章节大纲

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    Teamwork
    ::团队团队工作

    Every player on a softball team has a special job. In this photo, each of the orange team’s players has his part of the infield or outfield covered, in case the ball comes his way. Other players on the orange team cover other parts of the field, or they pitch or catch the ball. Playing softball clearly requires teamwork. I n that regard, t he is like a softball team. All of the organ systems of the human body must work together as a team to keep the body alive and well. Teamwork within the body begins with .
    ::软球队的每个球员都有一份特殊的工作。 在这张照片中,橙色球队的每个球员都有自己在野外或场外的份量,如果球来得及的话。橙色球队的其他球员覆盖了球场的其他部分,或者他们投球或抓住球。玩软球显然需要团队合作。在这方面,这就像一个软球队。 人体的所有器官系统都必须作为一个团队一起工作,以保持身体的活力和健康。 身体内部的团队合作始于 。

    Communication Among Organ Systems
    ::机构间系统之间的交流

    Communication among organ systems is vital if they are to work together as a team. They must be able to respond to each other and change their responses as needed to keep the body in balance . Communication among organ systems is controlled mainly by the autonomic nervous system and the .
    ::机关系统之间的沟通对于它们作为一个团队一起工作至关重要,它们必须能够相互响应,并视需要改变反应,保持身体平衡,机关系统之间的沟通主要由自主神经系统和神经系统控制。

    The autonomic nervous system is the part of the that controls involuntary functions. T he autonomic nervous system, for example, controls heart rate, flow, and digestion . You don’t have to tell your heart to beat faster or to consciously squeeze to push food through the . You don’t have to even think about these functions at all! The autonomic nervous system orchestrates all the signals needed to control them. It sends messages between parts of the nervous system, as well as between the nervous system and other organ systems via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters .
    ::自动神经系统是控制非自愿功能的一部分。 自动神经系统,例如控制心率、流动和消化。 你不必告诉心脏跳得更快或有意识地挤压以将食物推穿心脏。 你根本不需要考虑这些功能。 自动神经系统协调了控制这些功能所需的所有信号。 它在神经系统的各个部分之间以及神经系统与其他器官系统之间传递信息,通过被称为神经传导的化学信使传递信息。

    The endocrine system is the system of glands that secrete directly into the bloodstream. Once in the blood, endocrine hormones circulate to everywhere in the body. The endocrine system itself is under control of the nervous system via a part of the brain called the hypothalamus . The hypothalamus secretes hormones that travel directly to cells of the pituitary gland , which is located beneath it. The pituitary gland is the master gland of the endocrine system. Most of its hormones either turn on or turn off other . For example, if the pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, the hormone travels through the circulation to the thyroid gland , which is stimulated to secrete thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone then travels to cells throughout the body, where it increases their metabolism .
    ::内分泌系统是直接渗入血液流的腺系统。一旦进入血液,内分泌激素就会扩散到身体的任何地方。内分泌系统本身通过脑部的一个部分,称为低脑膜,控制神经系统;下脑膜分泌直接流到下体腺细胞的荷尔蒙。下脑腺是内分泌系统的主要腺。它的大部分荷尔蒙要么打开,要么关闭。例如,如果静脉腺分泌甲状腺刺激激素,荷尔蒙会通过循环流到甲状腺腺,从而被刺激为隐蔽的甲状腺激素。然后,甲状腺激素会流向整个身体的细胞,从而增加其新陈代谢性。

    Examples of Organ System Interactions
    ::机关系统相互作用实例

    An increase in cellular metabolism requires more . Cellular respiration is a good example of organ system interactions, because it is a basic life process that occurs in all living cells.
    ::细胞新陈代谢的增加需要更多的。细胞呼吸是器官系统相互作用的一个很好的例子,因为这是所有细胞的基本生活过程。

    Cellular Respiration
    ::细胞呼吸

    Cellular respiration is the intracellular process that breaks down glucose with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP molecules. It is the process by which cells obtain usable energy to power other cellular processes. Which organ systems are involved in cellular respiration? The glucose needed for cellular respiration comes from the digestive system via the . The oxygen needed for cellular respiration comes from the also via the cardiovascular system. The carbon dioxide produced in cellular respiration leaves the body by the opposite route. In short, cellular respiration requires — at a minimum — the digestive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems.
    ::细胞呼吸是细胞内过程,通过氧气分解葡萄糖,产生二氧化碳和以ATP分子形式的能量;是细胞获得可用能源以驱动其他细胞过程的过程;是哪个器官系统涉及细胞呼吸?细胞呼吸所需的葡萄糖通过消化系统来自细胞呼吸系统;细胞呼吸所需的氧也通过心血管系统来自细胞呼吸;细胞呼吸产生的二氧化碳通过相反途径使身体离开;简而言之,细胞呼吸至少需要消化、心血管和呼吸系统。

    Fight-or-Flight Response
    ::战斗或紧急反应

    The well-known fight-or- flight response is a good example of how the nervous and endocrine systems control other organ system responses. The fight-or-flight response begins when the nervous system perceives sudden danger, as shown in the diagram . The brain sends a message to the endocrine system (via the pituitary gland) for the adrenal glands to secrete the hormones cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones flood the circulation and affect other organ systems throughout the body, including the cardiovascular, urinary, sensory, and digestive systems. Specific responses include increased heart rate, bladder relaxation, tunnel , and a shunting of blood away from the digestive system and toward the muscles, brain, and other vital organs needed to fight or flee.
    ::众所周知的战斗或飞行反应是神经和内分泌系统如何控制其他器官系统反应的一个很好的例子。战斗或飞行反应始于神经系统感到突如其来的危险性时,如图所示。大脑向内分泌系统(通过脑垂体腺)发出信息,让肾上腺脏隐匿荷尔蒙、皮质素和肾上腺素。这些荷尔蒙淹没了循环,并影响到整个身体的其他器官系统,包括心血管、尿道、感官和消化系统。具体反应包括心率上升、膀胱放松、隧道、从消化系统向肌肉、大脑和战斗或逃亡所需的其他重要器官抽取血液。

    lesson content

    How the fight-or-flight response occurs
    ::如何进行战斗或飞行反应

    Playing Softball
    ::玩软球

    The men playing softball in the opening photo are using multiple organ systems in this voluntary activity. Their nervous systems are focused on observing and preparing to respond to the next play. Their other systems are being controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The players  are using the muscular, skeletal, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. Can you explain how each of these organ systems is involved in playing softball?
    ::在开场照片中玩垒球的男子在这种自愿活动中使用多器官系统。他们的神经系统侧重于观察和准备对下一球赛作出反应。他们的其他系统正在由自动神经系统控制。玩家正在使用肌肉、骨骼、呼吸和心血管系统。你能解释一下这些器官系统是如何参与打垒球的吗?

    Feature: Reliable Sources
    ::特征:可靠来源

    Teamwork among organ systems allows the human organism to work like a finely tuned machine — at least, it does until one of the organ systems fails. When that happens, other organ systems interacting in the same overall process will also be affected. This is especially likely if the affected system plays a controlling role in the process. An example is type 1 diabetes . This disorder occurs when the pancreas does not secrete the endocrine hormone insulin . Insulin normally is secreted in response to an increasing level of glucose in the blood, and it brings the level of glucose back to normal by stimulating to take up insulin from the blood.
    ::器官系统之间的团队协作使人体有机体能够像一个精细调整的机器一样工作——至少,它可以等到器官系统失败。如果发生这种情况,在同样整体过程中相互作用的其他器官系统也会受到影响。如果受影响的系统在这一过程中发挥控制作用,这尤其可能发生。第一种糖尿病就是一个例子。这种紊乱发生在胰腺不把内分泌激素胰岛素分泌出来的时候。胰岛素通常被秘密起来,因为血液中的葡萄糖含量不断上升,并且通过刺激从血液中取出胰岛素,使葡萄糖的水平恢复正常。

    Learn more about type 1 diabetes. Use several reliable Internet sources to answer the following questions:
    ::更多了解1型糖尿病。使用几个可靠的互联网来源回答下列问题:

    1. In type 1 diabetes, w hat causes the endocrine system to fail to produce insulin?
      ::在1型糖尿病中,什么原因导致内分泌系统不能生产胰岛素?
    2. If type 1 diabetes is not controlled, w hich organ systems are affected by high blood glucose levels? What are some of the specific effects?
      ::如果1型糖尿病不受控制,哪个器官系统受到高血糖水平的影响?有哪些具体影响?
    3. How can blood glucose levels be controlled in patients with type 1 diabetes?
      ::如何控制1型糖尿病患者的血糖水平?

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The human body's organ systems  must work together to keep the body alive and functioning normally, which requires communication among systems. This communication is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary body functions, such as heart rate and digestion. The endocrine system secretes hormones into the blood that travel to body cells and influence their activities.
      ::人体器官系统必须共同努力,保持身体的活力和正常运转,这需要各系统之间的交流。这种交流由自主神经系统和内分泌系统控制。自自主神经系统控制非自愿身体功能,如心率和消化。内分泌系统将荷尔蒙分泌到血液中,进入身体细胞并影响它们的活动。
    • Cellular respiration is a good example of organ system interactions, because it is a basic life process that happens  in all living cells. It is the intracellular process that breaks down glucose with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and energy. Cellular respiration requires the interaction of the digestive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems.
      ::细胞呼吸是器官系统相互作用的一个很好的例子,因为它是所有活细胞的基本生命过程。 细胞内过程用氧气分解葡萄糖以产生二氧化碳和能量。 细胞呼吸需要消化、心血管和呼吸系统的互动。
    • The fight-or-flight response is a good example of how the nervous and endocrine systems control other organ system responses. It is triggered by a message from the brain to the endocrine system and prepares the body for flight or a fight. Many organ systems are stimulated to respond, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems.
      ::战斗或飞行反应是神经和内分泌系统如何控制其他器官系统反应的一个很好的例子,它是由大脑向内分泌系统传递的信息引发的,并且使身体准备飞行或战斗。许多器官系统,包括心血管、呼吸和消化系统,都受到激励来作出反应。
    • Playing softball — or doing other voluntary physical activities — may involve the interaction of nervous, muscular, skeletal, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems.
      ::玩垒球——或从事其他自愿的体育活动——可能涉及神经、肌肉、骨骼、呼吸和心血管系统的相互作用。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the autonomic nervous system?
    ::1. 自主神经系统是什么?

    2. How do the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system communicate with other organ systems so the systems can interact?
    ::2. 自动神经系统和内分泌系统如何与其他器官系统进行交流,以便这些系统相互影响?

    3. Explain how the brain communicates with the endocrine system.
    ::3. 解释大脑如何与内分泌系统沟通。

    4. What is the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?
    ::4. 内分泌系统内分泌系统内垂腺的作用是什么?

    5. Identify the organ systems that play a role in cellular respiration.
    ::5. 查明在细胞呼吸中发挥作用的器官系统。

    6. How does the hormone adrenaline prepare the body to fight or flee? What specific physiological changes does it bring about?
    ::6. 荷尔蒙肾上腺素如何使身体做好战斗或逃跑的准备?这会带来什么具体的生理变化?

    7. Explain the role of the muscular system in digesting food. 
    ::7. 解释肌肉系统在消化食物方面的作用。

    8. Describe how three different organ systems are involved when a player makes a particular play in softball, such as catching a fly ball.
    ::8. 说明当玩家在垒球中玩一个特别游戏时,如抓苍蝇球,三个不同器官系统是如何参与的。

    9. True or False:  The autonomic nervous system controls conscious movements.
    ::9. 真实或假:自自主神经系统控制自觉运动。

    10. True or False:  Hormones travel throughout the body.
    ::10. 真实或假:荷尔蒙贯穿全身。

    11 . True or False:  The pituitary gland directly secretes thyroid hormone.
    ::11. 真实或假:垂体腺直接分泌甲状腺激素。

    12. What are two types of molecules that the body uses to communicate between organ systems?
    ::12. 身体用来在器官系统之间交流的两种分子有哪些?

    13. Explain why hormones can have such a wide variety of effects on the body.
    ::13. 解释为什么荷尔蒙会对身体产生如此广泛的各种影响。

    14. Heart rate can be affected by:
    ::14. 心率可能受到下列因素的影响:

    a. hormones
    ::a. 荷尔蒙

    b. neurotransmitters
    ::b. 神经传送器

    c. the fight-or-flight response
    ::c. 战斗或飞行反应

    d. all of the above
    ::d. 以上所有情况

     

    15. Which gland secretes the hormone cortisol?
    ::哪个腺分泌荷尔蒙核质素?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Without the muscles lining the GI tract, you would be unable to digest food. Watch this short animation of food moving through the GI tract. It illustrates very clearly the necessary interaction of the muscular and digestive systems in the digestive process.
    ::如果GI道没有肌肉内衬, 您将无法消化食物 。 看这个短短的食品动画 穿过GI道。 它非常清楚地表明了肌肉和消化系统在消化过程中的相互作用。

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Learn more about adrenaline and its role in the fight-or-flight stress responses here: 
    ::更多了解肾上腺素及其在抗争或飞行应激反应中的作用: