章节大纲

  • lesson content

    Taboo Topic
    ::塔布主题

    The banner in the photo above was carried in a 2014 march in Uganda as part of the celebration of Menstrual Hygiene Day. Menstrual Hygiene Day is an awareness day on May 28 of each year that aims to raise awareness worldwide about menstruation and menstrual hygiene. Maintaining good menstrual hygiene is difficult in developing countries like  Uganda because of taboos on discussing menstruation and lack of availability of menstrual hygiene products. Poor menstrual hygiene, in turn, can lead to embarrassment, degradation, and reproductive health problems in females. May 28 was chosen as Menstrual Hygiene Day because of its symbolism. May is the fifth month of the year, and most women average five days of menstrual bleeding each month. The 28 th day was chosen because the menstrual cycle averages about 28 days.
    ::上述照片中的横幅是在2014年乌干达的游行中播放的,这是庆祝月经卫生日的一部分;月经卫生日是每年5月28日的一个宣传日,目的是提高全世界对月经和月经卫生的认识;在像乌干达这样的发展中国家,由于讨论月经的禁忌和月经卫生产品缺乏供应,维持良好的月经卫生很难;月经卫生状况差,反过来又会导致女性的尴尬、退化和生殖健康问题。 5月28日因其象征意义被选为月经卫生日。 5月5日是5个月,大多数女性月平均月经出5天。 选择第28天是因为月经周期平均为28天。

    What Is the Menstrual Cycle?
    ::月经周期是什么?

    The menstrual cycle refers to natural changes that occur in the female reproductive system each month during the reproductive years. The cycle is necessary for the production of eggs and the preparation of the uterus for . It involves changes in both the ovaries and the uterus, and is controlled by pituitary and ovarian . Day 1 of the cycle is the first day of the menstrual period , when bleeding from the uterus begins as the built-up endometrium lining the uterus is shed. The endometrium builds up again during the remainder of the cycle, only to be shed again during the beginning of the next cycle if pregnancy does not occur. In the ovaries, the menstrual cycle includes the of a follicle , ovulation of a secondary oocyte, and then degeneration of the follicle if pregnancy does not occur. Both uterine and ovarian changes during the menstrual cycle are generally divided into three phases, although the phases are not the same in the two organs .
    ::月经周期的第一天是月经期的第一天,月经期开始出血时,子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部部

    Menarche and Menopause
    ::更年期和更年期

    The female reproductive years are delineated by the start and stop of the menstrual cycle. The first menstrual period usually occurs around 12 or 13 years of age, an event that is known as menarche . There is considerable variation among individuals in the age at menarche. It may occasionally occur as early as eight years of age or as late as 16 years of age and still be considered normal. The average age is generally later in the developing world, and earlier in the developed world. This variation is thought to be largely attributable to nutritional differences.
    ::女性生育年龄由月经周期的开始和结束来划定,第一个月经期通常在12岁或13岁左右,这是一个称为月经期的事件,人与人之间在月经年龄上差别很大,有时可能最早为8岁,或晚至16岁,而且仍然被视为正常,平均年龄一般在发展中世界较晚,在发达国家更早,据认为这种差别主要归因于营养方面的差异。

    The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman’s reproductive years is termed menopause . The average age of menopause is 52 years, but it may occur normally at any age between about 45 and 55 years of age. The age of menopause varies due to a variety of biological and environmental factors. It  may occur earlier as a result of certain illnesses or medical treatments.
    ::妇女生育年限结束时的月经周期停止称为更年期,更年期的平均年龄为52岁,但通常在45至55岁之间的任何年龄都可能发生,更年期的年龄因各种生物和环境因素而不同,可能因某些疾病或医疗而更早。

    Variation in the Menstrual Cycle
    ::月经周期的变化

    The length of the menstrual cycle — as well as its phases — may vary considerably, not only among different women, but also from month to month for a given woman. The average length of time between the first day of one menstrual period and the first day of the next menstrual period is 28 days, but it may range from 21 days to 45 days. Cycles are considered regular when a woman’s longest and shortest cycles differ by less than eight days. The menstrual period itself is usually about five days long, but it may vary in length from about two days to seven days.
    ::月经周期及其各个阶段的长度可能差别很大,不仅在不同的妇女之间,而且对特定妇女而言,月与月之间也可能差别很大,从一个月经期第一天到下一个月经期第一天的平均时间长度为28天,但可能从21天到45天不等,如果妇女最长和最短的周期少于8天,周期被认为是正常的,月经期本身通常大约为5天,但可能从两天到7天不等。

    Ovarian Cycle
    ::尿循环周期

    The events of the menstrual cycle that take place in the ovaries make up the ovarian cycle. It consists of changes that occur in the follicles of one of the ovaries. The ovarian cycle is divided into the following three phases: follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase. These phases are illustrated in the figure .
    ::卵巢中发生的月经周期事件构成卵巢周期,包括卵巢中一个卵巢中卵蛋蛋的改变,卵巢周期分为以下三个阶段:卵巢阶段、卵巢阶段和润滑阶段。图中显示了这些阶段。

    lesson content

    The phases and days of the ovarian cycle are shown in this diagram. The ovarian cycle depicted in the diagram represents a cycle in which fertilization does not occur so the corpus luteum degenerates during the luteal phase.
    ::卵巢周期的阶段和天数在本图中显示。图表中描述的卵巢周期代表一个不发生肥化的周期,因此月球在润滑阶段会退化。

    Follicular Phase
    ::玻璃阶段

    The follicular phase is the first phase of the ovarian cycle. It generally lasts about 12 to 14 days for a 28-day menstrual cycle. During this phase, several ovarian follicles are stimulated to begin maturing, but usually only one — called the Graafian follicle  —  matures completely so it is ready to release an egg. The other maturing follicles stop growing and disintegrate. Follicular development occurs because of a rise in the level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is secreted by the pituitary gland . The maturing follicle releases estrogen , the level of which rises throughout the follicular phase. You can see these and other changes in hormone levels that occur during the menstrual cycle in the  chart. 
    ::卵巢阶段是卵巢周期的第一阶段,通常在28天的月经周期中持续约12至14天,在这一阶段,刺激若干卵巢的卵囊开始成熟,但通常只有一种——称为格拉菲亚卵囊——完全成熟,这样就能够释放卵。另一个成熟的卵囊停止生长和分解。卵巢发育的原因是受显性腺隐蔽的卵囊刺激激素(FSH)水平上升。成熟的卵囊释放雌激素,其水平在整个胚胎阶段都会上升。你可以看到这些变化以及表中月经周期期间出现的荷尔蒙水平的其他变化。

    lesson content

    FSH and estrogen increase during the first half of the menstrual cycle. LH surges shortly before ovulation occurs due to the rise in estrogen.
    ::在月经周期前半期,FSH和雌激素增加,在排卵前不久,由于雌激素增加,LH会猛增。

    Ovulation
    ::排导

    Ovulation is the second phase of the ovarian cycle. It usually occurs around  day 14 of a 28-day  menstrual cycle. During this phase, the Graafian follicle ruptures and releases its egg. Ovulation is stimulated by a sudden rise in the blood level of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. This is called the LH surge. You can see the LH surge in the top hormone graph above. The LH surge generally starts around day 12 of the cycle and lasts for a day or two. The surge in LH is triggered by a continued rise in estrogen from the maturing follicle in the ovary. During the follicular phase, the rising estrogen level actually suppresses LH secretion by the pituitary. However, by the time the follicular phase is nearing its end, the level of estrogen reaches a threshold level above which this effect is reversed, and estrogen stimulates the release of a large amount of LH. The surge in LH matures the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle, causing the fully developed follicle to release its secondary oocyte.
    ::卵巢循环的第二个阶段是卵巢循环的第二个阶段。 它通常发生在28天月经周期的第14天左右。 在这一阶段, 格拉菲亚破裂并释放出卵。 排卵是来自垂体腺的润滑性激素(LH) 的血液水平突然上升所刺激的。 这叫LH 溢出。 您可以看到上面顶部激素图中的LH 激增。 LH 溢出一般在周期的第12天左右开始, 持续一天或两天。 LH 的剧增是由卵巢中成熟的卵泡的雌激素持续上升引发的。 在卵巢阶段, 上升的雌激素水平实际上抑制了LH 的分泌。 但是, 当卵巢阶段接近尾端时, 雌激素的水平达到了顶点, 其效应被逆转, 雌激素刺激大量LH. H. 的释放。 LH. 的激素会使卵蛋成熟, 并会削弱二气柱的释放。

    Luteal Phase
    ::货轮阶段

    The luteal phase is the third and final phase of the ovarian cycle. It typically lasts about 14 days in a 28-day menstrual cycle. At the beginning of the luteal phase, FSH and LH cause the Graafian follicle that ovulated the egg to transform into a structure called a corpus luteum . The corpus luteum secretes progesterone , which in turn suppresses FSH and LH production by the pituitary and stimulates the continued buildup of the endometrium in the uterus. How this phase ends depends on whether or not the egg has been fertilized.
    ::润滑剂阶段是卵巢循环的第三个也是最后阶段,通常在28天的月经周期中持续约14天。在月经阶段开始时,FSH和LH导致Graafian卵囊变换成一种叫作“润滑剂”的结构。Cample luteum secretees progesterone,这反过来抑制了卵体的FSH和LH生产,刺激了子宫内子宫的继续积累。这个阶段的结束取决于卵子是否受精。

    • If has not occurred, the falling levels of FSH and LH during the luteal phase cause the corpus luteum to atrophy, so its production of progesterone declines. Without a high level of progesterone to maintain it, the endometrium starts to break down. By the end of the luteal phase, the endometrium can no longer be maintained, and the next menstrual cycle begins with the shedding of the endometrium (menses).
      ::如果没有发生,富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士。 如果没有发生,富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士,那么其产先士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士,因此其富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士后,因此产后,其富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士,因此产,因此减产于富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士富士后能后能,因此产于产于产于富士后,因此产于富士富士富士富士后能后能后能后能后能,因此减产,因此产后能后能后能后能后能后能后能后能后能后能后能后能后能不断。
    • If fertilization has occurred so a zygote forms and then divides to become a blastocyst , the outer layer of the blastocyst produces a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin. This hormone is very similar to LH and preserves the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum can then continue to secrete progesterone to maintain the new pregnancy.
      ::如果受精发生如此的zygote形态,然后分裂成爆炸性, 爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性的爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸的爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸性爆炸。

    Uterine Cycle
    ::子周期

    The events of the menstrual cycle that take place in the uterus make up the uterine cycle . This cycle consists of changes that occur mainly in the endometrium, which is the layer of tissue that lines the uterus. The uterine cycle is divided into the following three phases: menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase. These phases are illustrated in the figure .
    ::在子宫内发生的月经周期事件构成子宫周期,这一周期主要包括子宫内的变化,即子宫内的组织层,子宫周期分为以下三个阶段:月经、增生阶段和秘密阶段,图中说明了这些阶段。

    lesson content

    The uterine cycle begins with menstruation, which starts on day 1 of the cycle.
    ::子宫周期从月经开始,从周期的第一天开始。

    Menstruation
    ::月经

    Menstruation (also called menstrual period or menses) is the first phase of the uterine cycle. It occurs if fertilization has not taken place during the preceding menstrual cycle. During menstruation, the endometrium of the uterus, which has built up during the preceding cycle, degenerates and is shed from the uterus. The average loss of blood during menstruation is about 35 mL. The flow of blood is often accompanied by uterine cramps, which may be severe in some women.
    ::月经(也称为月经期或月经期)是子宫周期的第一阶段,如果在前一个月经周期内没有进行授精,则会发生,在月经期间,前一个周期内累积的子宫末宫,畸形,从子宫脱落,月经期间平均失血约35毫升,血液流动往往伴有子宫抽搐,有些妇女可能很严重。

    Proliferative Phase
    ::生产阶段

    The proliferative phase is the second phase of the uterine cycle. During this phase, estrogen secreted by of the maturing ovarian follicle causes the lining of the uterus to grow, or proliferate. Estrogen also stimulates the cervix of the uterus to secrete larger amounts of thinner mucus that can help swim through the cervix and into the uterus, making fertilization more likely.
    ::增生阶段是子宫循环的第二阶段,在这一阶段,由成熟的卵巢卵巢分泌的雌性激素导致子宫膜生长或扩散。 雌性激素还刺激子宫的子宫颈分泌更多的细微的肌肉,有助于通过子宫和子宫游泳,使受精的可能性更大。

    Secretory Phase
    ::秘秘记阶段

    The secretory phase is the third and final phase of the uterine cycle. During this phase, progesterone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary stimulates further changes in the endometrium so it is more receptive to implantation of a blastocyst. For example, progesterone increases blood flow to the uterus and promotes uterine secretions. It also decreases the contractility of smooth muscle tissue in the uterine wall.
    ::秘密阶段是子宫周期的第三阶段,也是最后阶段,在这一阶段,卵巢中由子体润滑剂生成的蛋白酮刺激了子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内子宫内肌肉组织的紧凑性。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The menstrual cycle refers to natural changes that occur in the female reproductive system each month during the reproductive years, except when a woman is pregnant. The cycle is necessary for the production of eggs and the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. It involves changes in both the ovaries and uterus, and is controlled by pituitary hormones (FSH and LH) and ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
      ::月经周期是指育龄期间女性生殖系统每月发生的自然变化,但怀孕妇女除外,该周期是生产卵子和为怀孕准备子宫所必须的,涉及卵巢和子宫的变化,由垂体荷尔蒙(FSH和LH)和卵巢荷尔蒙(Estrogen和 progentone)控制。
    • The female reproductive period is delineated by menarche, or the first menstrual period, which usually occurs around age 12 or 13; and by menopause, or the cessation of menstrual periods, which typically occurs around age 52. A typical menstrual cycle averages 28 days in length but may vary normally from 21 to 45 days. The average menstrual period is five days long, but may vary normally from two to seven days. These variations in the menstrual cycle may occur both between women and within individual women from month to month.
      ::女性生育期由月经期或月经期(通常在12岁或13岁左右)和月经期终止(通常在52岁左右)划定,月经期终止(典型的月经周期平均为28天,但通常为21天至45天不等),月经期平均为5天,但通常为2天至7天不等,月经周期的这些变化可能发生在妇女之间,也可能发生在妇女个人之间。
    • The events of the menstrual cycle that take place in the ovaries make up the ovarian cycle. It includes the follicular phase (when a follicle and its egg mature due to rising levels of FSH), ovulation (when the egg is released from the ovary due to a rise in estrogen and a surge in LH), and the luteal phase (when the follicle is transformed into a structure called a corpus luteum that secretes progesterone). In a 28-day menstrual cycle, t he follicular and luteal phases typically average about two weeks in length, with ovulation generally occurring around day 14 of the cycle.
      ::卵巢中发生的月经周期事件构成卵巢循环,包括卵巢阶段(当一个卵子及其卵子因FSH水平上升而成熟)、排卵(当卵子因雌激素上升和LH高涨而从卵巢中释放出来时)和润滑阶段(当卵子转化成一个称为细胞润滑物的结构,其分泌蛋白质时),在28天的月经周期中,卵子和卵子阶段通常平均为两周左右,排卵通常在周期的第14天左右。
    • The events of the menstrual cycle that take place in the uterus make up the uterine cycle. It includes menstruation, which generally occurs on days 1 to 5 of the cycle and involves shedding of endometrial tissue that built up during the preceding cycle; the proliferative phase, during which the endometrium builds up again until ovulation occurs; and the secretory phase, which follows ovulation and during which the endometrium secretes substances and undergoes other changes that prepare it to receive an embryo.
      ::在子宫内发生的月经周期事件构成子宫周期,包括月经,通常发生在周期的第1至第5天,涉及前一个周期内积累的内分泌组织脱胎换骨;增生阶段,在这一阶段内,子宫内分泌物重新累积,直到排卵;秘密阶段,在排卵之后,内分泌物并进行其他改变,为胚胎做好准备。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the menstrual cycle?
    ::1. 月经周期是什么?

    2. Why is the menstrual cycle necessary in order for pregnancy to occur?
    ::2. 为什么怀孕需要月经周期?

    3. What organs are involved in the menstrual cycle? What hormones control the cycle?
    ::3. 月经周期涉及哪些器官?什么荷尔蒙控制周期?

    4. Identify the two major events that mark the beginning and end of the reproductive period in females. When do these events typically occur?
    ::4. 确定标志着女性生育期开始和结束的两大事件:这些事件通常在何时发生?

    5. Discuss the average length of the menstrual cycle and menstruation, as well as variations that are considered normal.
    ::5. 讨论月经周期和月经的平均长度,以及被认为是正常的变化。

    6. Define the ovarian cycle.
    ::6. 界定卵巢循环。

    7. Summarize the phases of the ovarian cycle.
    ::7. 总结卵巢循环的各个阶段。

    8. Compare and contrast events that occur in the ovaries and uterus, depending on whether or not an egg is fertilized during the menstrual cycle.
    ::8. 比较和对比卵巢和子宫中发生的事件,取决于卵子是否在月经周期内受精。

    9. Define the uterine cycle.
    ::9. 界定子宫周期。

    10. Give an overview of the phases of the uterine cycle.
    ::10. 概述子宫周期的各个阶段。

    11. If the LH surge did not occur in a menstrual cycle, what do you think would happen? Explain your answer.
    ::11. 如果LH激增不是在月经周期中发生的,你认为会发生什么情况?解释你的答复。

    12. Give one reason why FSH and LH levels drop in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
    ::12. 说明为什么在月经周期的月经周期的月经阶段,家庭保健水平和LH水平下降的原因。

    13. What does the follicle that housed the ovulated egg become in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
    ::13. 卵卵卵的卵囊在月经周期的润滑阶段会变成什么?

    14. True or False:  Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is when the secondary oocyte is released from its follicle.
    ::14. 真实或假:月经周期的第1天是第二细胞从卵蛋中释放出来。

    15. True or False:  The secretory phase of the uterine cycle generally aligns with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
    ::15. 真实或假:子宫周期的秘密阶段一般与卵巢周期的润滑阶段相一致。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Have you ever heard of premenstrual syndrome, also known as PMS? Learn more about what it is and why some women get it here: 
    ::你听说过月经前综合症吗, 也称为PMS?

    Imagine having to use old clothes, rags, paper, or leaves to soak up menstrual blood. Imagine being embarrassed or humiliated to have your period. Some girls in the developing world don't have access to menstrual hygiene products. Check out this video to learn more:
    ::想想用旧衣服、抹布、纸或叶子浸泡月经血。 想象一下在你的时期会感到尴尬或羞辱。 发展中世界的一些女孩无法获得月经卫生产品。 看看这段视频可以学到更多: