心血管疾病

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Heart Attack on a Plate
::心脏对一块板块的心脏攻击

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Eating this greasy cheeseburger smothered in bacon may not literally cause a heart attack — but regularly eating high-fat, low-fiber foods like  this may increase the risk of a heart attack, as well as other types of cardiovascular disease. U nhealthy lifestyle choices such as this may actually account for as much  as 90 percent of cardiovascular disease.
::吃了这个被培根窒息的油腻芝士汉堡也许不会真正导致心脏病发作,但经常吃这种高脂肪低纤维食品可能会增加心脏病发作的风险,以及其他类型的心血管疾病。 此类不健康的生活方式选择实际上可能占心血管疾病的90%。

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What Is Cardiovascular Disease?
::什么是心血管疾病?

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Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the . They include diseases of the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients , diseases of arteries (such as the carotid artery) that provide flow to the brain ; and diseases of the peripheral arteries that carry blood throughout the body. Worldwide, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death, causing about one-third of all deaths each year.
::心血管疾病是涉及此病的一类疾病,其中包括向心脏肌肉提供氧气和营养的冠动脉疾病、向大脑流动的动脉疾病(如颈动脉),以及全身血液携带的周边动脉疾病。 在世界范围内,心血管疾病是导致死亡的主要原因,每年造成死亡人数的三分之一左右。

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Most cases of cardiovascular disease occur in people over the age of 60, with disease typically setting in  about a decade earlier for males than females. You can’t control your age or sex, but you can control other factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. These factors include smoking, obesity , , high blood levels of cholesterol, and lack of . Most cases of cardiovascular disease can  be prevented by controlling these risk factors. Not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet, taking medications as needed to control diabetes and cholesterol, and getting regular exercise are all ways to prevent cardiovascular disease, or to keep it from progressing. It should be noted that although high blood levels are definitely risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the connection between blood lipid levels and fat in the diet is not well understood. For example, high levels of cholesterol in the diet do not appear to lead directly to high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Clearly, cardiovascular disease is multifactorial in terms of its causes.
::大多数心血管疾病病例都发生在60岁以上的人群中,男性通常比女性早10年患病。您无法控制自己的年龄或性别,但可以控制增加心血管疾病风险的其他因素。这些因素包括吸烟、肥胖、胆固醇高血水平和缺乏。大多数心血管疾病病例都可以通过控制这些风险因素来预防。不吸烟、保持健康体重、吃健康的饮食、采取控制糖尿病和胆固醇所需的药物、定期锻炼是防止心血管疾病或阻止其发展的所有方法。应该指出,尽管高血水平无疑是心血管疾病的危险因素,但饮食中的血脂水平和脂肪之间的关联却不甚为人理解。 比如,高饮食中的胆固醇水平似乎不会直接导致血液中的胆固醇高水平。很明显,心血管疾病是多种原因的。

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Precursors of Cardiovascular Disease
::心血管疾病前体

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There are two very common conditions that are precursors to virtually all cases of cardiovascular disease: hypertension (or high blood pressure) and atherosclerosis , commonly called hardening of the arteries. Both conditions affect the arteries and their ability to maintain normal blood flow.
::几乎所有心血管疾病病例都有两种非常常见的先兆:高血压(或高血压)和冠状硬化动脉的无缝硬化,两种情况都影响动脉及其保持正常血液流动的能力。

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Hypertension
::高压

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Hypertension is a chronic medical condition in which the in the arteries is persistently elevated, as defined in the table below. Hypertension usually does not cause symptoms, so more than half of people with high blood pressure are unaware of their condition. Hypertension is typically diagnosed when blood pressure is routinely measured during a medical visit for some other health problem.
::高血压是一种慢性病,如下表所定义,动脉中的动脉持续升高;高血压通常不会造成症状,因此半数以上高血压者不知道他们的病情;如果在出诊期间对其他一些健康问题进行常规血压测量,通常会诊断出高血压。

of Blood Pressure (in Adults)

播放段落 Category ::类别类别类别	播放段落 Systolic (mm Hg) :毫米汞)	播放段落 Diastolic (mm Hg) ::透析(毫米汞)
播放段落 Normal blood pressure ::正常血压	90-119	60-79
播放段落 Prehypertension ::高 溢 率	120-139	80-89
播放段落 Hypertension ::高压	播放段落 140 or higher ::140或以上	播放段落 90 or higher ::90或以上

