章节大纲

  • A flat tire on a vehicle, indicating loss of air and altered shape.


    Have you ever gotten a flat tire?
    ::你有过爆胎吗?

    When a tire goes flat, its shape changes. The tire might be flat because of a slow leak in the tire valve. It could be flat because it ran over a nail or screw and ended up with a small hole where the air can leak out over a period of time. Or it could go flat when it hits a large rock or other object while traveling at high speeds (this one is for those readers who enjoy detective movies or TV shows). What if a crystalline solid like LiBr were ever made into a tire (now there’s a weird idea)? When it encountered a blow, the crystal would break into small pieces. Since rubber is an amorphous solid, it has a very different set of .
    ::当轮胎爆裂时,轮胎的形状会发生变化。轮胎可能因为轮胎阀门的缓慢漏水而爆裂。它可能因为在钉子上或螺丝上撞破而爆裂,最后会有一个小洞,空气在一段时间内会泄漏出来。或者当轮胎在高速旅行时撞到大岩石或其他物体时,轮胎可能会爆裂(这是给那些喜欢侦探电影或电视节目的读者看的)。如果像LiBr这样的晶体固体被制成轮胎(现在有一个奇怪的主意 ) ? 当它遇到打击时,晶体会破碎成小块。 由于橡胶是一块不固定的固体,它有一套非常不同的材料。

    Amorphous Solids
    ::无变固体

    Unlike a crystalline solid, an amorphous solid is a solid that lacks an ordered internal structure. Some examples of amorphous solids include rubber, plastic, and gels. Glass is a very important amorphous solid that is made by cooling a of materials in such a way that it does not crystallize. Glass is sometimes referred to as a supercooled rather than a solid. If you have ever watched a glassblower in action, you have noticed that he takes advantage of the fact that amorphous solids do not have a distinct melting point like crystalline solids do. Instead, as glass is heated, it slowly softens and can be shaped into all sorts of interesting forms. When a glass object shatters, it does so in a very irregular way, unlike crystalline solids, which always break into fragments that have the same shape as dictated by its crystal system .
    ::与晶状固体不同, 晶状固体是一种没有定序内部结构的固体。 一些无定型固体的例子包括橡胶、塑料和凝胶。 玻璃是一种非常重要的无定型固体, 是用冷却一种材料的方式制成的, 它不会结晶。 玻璃有时被称为超级冷却而不是固体。 如果你曾经看到过吹玻璃机, 你注意到他利用了一个事实, 即无定型固体没有晶状固体那样独特的融化点。 相反, 当玻璃被加热时, 它会慢慢软化, 并且可以形成各种有趣的形态。 当玻璃物体碎裂时, 它会以非常不规律的方式这样做, 不同于晶状固体, 它总是会碎成碎片, 其形状与晶状系统所指定的形状相同。

    Properties of amorphous solids are different in many ways from those of crystalline solids. The intermolecular force forces in amorphous solids are weaker than those in crystalline solids. Amorphous solids do not have a regular external structure and they do not have sharp melting points. Unlike crystalline solids that have regular planes of cleavage, the physical properties of amorphous solids are the same in all directions.
    ::无定形固体的特性在许多方面不同于晶状固体的特性。无定形固体的分子间力比晶状固体的分子间力弱。无定形固体没有固定的外部结构,也没有尖化的熔点。与有正形裂缝的晶状固体不同,无定形固体的物理特性在所有方向都是相同的。

    Plastics are used for many purposes because they are inexpensive to produce and do not shatters like glass or ceramic materials. Since they are easily disposed of, the accumulation of plastic garbage has become a serious problem in many parts of the world. Recycling programs that help reuse the plastics are growing in popularity.
    ::塑料用于许多目的,因为它们生产价格低廉,不象玻璃或陶瓷材料一样粉碎,由于塑料垃圾的堆积很容易处理,在世界许多地方已成为严重问题。 有助于塑料再利用的回收方案越来越受欢迎。

    A plastic cup illustrating an example of an amorphous solid.

    Plastic cup.
    ::塑料杯。

     

     

    Watch a short video on the production of glass sheets:
    ::观看关于制作玻璃片的短片:

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • An amorphous solid is a solid that lacks an ordered internal structure.
      ::无定形的固体是一种缺乏有序的内部结构的固体。
    • Examples of amorphous solids include glass, rubber, and plastics.
      ::无定形固体的例子包括玻璃、橡胶和塑料。
    • The physical properties of amorphous solids differ from those of crystalline solids.
      ::无定形固体的物理特性不同于晶状固体的物理特性。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is an amorphous solid?
      ::什么是无定形的固体?
    2. List three common examples of amorphous solids.
      ::列举三个无定形固体的常见例子。
    3. Compared to crystalline solids, do  amorphous solids have stronger or weaker intermolecular forces?
      ::与晶状固体相比,无定形固体是否具有较强或较弱的分子间系力量?