鸟类生态学 - 高级

Where do live?
::住在哪里? 住在哪里?

Practically anywhere they want. From some of the coldest regions on the planet to the warmest. Look at these penguins. Would you want to live there?
::从地球上最寒冷的区域到最温暖的区域。看看这些企鹅。你想住在那里吗?

Ecology of Birds
::鸟类生态学

Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions and are important members of every environment in which they live. While some birds, such as crows, are generalists (they can eat many different things), others, such as hummingbirds, are highly specialized in their food needs. Even within a single habitat , such as a forest, the niches occupied by different of birds vary, with some species feeding in the forest canopy, others beneath the canopy, and still others on the forest floor. Forest birds may eat ( insectivores ), fruit ( frugivores ), and nectar ( nectarivores ). birds generally feed by fishing, eating plants, and stealing food from other birds—as frigate birds are known to do. Birds of prey are carnivores that specialize in hunting mammals or other birds, while vultures are specialized scavengers .
::鸟类占据了广泛的生态位置,是它们所生活的每一个环境的重要成员。有些鸟类,如乌鸦,是泛美主义者(它们可以吃很多不同的东西 ) , 另一些鸟类,如蜂鸟,在食物需求方面高度专业化。 即使在森林等单一的生境内,不同鸟类占据的栖息地也各不相同,有些物种在森林树冠下喂养,有些物种在树冠下喂养,还有一些物种在森林地板上喂养。 森林鸟类可以吃食(昆虫 ) 、 水果(动物) 和花蜜(动物 ) 。 鸟类一般通过捕鱼、食用植物和偷食其他鸟类的食物来喂养,正如飞禽鸟所知道的那样。 猎食的鸟类是食肉动物,专门捕猎食哺乳动物或其他鸟类,而秃鹰则是专门的拾食动物。

Some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators , and many frugivores play a key role in seed dispersal . Plants and pollinating birds often coevolve, and, in some cases, a flower's primary pollinator is the only species capable of reaching its nectar.
::一些食蜜鸟类是重要的授粉者,许多节食动物在种子散布方面发挥着关键作用。 植物和授粉鸟类往往相互交织,有时花朵的主要授粉者是唯一能够到达花蜜的物种。

Distribution
::分发分发情况

Birds live and breed in most habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies that are up to 440 km (270 miles) inland in Antarctica. The highest occurs in regions. Several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, with some seabird species coming ashore only to breed and some penguins recorded diving up to 300 m (980 ft) underwater.
::鸟类在大多数生境和所有七大洲生活和繁殖,在南极洲内陆地处440公里(270英里)的雪燕繁殖群中到达其南部最极端,数量最多的是各个区域。一些鸟类家庭适应了世界海洋和海洋中的生活,有些海鸟物种上岸只繁殖,有些企鹅则记录在水下潜水300米(980英尺)。

Many bird species have established breeding in areas that they have been introduced to by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. European house sparrows, shown in Figure  , were introduced to North America and Australia by early settlers. The sparrows naturalized quickly, particularly in urban areas. Other introductions have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild monk parakeets in several North American cities after their escape from captivity. Some species, including the cattle egret and yellow-headed caracara, have spread naturally far beyond their original ranges because agricultural practices have created suitable new habitats.
::许多鸟类物种在人类介绍的地区建立了繁殖区,其中一些是故意的,例如环颈野鸡作为游戏鸟被引入世界各地。图中显示的欧洲家庭麻雀被早期定居者介绍到北美和澳大利亚。麻雀被迅速归化,特别是在城市地区。其他介绍是意外的,例如,在几个北美城市的野生和尚脱离被俘之后,在它们建立长尾鹦鹉。有些物种,包括食牛和黄头木牛,由于农业做法创造了合适的新栖息地,已经自然地远远超过了它们原来的范围。

Birds are often important to island ecology . Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger . For example, in New Zealand, the now extinct moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect themselves from the extinct moa. Nesting seabirds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of guano (droppings), which may enrich the local soil and the surrounding seas.
::鸟类往往对岛屿生态很重要,鸟类经常到达哺乳动物没有到的岛屿;在这些岛屿上,鸟类通常发挥更大的生态作用。例如,在新西兰,现已绝种的呻吟是重要的浏览器,今天的Kereru和kokako也是重要的浏览器。今天,新西兰的植物保留了为保护自己免受灭绝的呻吟而演化的防御性适应性适应性。雀鸟还可能影响到岛屿和周围海洋的生态,主要是大量鳄鱼(投射)的集聚,可能丰富当地土壤和周围海洋。

Feeding
::进食

The shape of a bird’s beak and feet can tell scientists a lot about the bird’s habitat and diet. Beak shape can indicate the type of diet a bird has. For example, raptors , such as hawks and eagles, have hooked beaks to tear their prey apart, seed eaters, such as finches, have thick, short beaks to crack hard-shelled seeds, and nectar feeders have long, thin beaks so that they can feed on the nectar inside flowers . Passerines, such as swallows and martins, are insectivores; they eat mostly insects. Insectivores have sharp pointed beaks that can be opened wide to capture flying insects. Swallows and martins have wings adapted to hunting insects; they have developed a slender, streamlined body, long pointed wings, and short legs and feet, which they tuck into their feathers . Some birds, such as rooks and the skua shown in  Figure  , are generalists. Generalist feeders have beak shapes that allow them to eat many different foods including the eggs of other birds, fruit, and carrion.
::鸟的嘴和脚的形状可以告诉科学家关于鸟的栖息地和饮食的很多东西。 鸟的形状可以表明鸟的饮食种类。 比如,鹰和鹰等猛禽把嘴钩上来撕裂它们的猎物。 鹰和鹰等捕食种子的动物把嘴撕成碎片,雀鸟等种子吃人,长的、短的嘴来敲碎硬壳种子,花蜜的喂养者长的、薄的嘴,这样它们就可以在花朵中喂食花蜜。 燕子和马丁等渡鸟是昆虫,它们主要吃昆虫。 昆虫有尖尖尖的嘴,可以开阔地捕捉飞的昆虫。 燕和马丁的翅膀可以用来猎杀昆虫;它们已经发展出一个细小的、精简的身体、长尖翼和短腿和脚,它们可以嵌入羽毛中。 一些鸟类,例如Rooks和图中显示的Skuaa,是普通的动物;一般的喂食者有能够吃许多不同食物的形状,包括其他鸟的鸡蛋。

Summary
::摘要

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• Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions and are important members of every environment in which they live.
  ::鸟类具有广泛的生态位置,是它们所生活的每一个环境的重要成员。
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• Forest birds may eat insects (insectivores), fruit (frugivores), and nectar (nectarivores). Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing, eating plants, and stealing food from other birds—as frigate birds are known to do.
  ::森林鸟类可以食用昆虫(昆虫)、水果(节食动物)和花蜜(食草动物),水生鸟类通常靠捕鱼、食用植物和偷盗其他鸟类的食物为食,正如护卫鸟所知。
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• Some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators, and many frugivores play a key role in seed dispersal.
  ::一些食蜜鸟类是重要的授粉者,许多节食动物在种子传播方面发挥着关键作用。
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• Bird species have been introduced into new habitats deliberately by humans, accidentally as escaped pets, and also through the spread of agriculture, which creates suitable new habitats.
  ::鸟类物种被人类故意引入新的栖息地,不小心成为逃生宠物,还由于农业的扩大,创造了合适的新栖息地。
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• Birds are often important to island ecology.
  ::鸟类往往对岛屿生态很重要。
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• The shape of a bird’s beak and feet can tell scientists a lot about the bird’s habitat and diet.
  ::鸟的嘴和脚的形状可以告诉科学家很多关于鸟栖息地和饮食的知识。

Review
::回顾

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1. How does the diet of forest birds differ from aquatic birds?
   ::森林鸟类的饮食与水生鸟类有何不同?
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2. Explain how some birds are important to the plant species in their habitat.
   ::解释一些鸟类对栖息地植物物种的重要性。
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3. How have birds been introduced into new habitats by humans? Give examples.
   ::鸟类如何被人类引入新的生境?举个例子。
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4. How are birds important to island ecology?
   ::鸟类对岛屿生态有何重要性?
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5. Give examples of how beak shape can help determine the diet of birds.
   ::举个例子说明嘴形如何能帮助确定鸟类的饮食。