章节大纲

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    Case Study: More Than Just Tired
    ::案例研究:不仅仅是疲劳

    We all get tired sometimes, especially if we have been doing a lot of physical activity, like the hikers pictured here. But for Jasmin, a 34-year-old former high school track star who is now a recreational runner, her tiredness was going far beyond what she thought should be normal for someone in generally  good physical shape. She was experiencing extreme fatigue after her runs, as well as muscle cramping, spasms, and an unusual sense of heaviness in her legs. At first, she just chalked it up to getting older, but her exhaustion and pain worsened to the point where the former athlete could no longer run for more than a few minutes at a time. She began to experience other unusual symptoms, such as blurry vision and vomiting for no apparent reason.
    ::我们有时都会疲倦,特别是当我们一直在做许多体育活动时,比如在这里画的徒步旅行者。 但是,对于Jasmin,一个34岁的高中前跑步选手,她的疲倦远远超出了她认为对身体状况一般良好的人来说应该正常的情况。她在跑步后正在经历极端疲劳,还有肌肉抽筋、抽筋和腿部异常的重压感。起初,她只是把疲惫和疼痛推到越来越老,但她的疲惫和疼痛恶化到前运动员无法持续跑超过几分钟的时间。她开始经历其他异常症状,比如模糊的视力和无明显理由的呕吐。

    Concerned, Jasmin  went to her doctor, who  ran many tests and consulted with several specialists. After several months, she  is finally diagnosed with a mitochondrial disease. Jasmin is surprised. She has an 8-year-old niece with a mitochondrial disease, but her niece’s symptoms started when she was very young, and they included seizures and learning disabilities. How can Jasmin have the same disease, but different symptoms? Why didn't she  have problems until adulthood, while her niece experienced  symptoms at an early age? And what are mitochondria, anyway?
    ::令人担心的是,Jasmin去看了她的医生,医生做了许多检查,并咨询了几位专家。几个月后,她终于被诊断患有线粒体疾病。Jasmin很惊讶。她有一个8岁的侄女患有线粒体疾病,但她侄女的症状是从她很小的时候开始的,其中包括癫痫和学习障碍。Jasmin怎么会有同样的疾病,但不同的症状呢?为什么她成年前没有问题,而她的侄女在很小的时候就患有症状呢?什么是米托孔德里亚呢?

    Chapter Overview: Cells
    ::章节概览:单元格

    As you will learn in this chapter, mitochondria are important structures within our cells. This chapter will describe cells, which are the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms. Specifically, you will learn:
    ::正如你们在本章中将学到的,mitocondria是我们细胞中的重要结构。本章将描述细胞,它是所有生物体的基本结构和功能单位。具体地说,你们将学习:

    • How cells were discovered, their common structures, and the principles of cell theory
      ::如何发现细胞、它们的共同结构以及细胞理论的原则
    • The importance of size and shape to the functions of cells
      ::大小和形状对单元格函数的重要性
    • The differences between eukaryotic cells (such as those in humans and other animals) and prokaryotic cells (such as bacteria)
      ::eukaryaty细胞(如人类和其他动物中的细胞)和prokarytemoth(如细菌)之间的差异
    • The structures and functions of cell parts,  including mitochondria, the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, and vacuoles
      ::细胞元件的结构和功能,包括米托翁底里亚、等离子膜、细胞顶板、细胞骨质素、核、核、核、核、戈尔基装置、内多光学中外润、卵球和真空体等细胞元件的结构和功能。
    • How the processes of passive and active transport move substances into and out of cells and help maintain homeostasis
      ::被动和主动运输过程如何将物质运入和运出细胞和帮助保持自足状态
    • How organisms obtain the energy needed for life, including how the sugar glucose is broken down to produce ATP through the processes of anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration
      ::生物如何获得生命所需的能量,包括如何通过厌氧和有氧细胞呼吸过程将糖甘蔗糖分解以产生ATP
    • The phases of the cell cycle, how cells divide through mitosis, and how cancer can result from unregulated cell division
      ::细胞循环的各个阶段,细胞如何通过分裂分裂导致细胞分裂,以及癌症如何从无管制的细胞分裂中产生

    As you read this  chapter, think about the following questions related to Jasmin’s disease:
    ::想想与亚斯敏病有关的下列问题:

    1. What are mitochondria? What is their structure and function, and where did they come from during evolution?
    ::1. 什么是米托乔因德里亚?它们的结构和功能是什么?它们从何而来?它们从何而来?

    2. Why are fatigue and “exercise intolerance” (such as Jasmin’s extreme exhaustion after running) common symptoms of mitochondrial diseases?
    ::2. 为什么疲劳症和 " 锻炼不容忍 " (如Jasmin在跑步后极度疲惫)常见的米托邦德里病症状?

    3. Why do you think Jasmin has symptoms that affect so many different parts of her body, including her legs, eyes, and digestive system?
    ::3. 为什么你认为亚斯敏的症状会影响她身体的许多不同部位,包括她的腿、眼睛和消化系统?

    4. Why do you think mitochondrial diseases can run in families like Jasmin's?
    ::四、你觉得像亚斯敏这样的家庭 怎么会有线粒体疾病呢?