科学的思维方式

What was that noise?
::那是什么声音?

If you let your emotions rule your thinking, you might think a thumping noise was a ghost. If you think like a scientist, however, you ask questions and make  observations . You'd observe the shutters are loose and blowing in the wind.
::如果你让你的情绪支配你的思维,你可能会认为震动的噪音是鬼魂。但是,如果你像科学家一样思考,你就会问问题和观察。你会看到百叶窗松了,吹在风中。

Scientific Ways of Thinking
::科学思考方法

Modern  science  is a way of understanding the physical world, based on observable  evidence , reasoning, and repeated testing. That means scientists explain the world based on their own observations. If they develop new ideas about the way the world works, they set up a way to test these new ideas.  
::现代科学是了解物理世界的一种方式,它基于可见的证据、推理和反复测试。 这意味着科学家根据自己的观察来解释世界。 如果他们对世界的运行方式提出新的想法,他们就会建立测试这些新想法的方法。

Thinking Like a Scientist
::像科学家一样思考

A scientist is always trying to find the truth and discover new truths. How can you think like a scientist? Thinking like a scientist is based on asking and answering questions. Though you may not know it, you do this all day long. Scientists ask questions, and then make detailed observations to try to ask more specific questions and develop a  hypothesis . They may design and perform an  experiment  to try to answer their question and test their hypothesis. From the results of their experiment, scientists draw  conclusions . A conclusion describes what the evidence tells the scientist. 
::科学家总是在寻找真相和发现新的真相。你怎么能像科学家那样思考呢?像科学家一样思考是建立在询问和回答问题的基础之上的。尽管你可能不知道这一点,但你这样做了一整天。科学家们提出问题,然后进行详细观察,试图提出更具体的问题和假说。他们可能设计并进行实验,试图回答他们的问题和测试他们的假说。根据实验的结果,科学家们得出结论。一个结论描述了证据告诉科学家的东西。

• Scientists ask questions : The key to being a great scientist is to ask questions. Imagine you are a scientist in the African Congo. While in the field, you observe one group of healthy chimpanzees on the north side of the jungle. On the other side of the jungle, you find a group of chimpanzees that are mysteriously dying. What questions might you ask? A good scientist might ask the following two questions:
  ::科学家问问题: 身为伟大的科学家的关键是问问题。 想象一下你是非洲刚果的科学家。 在实地, 你观察了丛林北侧一组健康的黑猩猩。 在丛林的另一边, 你发现一群黑猩猩正在神秘地死去。 您可以问什么问题? 一个优秀的科学家可能会问以下两个问题:

• 播放段落
  1. "What differs between the two environments where the chimpanzees live?"
     ::"黑猩猩所生活的两种环境之间有什么不同?"
  播放段落
  1. "Are there differences in behavior between the two groups of chimpanzees?"
     ::"两组黑猩猩之间行为有差异吗?"
  
  ::“黑猩猩生活的两个环境之间有什么不同?” “黑猩猩两组之间的行为有区别吗?” “黑猩猩两组之间有区别吗?”

• Scientists make detailed observations : To  observe  means to watch and study attentively. A person untrained in the sciences may only observe, "The chimps on one side of the jungle are dying, while chimps on the other side of the jungle are healthy." A scientist, however, will make more detailed observations. Can you think of ways to make this observation more detailed? What about the number of chimps? Are they male or female? Young or old? What do they eat? A good scientist may observe, "While all seven adult females and three adult males on the north side of the jungle are healthy and show normal behavior, four female and five male chimps under the age of five on the south side have died." Detailed observations can ultimately help scientists design their experiments and answer their questions. From these observations, a scientist will develop a hypothesis to explain the observations. A hypothesis is the scientist's proposed explanation for his or her observations. The scientist's hypothesis may be that "Young chimps on the south side die due to a lack of  nutrients  in their diet."
  ::科学家们做了详细观察:观察观察和仔细研究的方法。一个没有受过科学训练的人只能观察,“丛林一边的黑猩猩正在死亡,而丛林另一边的黑猩猩是健康的。”一个科学家会做更详细的观察。但是,一个科学家会做更详细的观察。你能想出如何使这种观察更详细?黑猩猩的数量如何?黑猩猩的数量是男性还是女性?年轻还是老年?他们吃什么?一个好的科学家会观察,“丛林北边的七个成年雌猩猩和三个成年雄猩猩都健康,表现出正常行为,南边五岁以下的四个女性和五个男性黑猩猩已经死亡。” 详细观察最终可以帮助科学家设计他们的实验并回答他们的问题。从这些观察中,科学家会提出一个假设来解释观察结果。一个假设是科学家为观察结果提出的解释。科学家的假设可能是“南边的黄猩猩由于饮食缺乏营养素而死亡。”

• Scientists find answers using tests : When scientists want to answer a question, they search for evidence using experiments. An experiment is a test to see if their explanation is right or wrong.  Evidence  is made up of the observations a scientist makes during an experiment. To study the cause of death in the chimpanzees, scientists may give the chimps nutrients in the form of nuts, berries, and  vitamins  to see if they are dying from a lack of food. This test is the experiment. If fewer chimps die, then the experiment shows that the chimps may have died from not having enough food. This is the evidence.
  ::科学家们通过测试找到答案: 当科学家们想要回答一个问题时, 他们用实验来寻找证据。 实验是检验他们的解释是否正确。 实验是由科学家们在实验中所做的观察结果组成的。 为了研究黑猩猩死亡的原因, 科学家们可以给黑猩猩营养物质以坚果、 浆果和维生素的形式, 来观察他们是否因缺乏食物而死亡。 这是实验。 如果黑猩猩死亡的人数较少, 那么实验会显示黑猩猩们可能因为食物不足而死亡。 这是证据 。

• Scientists question the answers : Good scientists are skeptical. Scientists never use only one piece of evidence to form a conclusion. For example, the chimpanzees in the experiment may have died from a lack of food, but can you think of another explanation for their death? They may have died from a  , or from another less obvious cause. More experiments need to be completed before scientists can be sure. Science is about finding the truth, no matter what. So good scientists constantly question their own conclusions. They also find other scientists to confirm or disagree with their evidence.
  ::科学家们质疑答案:好的科学家们是持怀疑态度的。科学家们从来不会只用一个证据来得出结论。例如,实验中的黑猩猩们可能因缺乏食物而死亡,但你能想到他们死亡的另一种解释吗?他们可能死于某种原因,或者其他不那么明显的原因而死亡。在科学家们能够确定之前,需要完成更多的实验。科学就是寻找真相,不管是什么。因此,好的科学家们不断质疑他们自己的结论。他们也找到其他科学家来确认或者不同意他们的证据。

Science Friday: A Shot in the Dark: Alternative Uses for Squid Ink
::科学星期五:在黑暗中射杀:丝袜墨水的替代用途

Squid ink is commonly thought of as a defensive mechanism used by squids, but could there be other uses? In this video by Science Friday, Dr. Stephanie Bush talks about possible other functions of squid ink.
::乌贼墨水通常被认为是鱿鱼使用的防御机制,但还能有其他用途吗? 在科学周五的这段影片中,史蒂芬妮·布什博士谈到乌贼墨水可能的其他功能。

Science Friday: No Strain, No Gain: Filter Feeding Mantas
::科学周五:无斯特兰,无收获:过滤进食曼塔斯

Mantas are an example of  filter feeders  that obtain food as they swim through the water. How do these filters work? In this video by Science Friday, Dr. Misty Paig-Tran discusses the mechanisms used by manta rays.
::Misty Paig-Tran博士在Science Friday的影片中讨论曼塔射线使用的机制。

Summary
::摘要

• Modern science is a way of understanding the physical world, based on observable evidence, reasoning, and repeated testing.
  ::现代科学是了解物理世界的一种方式,基于可观测的证据、推理和反复测试。

• To think like a scientist, you must ask questions, make detailed observations, develop a hypothesis, find answers using tests, and question your answers.
  ::像科学家一样思考,你必须问问题, 做详细观察, 发展假设, 利用测试找到答案, 并质疑你的答案。

Explore More
::探索更多

Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

• Understanding Science  at 
  ::A. 了解科学

1. Once an experiment has been conducted and the results analyzed, what 4 possible responses are there when interpreting the data?
   ::一旦进行了实验并对结果进行了分析,在解释数据时,有什么4种可能的答复?

1. How does "peer review" fit into the scientific process? Why is it so important?
   ::“同侪审查”如何与科学过程相容?为什么它如此重要?

1. In the flowchart, what 5 processes are involved in "Exploration and Discovery"? Do you think any one of these processes is more important than the others? Explain your reasoning.
   ::在流程图中,“探索和发现”涉及哪些五个过程?你认为其中任何一个过程比其他过程更重要吗?解释一下你的推理。

Review
::回顾

1. What is modern science?
   ::什么是现代科学?

1. How do you think scientifically?
   ::你怎么从科学角度来想的?

1. What does it mean "to observe"?
   ::"观察"是什么意思?

1. What is a hypothesis?
   ::什么是假设?