气),

    Source: Boundless. “Exchange.” Boundless Sociology . Boundless, 19 Jun. 2015. Retrieved 19 Jun. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/social-interaction-5/types-of-social-interaction-51/exchange-318-3121/
    ::资料来源:Boundless,“Exchange”,“Exchange”,Boundless Sociallogy,19 Jun.Boundless,2015年6月19日,2015年6月19日,检索来自https://www.boundless.com/sociallogy/textbooks/boundless-socialogy-textbook/social-interaction-5/types-form-social-interaction-51/Schange-318-33121/

    COMPETITION
    ::竞争和竞争

    Competition is a contest between people or of people for over . In this definition, resources can have both literal and . People can compete over tangible resources like land, food, and mates, but also over intangible resources, such as . Competition is the opposite of cooperation and arises whenever two parties strive for a that cannot be shared.
    ::竞争是人与人之间的竞争。在这个定义中,资源既可以是字面上的资源,也可以是字面上的资源。 人们可以争夺土地、食物和伴侣等有形资源,也可以争夺无形资源,例如......。 竞争与合作相反,当双方为无法分享的资源而奋斗时,竞争就会出现。

    Competition is a common characteristic of many Western societies; primarily in the United States.  Many individuals content competition to be an integral component of the capitalist economic system and the democratic form of government.  Achievement in many areas such as academics, work, and athletics is achieved through competition. 
    ::竞争是许多西方社会的共同特点,主要在美国,许多个人都把竞争内容作为资本主义经济体系和民主政府形式的一个组成部分,在学术、工作和体育等许多领域,通过竞争取得了成就。

    Competition can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Positively, competition if it follows rules of conduct may serve as a form of recreation or it helps to motivate people to perform the the roles society asks of them. On the negative side, competition can cause injury, psychological stress, inequality, lack of cooperation and even conflict.  
    ::积极的是,如果遵守行为守则,竞争可以作为一种娱乐形式,或有助于激励人们发挥社会要求他们发挥的作用,竞争既可产生有利又有害的效果。 在消极的一面,竞争可造成伤害、心理压力、不平等、缺乏合作甚至冲突。

     

     All competitive sports are examples of competition for prestige.