生物学统一原则 -- -- 先进

What is a biological principle?
::什么是生物原则?

The word principle can be defined as "a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning." A principle of biology is a fundamental concept that is just as true for a bee or a sunflower as it is for us. All life, including that sunflower and bee, is made of at least one . The traits of a particular organism are embedded within its genes , that organism must maintain to survive, and that organism has evolved from previously existing .
::原则可以被定义为“一个基本真理或主张,作为信仰或行为体系的基础,或作为一系列推理的基础。” 生物学原则是一个基本概念,对蜜蜂或向日葵来说也是如此。 所有生命,包括向日葵和蜜蜂,都由至少一个生命组成。 特定有机体的特征嵌入其基因中,生物必须保持生存,而有机体已经从以前存在的基因中演变而来。

Unifying Principles of Biology
::统一生物学原则

There are four unifying principles of biology that are important to all life and form the foundation of modern biology. These are:
::生物学有四条统一的原则,对所有生命都很重要,是现代生物学的基础。

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1. the ,
   ::, 并且,
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2. the gene theory ,
   ::基因理论
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3. homeostasis,
   ::常态,
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4. evolutionary theory .
   ::进化理论

The Cell Theory
::细胞理论

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all organisms. The Cell Theory states that all living things are made of one or more cells, or the secretions of those cells, such as the organisms shown in Figure . For example, shell and are built by cells from substances that they secrete into their surroundings. Cells come from cells that already exist, that is, they do not suddenly appear from nowhere. In organisms that are made of many cells (called multicellular organisms), every cell in the organism's body derives from the single cell that results from a fertilized egg . You will learn more about cells and the Cell Theory in Cells: The Cell Theory (Advanced) concept.
::细胞是所有生物的结构和功能的基本单位。 细胞理论指出, 所有生物都是由一个或多个细胞组成的, 或者由这些细胞的分泌物组成, 如图中显示的生物。 例如, 外壳, 由细胞组成, 由细胞中隐藏到周围的物质组成。 细胞来自已经存在的细胞, 也就是说, 它们不会突然从无处出现。 在由许多细胞( 称为多细胞有机体) 组成的生物体中, 生物体体内的每个细胞都来自产自受精蛋的单细胞。 您将会更多地了解细胞中的细胞和细胞理论: 细胞理论( 高级) 概念 。

Gene Theory
::产生理论

An organism's traits are encoded in their , the large molecule, or macromolecule, that holds the instructions needed to build cells and organisms. DNA makes up the genes of an organism. Traits are passed on from one generation to the next by way of these genes. Information for how the organism appears and how its cells work come from the organism’s genes. Although the appearance and cell function of the organism may change due to the organism’s environment, the environment does not change its genes. The only way that genes can change in response to a particular environment is through the process of evolution in of organisms. You will learn more about DNA and genes in Concept Molecular Biology (Advanced) .
::有机体的特性在它们、大型分子或大型分子或大型分子中被编码,这些分子具有建立细胞和生物所需的指示。DNA组成了生物体的基因。基因通过这些基因的基因从一代传到下一代。关于生物体的外观及其细胞工作的信息来自生物体的基因。虽然生物体的外观和细胞功能可能因生物体的环境而改变,但环境不会改变其基因。基因在特定环境中变化的唯一办法是通过生物体的进化过程。你会在概念分子生物学(Advanced)中更多地了解DNA和基因。

Homeostasis
::常态

Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to control its body functions in order to uphold a stable internal environment even when its external environment changes. All living organisms perform homeostasis. For example, cells maintain a stable internal acidity (pH); and warm-blooded maintain a constant body temperature. You will learn more about homeostasis in the The : Homeostasis (Advanced) concept.
::自闭症是一种有机体控制其身体功能的能力,以维护稳定的内部环境,即使外部环境发生变化。所有活生物体都具有自闭症。例如,细胞保持稳定的内酸性(pH),热血保持恒定的体温。你会在《自闭症(高级)概念》中了解更多关于自闭症的情况。

Homeostasis is a term that is also used when talking about the environment. For example, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide on Earth has been regulated by the concentration of plant life on Earth, because plants remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the daylight hours than they emit to the atmosphere at night.
::当谈论环境时,也使用自闭症这一术语。 例如,地球上二氧化碳的大气浓度受地球植物生命浓度的制约,因为植物在白天从大气中去除的二氧化碳比夜间排放到大气中的二氧化碳还要多。

Evolution
::演变演变进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进进

Evolution by , is the theory that maintains that a population's inherited traits change over time, and that all known organisms have a common origin. This theory, initially described by Charles Darwin , describes why organisms must adapt to their environments. Evolutionary theory can explain how specialized features, such as the geckos sticky foot pads shown in Figure , develop in different species. More about evolution is discussed in Concept Evolution (Advanced) .
::进化理论认为,一个种群的遗传特征随时间变化,而且所有已知生物都有共同的起源。 这个理论最初由查尔斯·达尔文描述,说明了生物必须适应环境的原因。 进化理论可以解释不同物种的特殊特征是如何发展的,如图中显示的壁壁粘性脚垫。关于进化的更多内容在概念进化(高级)中讨论。

KQED: Bio-Inspiration: Nature as Muse
::KQED: 生物动力:自然为动物

For hundreds of years, scientists have been using design ideas from structures in nature. Now, biologists and engineers at the University of California, Berkeley are working together to design a broad range of new products, such as life-saving milli-robots modeled on the way cockroaches run and adhesives based on the amazing design of a geckos foot. This process starts with making observations of nature, which lead to asking questions and to the additional aspects of the scientific process. 
::数百年来,科学家一直在利用自然结构的设计理念。 现在,加州大学伯克利分校的生物学家和工程师正在合作设计一系列广泛的新产品,比如在蟑螂运行和粘合法的惊人壁虎脚设计模型上模型的拯救生命的毫有机物。 这一过程始于对自然的观察,这导致提出问题和科学过程的其他方面。

Summary
::摘要

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• Four unifying principles form the foundation of modern biology: cell theory, evolutionary theory, the gene theory and the principle of homeostasis. These four principles are important to each and every field of biology.
  ::四个统一原则构成了现代生物学的基础:细胞理论、进化理论、基因理论和顺从原则。 这四个原则对生物学的每一个领域都很重要。

Review
::回顾

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1. Identify and describe the four unifying principles of modern biology.
   ::确定和描述现代生物学的四项统一原则。
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2. Why do you believe the four unifying principles of modern biology form the foundation of modern biology?
   ::为什么你相信现代生物学的四条统一原则 是现代生物学的基础?