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High blood pressure is classified as either primary or secondary high blood pressure. At least 90 percent of cases are primary high blood pressure, which is caused by some combination of genetic and lifestyle factors. Numerous genes have been identified as having small effects on blood pressure. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of high blood pressure include excess dietary salt and alcohol consumption, as well as the risk factors for cardiovascular disease listed  above. Secondary high blood pressure, which makes up the remaining ten percent of cases of hypertension, is attributable to a particular identifiable cause, such as chronic disease or an endocrine disorder (such as Cushing’s disease).
::高血压被归类为一级或二级高血压,至少有90%的病例为一级高血压,这是遗传和生活方式因素结合的某些因素造成的。许多基因被确定为对血压影响很小。增加高血压风险的生活方式因素包括过量的饮食盐和酒精消费,以及上述心血管疾病的危险因素。中等高血压占高血压病例的其余10%,可归因于特定原因,如慢性疾病或内分泌紊乱(如Cushing疾病 ) 。

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Treating hypertension is important for reducing the risk of all types of cardiovascular disease, especially stroke . These and other complications of persistent high blood pressure are shown in the figure . Lifestyle changes, such as reducing salt intake and adopting a healthier diet may be all that's needed to lower blood pressure to the normal range. In many cases, however, medications are also required. The majority of people with high blood pressure have to take more than one medication to fully control their hypertension.
::治疗高血压对于降低所有类型心血管疾病,特别是中风的风险十分重要,图中显示了这些以及长期高血压的其他并发症。生活方式的变化,如减少盐摄入和采用更健康的饮食,可能是将血压降低到正常范围所需要的一切。然而,在许多情况下,还需要药物。大多数高血压者必须服不止一种药物才能完全控制高血压。

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Atherosclerosis
::冠状体硬化

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Atherosclerosis is a condition in which artery walls thicken and stiffen as a result of the buildup of plaques inside the arteries. Plaques consist of white blood cells , cholesterol, and other fats. Typically, there is also a proliferation of smooth muscle that make the plaque fibrous, as well as fatty. Over time, the plaques may harden with the addition of calcium crystals. This reduces the elasticity of the artery walls. As plaques increase in size, the artery walls dilate to compensate so blood flow is not affected. Eventually, however, the lumen of the arteries is likely to become so narrowed by plaque buildup that blood flow is reduced, or even blocked entirely. The figure illustrates the formation of a plaque in a coronary artery.
::螺旋硬化是动脉内红外墙厚和硬化的一个条件,因为动脉内塑料的积聚导致动脉壁变厚和硬化,粉末由白血细胞、胆固醇和其他脂肪组成,一般情况下,还有光滑的肌肉扩散,使斑块纤维化,还有脂肪。随着时间的推移,添加钙晶体会硬化。这减少了动脉壁的弹性。随着塑料体积的增大,动脉壁会膨胀,以弥补血液流动,因此不会受到影响。然而,动脉的润滑物可能会由于积聚而变得如此狭窄,以致血液流动减少,甚至完全被堵住。该图显示在冠动脉中形成一个塑料。

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In most people, plaques start to form in arteries during childhood , and progress throughout life. Individuals may develop just a few plaques, or dozens of them. Plaques typically remain asymptomatic for decades. Signs and symptoms appear only after there is severe narrowing (stenosis) or complete blockage of arteries. As plaques increase in size and interfere with blood flow, they commonly lead to the formation of blood clots. These clots may plug arteries at the site of the plaque or travel elsewhere in the circulation. Sometimes, plaques rupture or become detached from an arterial wall and become lodged in a smaller, downstream artery. Blockage of arteries by plaques or clots may cause a heart attack, stroke, or other potentially life-threatening cardiovascular event. If blood flow to the kidneys is affected, it may lead to chronic kidney disease.
::在多数人中,遗迹开始在童年时期在动脉中形成,并在整个生命中不断进步; 个人可能只发展出几个或几十个遗迹; 遗迹一般几十年内仍无症状; 征兆和症状只有在血管严重缩小(慢化)或完全堵塞之后才会出现; 随着遗迹的大小增加和血液流动受到干扰,它们通常会导致血凝块的形成; 这些凝块可能将动脉插在斑块的所在地,或者在流通的其他地方插入。 有时,遗迹破裂或从动脉壁中分离出来,并进入更小的下游动脉中。 遗迹或凝块对动脉的封锁可能导致心脏病发作、中风或其他可能危及生命的心血管事件。 如果血液流到肾脏,则可能导致慢性肾病。

