章节大纲

  • A person exploring a cave, using a flashlight to examine rock formations.

    It can be really exciting to explore a big underground cave like the one in this picture. Do you know how caves form? Believe it or not, water is the answer. Water slowly dissolves rocks, especially certain types of rocks such as limestone. When rocks or other substances dissolve in water, they form a solution.
    ::探索像这幅图中那样的大地下洞穴会非常令人兴奋。 你知道洞穴是如何形成的吗?信不信由你,水就是答案。水慢慢溶解岩石,特别是石灰岩等某些类型的岩石。当岩石或其他物质溶解于水中时,它们就形成了一种解答。

    What is a Solution?
    ::什么是解决方案?

    A solution is a of two or more substances, but it’s not just any mixture. A solution is a . In a homogeneous mixture, the dissolved particles are spread evenly through the mixture. The particles of the solution are also too small to be seen or to settle out of the mixture. 
    ::溶液是由两种或两种以上物质组成的一种物质,但并不仅仅是任何混合物。溶液是一种混合物。在同质混合物中,溶解粒子在混合物中均匀分布。溶液的粒子也太小,无法被看到或固定在混合物中。

     

     

    Parts of a Solution
    ::解决办法的一部分

    All solutions have two parts: the solute and the solvent . The solute is the substance that dissolves, and the solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute. Particles of solvent pull apart particles of solute, and the solute particles spread throughout the solvent. Salt water, such as the ocean water in the Figure , is an example of a solution. In a saltwater solution, salt is the solute and water is the solvent.
    ::所有溶液都有两个部分:溶液和溶剂。溶液是溶解的物质,溶剂是溶解溶液的物质。溶剂的粒子将溶液的颗粒分离出来,溶剂的粒子将溶液颗粒散布在整个溶剂中。盐水,如图中的海水,就是溶液的一个例子。在盐水溶液中,盐是溶液,水是溶剂。

    Coral reef in an aquarium with colorful fish and marine vegetation.

    Q: A scientist obtained a sample of water from the Atlantic Ocean and determined that the sample was about 3.5 percent dissolved salt. Predict the percent of dissolved salt in a sample of water from the Pacific Ocean.
    ::问题:一位科学家从大西洋获得了水样本,确定该样本约为3.5%溶解盐。预测太平洋水样本中溶解盐的百分比。

    A: As a solution, ocean water is a homogeneous mixture. Therefore, no matter where the water sample is obtained, its composition will be about 3.5 percent dissolved salt.
    ::A:作为一个解决方案,海水是一种同质混合物。 因此,无论在何地采集水样,其成分大约为3.5%溶解盐。

    Soluble or Insoluble?
    ::溶解还是溶解?

    Not only salt, but many other solutes can dissolve in water. In fact, so many solutes can dissolve in water that water has been called the universal solvent. Even rocks can dissolve in water, which explains the cave that opened this article. A solute that can dissolve in a given solvent, such as water, is said to be soluble in that solvent. Conversely, a solute that cannot dissolve in a given solvent is said to be insoluble in that solvent.
    ::事实上,如此多的溶液可以在水中溶解,水被称为通用溶剂。即使是岩石也可以溶解于水中,这解释了打开这一条的洞穴。溶剂中溶解的溶液,例如水,据说溶剂中溶解的溶液是溶解的。相反,溶剂中溶液不能溶解的溶液据说是溶解的。

    Although most solutes can dissolve in water, some solutes are insoluble in water. Oil is an example. Did you ever try to mix oil with water? No matter how well you mix the oil into the water, after the mixture stands for a while, the oil separates from the water and rises to the top. You can see how oil floats on ocean water in the Figure .
    ::虽然大部分溶液可以在水中溶解,但有些溶液在水中是无法溶解的。石油就是一个例子。你有没有尝试过将石油与水混合?无论混合到水中,在混合物存在一段时间后,油会从水中分离出来,升到水顶。你可以看到在图中海水中浮油的情况。

    Oil from an oil spill floating on ocean water, demonstrating insolubility.
    Oil from an oil spill floats on ocean water.

    Solutions and States of Matter
    ::解决办法和案情国

    Like salt water in the ocean, many solutions are normally in the state. However, matter in any state can form a solution. An , which is a mixture of a metal with one or more other substances, is a solid solution at room temperature . For example, the alloy bronze is a solution of copper and tin. Matter in the gaseous state can also form solutions.
    ::与海洋中的盐水一样,许多溶液通常都处于状态,但是,任何状态中的物质都可以形成一种溶液。 一种金属与一种或多种其他物质的混合物,在室温下是一种固态溶液。 例如,合金铜是铜和锡的溶液。 气体状态中的物质也可以形成溶液。

    Q: What is an example of a gaseous solution?
    ::问题:气体溶液的例子是什么?

    A: Air in the atmosphere is a gaseous solution. It is a mixture that contains mainly nitrogen and oxygen , with very small amounts of several other gases. The circle graph in the Figure shows the composition of air. Because air is a solution, it is homogeneous. In other words, no matter where you go, the air always contains the same proportion of gases that are shown in the graph.
    ::A:大气中的空气是一种气体溶液。它是一种主要含有氮和氧的混合物,其中含有非常小的几种其他气体。图中的圆形图显示空气的构成。由于空气是一种溶液,因此空气是同质的。换句话说,无论去往何方,空气总是含有与图表中显示的相同比例的气体。

    Circle graph showing the composition of air: nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and others.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in which the dissolved particles are too small to be seen or to settle out of the mixture.
      ::溶液是由两种或两种以上物质组成的同质混合物,溶解颗粒太小,无法看到或从混合物中沉淀。
    • In a solution, the substance that dissolves is the solute, and the substance that dissolves the solute is the solvent.
      ::在一种解决办法中,溶解的物质是溶液,溶解的物质是溶剂。
    • A solute that can dissolve in a given solvent is said to be soluble in that solvent. A solute that cannot dissolve in a given solvent is said to be insoluble in that solvent.
      ::溶剂中可溶解的溶液据说在溶剂中可溶解。溶剂中不能溶解的溶液据说在溶剂中无法溶解。
    • Solutions may be liquids such as salt water, solids such as alloys, or gases such as air.
      ::溶液可以是盐水等液体、合金等固体或空气等气体。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a solution?
      ::什么是解决办法?
    2. Identify and describe the two parts of a solution.
      ::查明和描述解决办法的两部分。
    3. Give an example of a substance that is soluble in water and a substance that is insoluble in water.
      ::例如,一种物质在水中可溶解,一种物质在水中不可溶解。
    4. Which of the following statements about solutions is false?
      1. All solutions are mixtures.
        ::所有解决方案都是混合物。
      2. All solutions are homogeneous.
        ::所有解决方案都是同质的。
      3. All solutions contain two or more compounds.
        ::所有溶液都含有两种或两种以上的化合物。
      4. All solutions contain at least two substances.
        ::所有解决方案至少含有两种物质。

      ::以下关于解决方案的哪个语句是假的? 所有解决方案都是混合物。 所有解决方案都是同质的。 所有解决方案都包含两种或两种以上的化合物。 所有解决方案都包含至少两种物质。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Listen to the solutions song and then fill in the blanks in the sentences below. 
    ::聆听解答歌曲,然后填入以下句子中的空白。

     

     

    1. What state(s) of matter can form a solution?
      ::何种物质状态可以构成解决办法?
    2. The term that means the same throughout is __________.
      ::整个词中意指相同的词是____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
    3. A solution in which the solvent is water is called a否 __________ solution.
      ::溶剂为水的溶液称为否 溶液。
    4. The lesser portion of a solution is the __________.
      ::解决办法中较小部分是_____________________________。
    5. The greater portion of a solution is the __________.
      ::解决办法的更大部分是_____________________________。