多偏移轨迹 - 高级

What does it mean to block?
::挡住是什么意思?

This goalie's main job is to block the puck from getting into the net. Is it possible for one gene to block another? With genes, almost anything seems possible. Under the right conditions, one gene may inhibit another gene. That's how some people end up with red hair. And it's called epistasis .
::这个守门员的主要工作是阻止球进网。 一种基因能否堵住另一个基因? 有了基因, 几乎什么都可能。 在合适的条件下, 一种基因可能会抑制另一个基因。 这就是一些人如何用红发结束。 它被称为“ 上瘾 ” 。

Multiple-Allele Traits
::多个 Allee 轨迹

Traits controlled by more than two have multiple alleles . Although any one person usually has only two alleles for a gene, more than two alleles can exist in the population's gene pool . Theoretically, any base change will result in a new allele. In fact, within the human , it may be safe to say that most human genes have more than two alleles. Whereas, we think of base changes, or , as resulting in a new phenotype or disease, many base changes result in alleles that do not cause significant change in phenotypes. This is common in collagen genes, for example. Type I and type II collagen are fibrillar composed of a triple helix. As these are structural proteins found in and cartilage , a triple helix adds strength to the matrix with these proteins. To form a triple helix structure, a glycine residue must be placed at every third amino acid within the fibrillar segment of the protein. The fibrillar portion of the protein is composed of Gly-X-Y motif, where X and Y represent two additional amino acids. As glycine is encoded by four codons : GGG, GGC, GGA, GGU, any change of sequence in the third position of the codon will not have an effect on the protein structure. Furthermore some changes in the X and Y positions of the Gly-X-Y motif may not cause significant phenotypic changes. However, other changes may have significant, even lethal consequences.
::由两个以上控制的轨迹有多种异变。 虽然一个人通常只有两个基因的异变, 但人口中的基因库中可能存在两个以上的异变。 从理论上讲, 任何基质变化都会导致一个新的异变。 事实上, 在人类内部, 可以说大多数人类基因都有两个异变。 我们想到的是基变, 或者说, 导致一种新的pheno类型或疾病, 许多基变导致异变导致异变, 异变不会导致苯型突变。 这在科拉根基因中很常见。 例如, 类I 和二类的collagen 由三螺旋组成。 事实上, 在人类基因中发现的结构性蛋白质和软体, 一个三螺旋会增加这些蛋白质的强度。 而要形成一个三重螺旋结构, 一个甘油残留必须放在蛋白的每三分之一的氨酸中, 导致苯丙基质类型发生重大变化。 蛋白质的纤维变异性部分在亚氏- X结构中不是一种显著的。

See for additional information on collagen.
::欲了解关于科拉根的补充资料。

The best characterized example of multiple alleles in humans is the ABO groups, discussed in the concept. Other human traits determined by multiple alleles would be hair color, hair texture, eye color, built, physical structures, etc. Most, if not all of these multiple-allele traits are in traits with very diverse phenotypic possibilities.
::人类多种异形的最好典型例子就是这一概念中讨论的ABO群体。由多种异端决定的其他人类特征是发型颜色、发型纹理、眼色、建筑结构、物理结构等。 多数,如果不是全部,这些多异形特征都具有多种异形的特征。

It is easiest to consider situations where each gene affects only one phenotypic characteristic. However, other situations where genes have other effects are common. As mentioned above, multiple alleles resulting in multiple phenotypes are not uncommon.
::最容易考虑的情况是,每种基因只影响到一种胎儿特征,然而,基因具有其他效果的其他情况是常见的。 如上所述,造成多种苯型的多重异灵并不罕见。

Pleiotropy
::颗粒

Many genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called pleiotropy . Thus, a new mutation in the gene will affect all the phenotypes/traits associated with the gene simultaneously. For example, the symptoms associated with sickle- disease are due to pleiotropic effects. Individuals with sickle-cell disease are homozygous for the mutant allele, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells . Because the sickle-shaped red blood cells deliver less oxygen to the tissues , sickle-cell disease has many pleiotropic effects. Symptoms include pain in the bones of the back, the long bones, and the chest. As the disease progresses, additional symptoms develop. These include fatigue, paleness, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, and yellowing of the and skin (jaundice).
::许多基因都具有多种雌激素效应,一种叫脾气的属性。因此,基因中的新突变将同时影响与基因相关的所有苯型/三角体。例如,与镰状病有关的症状是由生殖系统效应造成的。患有镰状细胞病的人是变异异异体的同质虫,导致镰状红血细胞。因为镰状红血细胞向组织输送的氧气较少,镰状细胞疾病具有许多生殖系统效应。症状包括背部、长骨和胸部的疼痛。随着病情的发展,还出现了其他症状。这些症状包括疲劳、苍白、快速的心率、呼吸短促、以及皮肤和皮肤的黄化(黄皮 ) 。

People with sickle cell trait are heterozygous for the mutation. They do not have the symptoms of sickle cell anemia. Another example is the collagen genes mentioned above. Many bones develop from a cartilage template . This cartilage template is made out of many proteins, with type II collagen, the predominant protein in the cartilage. The gene for this collagen, COL2A1, when mutated, not only affects the , but due to its pleiotropic nature, it may also affect a person’s eyes and hearing .
::有镰状细胞特征的人是突变的异体。他们没有镰状细胞贫血症状。另一个例子是上面提到的科伦基因。许多骨骼从软骨模板中产生。这种软骨模板由许多蛋白质组成,其中二类科伦是软骨中最主要的蛋白质。这种科伦的基因,即COL2A1,在突变时,不仅影响它,而且由于其脾脏性质,它也可能影响一个人的眼睛和听觉。

Epistasis
::动画

Epistasis is when a gene at one location (locus) alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus . Epistasis takes place when the action of one gene is modified by one or several other genes. These genes are sometimes called modifier genes . The gene whose phenotype is expressed is said to be epistatic , while the phenotype that is altered is said to be hypostatic . Sometimes hypostatic phenotypes are completely suppressed. Epistatic genes are not dominant over the genes they alter or suppress. Dominance refers to an interaction between alleles of the same gene, not different genes.
::Epistasisis 是指某一地点(locus)的基因改变另一地点(poistasis)的基因的外表表达方式。 Epistasis 发生于一个基因的动作被一个或数个其他基因改变。这些基因有时被称为变异基因。这些基因有时被称为变异基因。据说,其表象为异型的基因是能感知的,而变异的苯型则据说是低静态的。有时,低静态的苯型被完全抑制。Epististicistics 基因并不优先于它们改变或抑制的基因。支配性基因指同一基因的异类之间的相互作用,而不是不同的基因。

Examples of epistasis can be seen at both the genomic level and the phenotypic level. At the genomic level, it is highly possible that under certain conditions one gene could code for a protein that prevents of the other gene. At the phenotypic level, examples include the gene causing albinism hiding the gene controlling the color of a person's hair. In another example, a gene coding for a widow's peak would be hidden by a gene causing baldness.
::在基因组一级和胎儿一级,都可以看到上瘾的例子。在基因组一级,极有可能在某些情况下,一个基因可以编码防止另一基因的蛋白质。在基因层,例子包括导致白化的基因隐藏着控制一个人头发颜色的基因。在另一个例子中,遗孀峰的基因编码会被造成秃头的基因隐藏起来。

Epistasis is also seen in people with red hair. These individuals are homozygous for the red hair alleles, masking the expression at the brown/blonde hair loci, resulting in red hair. At least two genes are involved in hair color. One hair color phenotype (brown vs. blond) has a dominant brown allele and a recessive blond allele. A person with a brown allele will have brown hair; a person with no brown alleles will be blond. This explains why two brown-haired parents can produce a blond-haired child. The other gene pair has a non-red vs. red set of alleles, where the non-red allele is dominant and the allele for red hair is recessive. A person with two copies of the red-haired allele will have red hair, but it will be either auburn or bright reddish orange depending on whether the first gene pair gives brown or blond hair, respectively.
::Epistasis 也出现在红色头发的人身上。 这些人是红发发发夹的同种动物, 遮掩了棕发/ 黄发的表情, 导致红发。 至少有两种基因涉及发色。 一种发色色的发型( 褐色的, 金色的) , 有一种棕色的发型, 一种金色的发型。 一个棕色的发型人会有棕色的头发; 一个没有棕色的发型的人会是金色的。 这解释了为什么两个棕色头发的父母可以生一个金发孩子。 另一组的基因是非红色的, 红色的发型占主导地位, 红色发色的Alleme是消散的。 一个红色的发型有两份副本的人会发红发, 但根据第一组的基因是褐色还是金色的头发, 分别是褐色的或亮红色的红色的橙色。

Summary
::摘要

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• Traits controlled by more than two alleles have multiple alleles.
  ::由两个以上的异形控制的轨迹有多个异形。
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• Many genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called pleiotropy.
  ::许多基因都具有多重性能效应, 一种叫做性激素的属性。
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• Epistasis is when a gene at one location (locus) alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus.
  ::Epistasis是当一个地点的基因(Locus)改变另一个地点的基因的面部表达方式时。

Review
::回顾

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1. Define multiple allele traits.
   ::定义多种异性特性 。
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2. Compare and contrast pleiotropy and epistasis. Give examples of each.
   ::比较和对比胸膜和肾上腺素,请举例说明。
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3. How are collagen genes an exmaple of pleiotropy?
   ::科拉根基因如何是一分子的外形呢?