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The process in which plaques form is not yet fully understood, but it is thought that it begins when low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) accumulate inside endothelial cells in artery walls, causing inflammation. The inflammation attracts white blood cells that start to form a plaque. Continued inflammation and a cascade of other immune responses cause the plaque to keep growing. Risk factors for the of atherosclerosis include hypertension, high cholesterol (especially LDL cholesterol), diabetes, and smoking. The chance of developing atherosclerosis also increases with age, male sex, and a family history of cardiovascular disease.
::发炎会吸引白血细胞,开始形成一个斑块; 继续发炎和其他免疫反应的连串反应导致该斑块继续生长; 缺血性硬化症的风险因素包括高血压、高胆固醇(特别是低致死水平胆固醇)、糖尿病和吸烟; 发展无缝硬化症的可能性随着年龄、男性性别以及心血管疾病的家庭史而增加。

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Treatment of atherosclerosis often includes both lifestyle changes and medications to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, and reduce the risk of blood clot formation. In extreme cases – or when other treatments are inadequate — surgery may be recommended. Surgery may involve the placement of stents in arteries to keep them open and improve blood flow, or the use of grafts to divert blood flow around blocked arteries.
::神经硬化症的治疗通常包括生活方式改变和降低胆固醇、控制血压和降低血凝块形成风险的药物。 在极端情况下 — — 或者在其他治疗不力的情况下 — — 可以推荐手术。 外科手术可能包括将脚趾放在动脉中以保持其开阔和改善血液流动,或者使用移植剂将血液流转移到堵塞的动脉周围。

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Coronary Artery Disease
::冠状动脉疾病

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Coronary artery disease is a group of diseases that result from atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. Treatment of the diseases mainly involves treating the underlying atherosclerosis. Two of the most common coronary artery diseases are angina and myocardial infarction.
::冠状动脉疾病是冠状动脉的冠状动脉硬化导致的一组疾病,治疗这些疾病的主要是治疗基础的冠状动脉硬化,最常见的两种冠状动脉疾病是心血管和心肌梗塞。

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Angina
::动向

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Angina is chest pain or pressure that occurs when heart muscle cells do not receive adequate blood flow and become starved of oxygen (a condition called ischemia). This  is illustrated in the figure . There may also be pain in the back, neck, shoulders, or jaw — and in some cases, the pain may be accompanied by shortness of breath, sweating, or nausea. The main goals of angina treatment  are to relieve  the symptoms and slow  the progression of the underlying atherosclerosis.
::心肌细胞得不到足够的血液流动和缺氧(一种称为缺血症的状态)时会出现胸痛或压力,如图所示:背部、颈部、肩部或下巴也可能有疼痛,有时还有呼吸短促、出汗或恶心等疼痛。

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Angina may be classified as either stable angina or unstable angina:
::坏疽性口炎可归类为稳定的坏疽性口炎或不稳定的坏疽性口炎:

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• Stable angina is angina in which pain is precipitated by exertion (from brisk walking or running, for example) and improves quickly with rest or the administration of nitroglycerin, which dilates coronary arteries and improves blood flow. Stable angina may develop into unstable angina.
  ::稳定的阿皮纳是胃痛因施压(例如从粗体行走或跑步)而引起,并且通过休息或硝化甘油的施用而迅速改善,因为硝化甘油会膨胀冠状动脉,改善血液流动。 稳定的阿皮纳可能发展成不稳定的阿皮纳。
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• Unstable angina is angina in which pain occurs during rest, lasts more than 15 minutes, and is of new onset. This type of angina is more dangerous, and may be a sign of an imminent heart attack. It requires urgent medical attention.
  ::不稳定的恶性动脉瘤是一种厌烦,在休息期间会发生疼痛,持续时间超过15分钟,并且是新开始的。 这种恶性动脉瘤更危险,可能是一种即将发生的心脏病发作的迹象。它需要紧急医疗护理。

