诺诺诺奖

What is the highest honor a scientist can be awarded?
::科学家能获得的最高荣誉是什么?

The Nobel Prize is awarded each October in six categories, including physiology or medicine and chemistry.
::诺贝尔奖每年10月分六类颁发,包括生理学或医学和化学。

The Nobel Prize
::诺贝尔奖

The Nobel Prize is an international award given each year to honor outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and for work in peace. The award is maintained by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden, named after Alfred Nobel (1833-1896), a scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, author, and pacifist. At the age of 17, Alfred Nobel spoke five languages fluently. He went on to become an inventor and businessman, and at the time of his death, he had 355 patents worldwide, one of which was the patent for dynamite. More importantly, he had started 87 companies world-wide. He had an unprecedented idea for his wealth. 
::诺贝尔奖是每年颁发的国际奖,以表彰在物理学、化学、医学、文学和和平工作方面取得的杰出成就,由瑞典斯德哥尔摩诺贝尔基金会(以科学家、发明家、企业家、作家和和平主义者阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔(Alfred Nobel (1833-1896)命名)维持。 17岁时,阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔(Alfred Nobel)说五种流利的语言。 他后来成为发明家和商人,在去世时,他在全世界拥有355项专利,其中之一是炸药专利。更重要的是,他在全世界创办了87家公司。 他对财富有着前所未有的想法。

In his last will, dated November 27, 1895, Nobel left instructions for the prize. After leaving sums of monies to various friends and relatives, Nobel stated in his will, "The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way: the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical work by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm, and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not."
::在1895年11月27日的最后一个遗嘱中,诺贝尔奖左派奖状。在把一笔钱留给各种朋友和亲属之后,诺贝尔遗嘱中说,“我剩下的全部可变现财产将按以下方式处理:资本,由我的执行者投资于安全证券,将构成一个基金,每年以奖项的形式向那些在上一年中为人类带来最大利益的人分配,上述利益将分为五个相等的部分,分配如下:一部分给那些在物理领域作出最重要发现或发明的人;一部分给那些将作出最重要发现或发明的人;一部分给那些将作出最重要化学发现或改进的人;一部分给那些在物理或医学领域作出最重要发现或改进的人;一部分给那些在斯德哥尔摩文学领域作出最杰出工作的人;一部分给那些为国家间兄弟事业作出最大或最佳工作的人;一部分给人,为废除或减少在任何在物理领域作出最显著的发现或发明;一部分给人;一部分给人的奖品奖项,由我所选的物理学和物理学奖项,由斯德哥尔摩科学院作出,由他为该奖项颁发的奖品级奖品奖。

The first five Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901. In 1969, another prize was added: "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel."
::1901年颁发了头五个诺贝尔奖。1969年又增加了另一个奖项:“斯韦里盖斯·瑞克斯班克纪念阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔经济学科学奖”。

Many of the contributions of Nobel laureates are discussed throughout these concepts. The contributions from the physiology or medicine are directly related to the life sciences, as are selected contributions from the chemistry prize.
::在这些概念中,讨论了诺贝尔奖获得者的许多贡献,生理学或医学的贡献与生命科学直接相关,化学奖的一些贡献也直接相关。

Physiology or Medicine
::生理或医学

Chemistry
::化学化学

The following are the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry that have significance to the life sciences.
::以下是对生命科学具有重要意义的诺贝尔化学奖。