静电

Lesson Objectives
::经验教训目标

• Define electric charge and electric force. (Advanced Topic)
  ::界定电费和电力。 (高级专题)

• Identify ways that electric charge is transferred.
  ::确定电费的转移方式。

Lesson Vocabulary
::词汇表课程

• electric charge
  ::电电电费

• electric force (Advanced Topic)
  ::电动电动(高级主题)

• static discharge 
  ::静静排放

• static electricity
  ::静电静电

Introduction
::导言

You approach the door of a friend. What is the first thing you do? Of course, you wipe your feet. You are a thoughtful visitor. Fortunately, there is a piece of carpet to wipe your shoes. Too bad your caring comes at a price. You now reach out to touch the brass knocker on the door. Ouch! A spark appears between you and the door. You feel an electric shock.
::你向一个朋友的门走去,你首先做什么?你擦擦脚,你是一个深思熟虑的访客。幸运的是,有一块地毯可以擦鞋,可惜你的爱是付出代价的。你现在伸出手来触摸门上的黄铜门。哎!在你和门之间出现了一股火花。你感到电击。

Why do you think this happened? Where did the electricity come from? This was a discharge of static electricity. Has this ever happened to you (see  Figure  )? Why do you think you felt a shock? What causes the electric charge to form? Lightning is created in much the same way. Both are caused by the build-up of electric charges. This is also the same reason electric current flows through cables and wires.
::为什么这样呢?电是从哪里来的?这是静电的产物。你是否曾遭遇过这种情况?你为什么感到震撼?你为什么认为自己感到震撼?电荷的形成原因为何?电源是用同样的方式制造的?电线是用同样的方式制造的。电源和电源都是由电源的积累造成的。这也是电流通过电缆和电线流动的原因之一。

 

What Is Static Electricity?
::什么是静电?

Static electricity  is like a teeter-totter. What happens if a teeter-totter is balanced? Correct! It does not move. What about when it's not balanced? Yes, it will now begin to move. Charges move when they are not balanced. 
::静态电像静电。 如果静电是平衡的, 会怎样? 正确! 它不会移动。 当它不平衡时会怎样? 是的, 它现在会开始移动。 当它不平衡时, 电源会移动。 当它们不平衡时, 电源会移动 。

Charges can build up by friction. Maybe you rub your feet on a wool mat or carpet. Rubber soled shoes readily gain charges. The wool carpet easily gives up charges. The two items become unbalanced. One item has a positive charge. The other has a negative charge. The difference in charge is called static electricity. Just like the teeter-totter, something is going to move.
::充电可以通过摩擦积累。 也许你可以用毛垫或地毯来擦脚。 橡皮搅拌鞋很容易获得费用。 毛毯很容易放弃费用。 两个项目变得不平衡。 一个项目是正充电, 另一个项目是负充电。 电源的差别叫做静电。 就像拖网一样, 东西会移动。

Positive charges build up on the mat. Negative charges build up on you. What comes next may be shocking. "Ouch!" Why do you think the charge moved? Of course, it wants to be balanced. What if charges are not balanced? What happens on the teeter-totter involves forces. One person forces the teeter-totter to rotate in one direction. The other person forces it to move in another. When the force is not balanced, one side goes down. Can an electric charge create a force? Can we find evidence of this force?
::阳性电荷在垫子上积聚,负性电荷在你身上积聚起来。接下来的电荷可能会令人震惊。“哦!!”你为什么认为电荷移动了?当然,它想要平衡。如果电荷不平衡,它想要平衡。如果电荷平衡的话,它想平衡吗?在电动管上会发生什么事情?一个人强迫电动托机向一个方向旋转;另一个人迫使它向另一个方向移动。当力量不平衡时,一面倒塌。电动电荷能产生一支电力吗?我们能找到这种力的证据吗?

Electric Charge and Electric Force 
::电电电和电电部队

Electric charge  is a physical property. It occurs between particles or objects. It causes them to attract or repel each other. They do not even have to touch. Static charges cause forces without touching. We can find evidence by rubbing a balloon on our hair. The rubbing creates friction. The friction causes charges to move. Notice if the balloon is held close to your hair, your hair moves up toward the balloon.  
::电荷是一种物理属性。 它在粒子或物体之间发生。 它导致它们互相吸引或击退。 它们甚至不必触碰。 静态电荷会造成不触动的力量。 我们可以通过在头发上擦个气球来找到证据。 擦擦会产生摩擦。 摩擦会引发电荷移动。 注意气球如果紧贴你的头发, 你的头发会向气球移动。

 

Static Electricity and Static Discharge
::静电和静电消减

Think back to when you wiped your feet at the front door. You were being a nice guest. What you experienced was  static discharge . The discharge of static charge is the spark you see. It is also the shock you feel. 
::回想一下,当你在前门擦脚时,你曾是一个好客人。你经历的是静态排放。静态电荷的释放就是你看到的火花。这也是你感到的震撼。

How Lightning Occurs
::闪电暗点如何

Are there other examples of static discharge? The answer is yes. Lightning is a form of static discharge. It is much more dramatic than what happens to your hand. You can see how it occurs in the following diagram.
::是否还有其他静态释放的例子? 答案是是 。 闪电是一种静态释放的形式。 它比你的手发生的情况要戏剧性得多。 您可以在下图中看到它是如何发生的 。

 

You have probably seen lightning in a rainstorm. What does lighting have to do with static electricity? As it turns out, everything. During a rainstorm, clouds are pushed along by the wind. Clouds develop regions of different charges. This happens due to the movement of air molecules, water drops, and ice particles. The negative charges are mostly at the base of the clouds. The positive charges are mostly at the top. The charges continue to build up. Suddenly, you see the large discharge. This is what we see as lightning.
::你也许在暴风雨中看到了闪电。照明与静电有什么关系? 事实证明, 一切都是。 在暴雨中,云层被风吹过。 云层会形成不同的作用区。 发生这种情况的原因是空气分子、 水滴和冰粒的移动。 负电荷大多在云底。 正面电荷大多在顶端。 电荷继续增加。 突然, 你看到了大排放。 这就是我们所看到的闪电。

In the video below, you can watch an awesome slow-motion lightning strike. Be sure to wait for the real-time lightning strike at the end of the video. You’ll be amazed when you realize how much has occurred during that split-second.
::在下面的视频中,您可以观看一次惊人的慢速闪电打击。 请务必等待视频结尾处的实时闪电打击。 当你意识到在片断的秒间发生了多少事时,您会感到惊讶。

Lesson Summary
::经验教训摘要

• Electric charge is a physical property of particles or objects. It causes them to attract or repel each other without touching. Positive and negative particles attract each other. Particles with the same charge repel each other. The force of attraction or repulsion between charged particles is called electric force.
  ::电荷是粒子或物体的物理属性, 导致它们相互吸引或击退, 不触碰。 正反粒子相互吸引。 具有相同电荷的粒子互相击退。 电磁粒之间的吸引或击退力被称为电力 。

• A charged particle can attract or repel other, nearby particles. They do not need to be touching. 
  ::带电粒子可以吸引或击退附近的其他粒子。 它们不需要触摸 。

• Objects become charged when they transfer electrons. Static discharge occurs when the built-up charges suddenly flow from the object. An example of static discharge is lightning.
  ::当物体转移电子时即开始充电。静态排出发生于积聚电荷突然从物体流出时。静态排出的例子之一是闪电。

Lesson Review Questions
::经验回顾问题

Recall
::回顾

1. Define electric charge.
   ::界定电费。

1. Describe the forces between charged particles.
   ::描述有电粒子之间的力。

1. Outline how lightning occurs.
   ::概要说明闪电是如何发生的。

Apply Concepts
::应用概念

4. If you rub a piece of tissue paper on a plastic comb, the paper and comb stick together. Based on lesson concepts, explain why this happens.
   ::如果你在塑料梳子上擦一块组织纸,纸和梳子就粘在一起。根据课程概念,解释为什么发生这种情况。