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Myocardial Infarction
::心肌梗塞

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A myocardial infarction (MI) , commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle and death of myocardial cells. As shown in the figure , an MI usually occurs because of complete blockage of a coronary artery, often due to a blood clot or the rupture of a plaque. An MI typically causes chest pain and pressure, among other possible symptoms, but at least one quarter of MIs do not cause any symptoms.
::心肌梗塞(MI)通常被称为心脏病发作,当血液流止入心脏部分,对心脏肌肉造成伤害和心肌细胞死亡时,心肌梗塞(MI)就会发生。 如图所示,心肌梗塞通常是由于冠状动脉完全堵塞,通常是血块或板块破裂造成的。 心肌梗塞通常造成胸部疼痛和压力,还有其他可能的症状,但至少四分之一的心肌梗塞不会造成任何症状。

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In the worst case, an MI may cause sudden death. Even if the patient survives, an MI often causes permanent damage to the heart. This puts the heart at risk of heart arrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiac arrest.
::最坏的情况是,感知器可能导致突发性死亡。 即使病人存活下来,感知器也经常对心脏造成永久性损伤。 这使心脏面临心律不齐、心衰竭和心脏停跳的风险。

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• Heart arrhythmias are abnormal heart rhythms, which are potentially life threatening. Heart arrhythmias often can be interrupted with a cardiac defibrillator, which delivers an electrical shock to the heart, in effect “rebooting” it.
  ::心脏心律失常是不正常的心脏节奏,这有可能威胁到生命。 心脏心律失常经常会因心脏去纤颤器而中断,心脏去纤颤器会给心脏带来电震,实际上“重新启动 ” 。
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• Heart failure occurs when the pumping action of the heart is impaired, causing tissues to get inadequate oxygen . This is a chronic condition that tends to get worse over time, although it can be managed with medications.
  ::当心脏的抽水功能受损,导致组织获得的氧气不足时,心脏衰竭就会发生。 这是一个慢性病,尽管可以用药物来管理,但随着时间的推移,情况往往会恶化。
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• Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart no longer pumps blood or pumps blood so poorly that vital organs can no longer function. This is a medical emergency that requires  immediate intervention.
  ::当心脏不再抽血或抽血如此差,以致重要器官无法再起作用时,即发生心脏病。 这是医疗紧急情况,需要立即干预。

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Other Cardiovascular Diseases
::其他心血管疾病

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Hypertension and atherosclerosis often cause other cardiovascular diseases, including stroke and peripheral artery disease.
::高血压和心血管硬化往往导致其他心血管疾病,包括中风和外围动脉疾病。

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Stroke
::阵列

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A stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident or brain attack, occurs when blocked or broken arteries cause brain cells to die . There are two main types of stroke, both of which are illustrated : ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.
::中风,又称脑血管事故或脑部攻击,当阻断或断裂动脉导致脑细胞死亡时,即发生中风,主要有两种类型的中风,其中两种都有说明:缺血性中风和出血性中风。

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1. An ischemic stroke occurs when an embolus (blood clot) breaks off from a plaque, or forms in the heart because of arrhythmia and travels to the brain, where it becomes lodged in an artery. This blocks blood flow to the part of the brain that is served by arteries downstream from the blockage. Lack of oxygen causes the death of brain cells. Treatment with a clot-busting drug within a few hours of the stroke may prevent permanent damage. Almost 90 percent of strokes are ischemic strokes.
   ::当血栓(血块)从一个板块断裂时,或由于心部不稳而出现血栓,或由于心部不稳而出现形态时,即发生缺血中风时,即出现缺血中风时,或因心部不稳而出现血栓时,即出现脑出血时,即进入动脉中,这种血块将血液流到由阻塞下游动脉提供的大脑部分;缺氧导致脑细胞死亡;中风后几个小时内用血块断裂药物治疗可能防止永久损伤;近90%的中风是非化学中风。
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2. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when an artery in the brain ruptures and causes bleeding in the brain. This deprives downstream tissues of adequate blood flow, and also puts pressure on brain tissue. Both factors can lead to the death of brain cells. Surgery to temporarily open the cranium may be required to relieve the pressure. Only about ten percent of strokes are hemorrhagic strokes, but they are more likely to be fatal than ischemic strokes.
   ::当脑动脉破裂并导致脑出血时,会发生出血性中风。这使得下游组织失去足够的血液流动,同时也会给脑组织带来压力。 这两种因素都可能导致脑细胞死亡。 可能需要手术暂时打开脑脊椎来缓解压力。 只有大约10%的中风是出血性中风,但是它们比无化学中风更可能致命。

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In both types of stroke, the part of the brain that is damaged loses is ability to function normally. Signs and symptoms of stroke may include an inability to move, feel, or see on one side of the body; problems understanding speech or difficulty speaking; memory problems; confusion; and dizziness. Hemorrhagic strokes may also cause a severe headache. The symptoms of stroke usually occur within seconds or minutes of the brain injury. Depending on the severity of the stroke and how quickly treatment is provided, the symptoms may be temporary or permanent. If the symptoms of a stroke go away on their own in less than an hour or two, the stroke is called a transient ischemic attack. Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the United States, but rehabilitation with physical, occupational, speech, or other types of therapy may significantly improve functioning.
::在两种类型的中风中,受损害的脑部损失部分是正常功能的能力,中风的症状可能包括无法移动、感觉或看到身体的一面;对语言或困难的理解有问题;记忆问题;混乱;和眩晕。出血性中风还可能造成严重的头痛。中风的症状通常发生在脑损伤几秒钟或几分钟之内。视中风的严重程度和提供治疗的速度而定,症状可能是暂时的或永久的。如果中风的症状在不到一个或两个小时的时间内自行消失,中风被称为短暂的缺血攻击。 Stroke是造成美国残疾的主要原因,但身体、职业、言语或其他类型的治疗的康复可能大大改善功能。

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The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. K eeping blood pressure within the normal range, whether with lifestyle changes or medications, is the best way to reduce the risk of stroke. Another possible cause of stroke is the use of illicit drugs, such as amphetamines or cocaine. Having had a stroke in the past also greatly increases one’s risk of future strokes. Men are more likely than women to have strokes.
::中风的主要风险因素是高血压。 将血压保持在正常范围内,无论是改变生活方式还是药物,都是减少中风风险的最佳途径。 中风的另一个可能原因是使用苯丙胺或可卡因等非法药物。 过去中风也大大增加了未来中风的风险。 男性比女性更容易中风。

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Peripheral Artery Disease
::周边动脉疾病

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a narrowing of the arteries other than those that supply the heart or brain, due to atherosclerosis. The figure shows how PAD occurs. PAD most commonly affects the legs, but other arteries may also be involved. The classic symptom is leg pain when walking, which usually resolves with rest. This symptom is known as intermittent claudication. Other symptoms may include skin ulcers , bluish skin, cold skin, or poor nail and hair growth in the affected leg(s). Up to half of all cases of PAD, however, do not have any symptoms.
::外阴动脉疾病(PAD)是除提供心脏或脑部的动脉外,由于神乐硬化,其他动脉的缩小。图中显示了PAD是如何发生的。PAD通常影响腿部,但也可能涉及其他动脉。典型的症状是走路时腿痛,通常与休息有关。这种症状被称为间歇性隔绝。其他症状可能包括皮肤溃疡、血脂皮肤、皮肤寒冷、指甲不好、腿部发毛。然而,在所有PAD病例中,有一半没有症状。

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The main risk factor for PAD is smoking. Other risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol. The underlying mechanism is usually atherosclerosis. PAD is typically diagnosed when blood pressure readings taken at the ankle are lower than blood pressure readings taken at the upper arm. It is important to diagnose PAD and treat the underlying atherosclerosis, because people with this disorder have a four to five times higher risk of myocardial infarction or stroke. Surgery to expand the affected arteries or to graft vessels in order to bypass blockages may be recommended in some cases.
::PAD的主要风险因素是吸烟,其他风险因素包括糖尿病、高血压和高血胆固醇。其基本机制通常是神乐硬化。当脚踝的血压读数低于上臂的血压读数时,通常会诊断PAD。必须诊断PAD并治疗潜在的神乐硬化,因为患有这种疾病的人有四至五倍高的心肌梗塞或中风风险。在某些情况下,可以建议进行外科手术,以扩大受影响的动脉,或进行磨损,以绕过阻塞。

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Feature: My Human Body
::特质:我的人体

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You read in this concept about the many dangers of hypertension. Do you know whether you have hypertension? The only way to know for sure is to have your blood pressure measured. Measuring blood pressure is quick and painless, but several measurements are needed to accurately diagnose hypertension. Some people have what is called “white coat disease.” Their blood pressure rises just because they are being examined by a physician (in a white coat). Blood pressure also fluctuates from time to time due to factors such as hydration, stress, and time of day. Repeatedly measuring and recording your own blood pressure at home can provide your doctor with valuable diagnostic data. Digital blood pressure monitors for home use, like the one pictured , are relatively inexpensive, easy to use, and available at most pharmacies.
::您读到高血压的许多危险。 您知道自己是否有高血压吗? 唯一可以肯定的办法是测量你的血压。 测量血压是快速和无痛的, 但是要准确诊断高血压需要几种测量。 有些人有所谓的“白大衣病 ” 。 他们的血压上升只是因为他们正在接受医生的检查( 穿白色大衣 ) 。 血液压力也会不时波动, 原因包括水分、 压力和白天的时间。 反复测量和记录自己的血压可以为您的医生提供宝贵的诊断数据。 用于家庭使用的数码血压监测器, 和照片一样, 相对便宜, 容易使用, 大部分药房都可用。

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If you do have high blood pressure, lifestyle changes with or without medications can usually bring it under control. A commonly recommended lifestyle change is the adoption of a healthier eating plan, such as the DASH (“Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension”) diet. This diet was developed specifically to lower blood pressure without medication. Numerous studies have found the DASH diet to be effective at reducing not only high blood pressure, but also the risk of coronary artery disease, heart failure, stoke, some kinds of , and diabetes. This diet has also been found effective for weight loss. The DASH diet includes whole grains, fruits and vegetables, low-fat or nonfat dairy, lean meats, and poultry, beans, nuts, and seeds . You can learn more about the DASH diet by watching this video featuring TV personality, author, and heart surgeon, Dr. Mehmet Oz:
::如果确实存在高血压,无论有没有药物,改变生活方式通常都能控制住这种压力。通常建议改变生活方式的办法是采用更健康的饮食计划,如DASH(“停止高血压的诊断方法”)饮食。这种饮食是专门为降低血压而开发的,没有药物。许多研究发现DASH饮食不仅有效降低高血压,而且有效降低冠状动脉疾病、心脏病、口腔炎、某些种类的疾病和糖尿病的风险。这种饮食对于减肥也很有效。DASH饮食包括整粒谷物、水果和蔬菜、低脂肪或非脂肪乳制品、瘦肉和家禽、豆、坚果和种子。您可以通过观看电视人物、作者和心脏外科医生Mehmet Oz博士的视频了解更多关于DAS饮食的情况:

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Summary
::摘要

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• Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the cardiovascular system. Worldwide, it is the leading cause of death. Most cases occur in people over age 60, and it typically sets in  about a decade earlier in males than females. Besides advanced age and male sex, other risk factors include smoking, obesity, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, and lack of exercise.
  ::心血管疾病是涉及心血管系统的一个疾病类别,在全世界,它是造成死亡的主要原因,大多数病例发生在60岁以上的人,通常发生在男性比女性早10年左右。除了老年和男性性别之外,其他风险因素包括吸烟、肥胖、糖尿病、高血胆固醇和缺乏锻炼。
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• Two common conditions that lead to most cases of cardiovascular disease are hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hypertension is blood pressure that is persistently at or above 140/90 mm Hg. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fatty, fibrous plaques in arteries that may reduce or block blood flow. Treating these conditions is important for preventing cardiovascular disease.
  ::导致大多数心血管疾病发病的两个常见情况是高血压和无缝硬化,高血压是持续在140/90毫米汞或超过140/90毫米汞的血压,甲状腺硬化是动脉中脂肪和纤维性斑块的积聚,可能会减少或堵塞血液流动,治疗这些条件对于预防心血管疾病十分重要。
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• Coronary artery disease is a group of diseases that result from atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. Two of the most common are angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack). In angina, cardiac cells receive inadequate oxygen, which causes chest pain. In a heart attack, cardiac cells die, because blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. A heart attack may cause death or lead to heart arrhythmias, heart failure, or cardiac arrest.
  ::冠状动脉疾病是冠状动脉动脉动脉动脉动脉动脉硬化导致的一组疾病,其中最常见的有两个是心血管和心肌梗塞(心脏病发作);在心血管中,心细胞获得的氧气不足,导致胸部疼痛;在心脏病发作中,心脏细胞死亡,因为血液流到心脏的一部分被阻塞;心脏病发作可能导致死亡或心脏病心律不全、心脏病衰竭或心脏停止。
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• Stroke occurs when blocked or broken arteries in the brain result in the death of brain cells. This may occur when an artery is blocked by a clot or plaque, or when an artery ruptures and bleeds in the brain. In both cases, part of the brain is damaged, and functions such as speech and controlled movements may be impaired, either temporarily or permanently.
  ::当脑部断裂或断裂的动脉导致脑细胞死亡时,就会发生冲刺;当动脉被凝块或立体块堵塞时,或者当动脉破裂和脑出血时,就可能发生冲刺。 在这两种情况下,脑部部分受损,语言和受控运动等功能可能暂时或永久受损。
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• Peripheral artery disease occurs when atherosclerosis narrows peripheral arteries — usually in the legs, and often causing pain when walking. It is important to diagnose this disease so the underlying atherosclerosis can be treated before it causes a heart attack or stroke. 
  ::外阴动脉疾病发生时,神乐硬化缩小了周边动脉——通常是腿部,在走路时往往造成疼痛。 重要的是要诊断这一疾病,这样在引发心脏病发作或中风之前,就可以治疗潜在的神乐硬化症。

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Review
::回顾

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1. What is cardiovascular disease? How much mortality do cardiovascular diseases cause?
::1. 心血管疾病是什么?心血管疾病导致多少死亡?

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2. List risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
::2. 列出心血管疾病风险因素。

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3. What is hypertension?
::3. 什么是高血压?

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4. Define atherosclerosis.
::4. 定义天花板硬化症。

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5. What is coronary artery disease?
::5. 什么是冠状动脉疾病?

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6. Identify two specific coronary artery diseases.
::6. 查明两种具体的冠动脉疾病。

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7. Explain how a stroke occurs, and how it affects the patient.
::7. 解释中风是如何发生的,以及它如何影响病人。

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8. Describe the cause of peripheral artery disease.
::8. 描述周边动脉疾病的原因。

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9. What are two cardiovascular diseases that can be caused by atherosclerosis? Explain specifically how atherosclerosis contributes to each of them.
::9. 有两种心血管疾病可以由天花板硬化引起的是什么?具体解释一下天花板硬化是如何造成这两种疾病的。

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10. True or False:  A heart attack is the same as cardiac arrest.
::10. 真实或假:心脏病发作与心脏停止发作相同。

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11. True or False:  Plaques in arteries can cause blood clots.
::11. 真实或假:动脉中的遗迹可造成血块。

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12. What are the similarities between angina and ischemic stroke?
::12. 心血管炎与缺血性中风之间有什么相似之处?

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13. How can kidney disease be caused by problems in the cardiovascular system?
::13. 肾病如何由心血管系统的问题造成?

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14. In peripheral artery disease, the blood pressure at the ankle is typically ________ the blood pressure at the upper arm.
::14. 在外围动脉疾病中,脚踝的血压通常为上臂的血压。

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a. erratic compared to
::a. 与

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b. the same as
::b 与

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c. higher than
::c 高于

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d. lower than
::d 低于

 

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15. Name three components of the plaque that can build up in arteries.
::15. 列出可在动脉中积聚的牌子的三个组成部分。

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Explore More
::探索更多

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Check out this video to learn about the effects of salt on blood pressure:
::以了解盐对血压的影响: