章节大纲

  • A person kisses a dolphin in a water setting, highlighting marine biology study.

     

    What kind of scientist studies dolphins?
    ::什么样的科学家研究海豚?

    Dolphins are living  organisms , so studying them is part of the  life sciences . The life sciences, however, are broken down into many fields. Scientists that study dolphins and other life in the ocean are called marine biologists.
    ::海豚是生物体,因此研究海豚是生命科学的一部分。然而,生命科学被分为许多领域。研究海豚和其他海洋生物的科学家被称为海洋生物学家。

    Fields in the Life Sciences
    ::生命科学领域

    The  life sciences  are the study of living organisms. They deal with every aspect of living organisms, from the biology of  cells , to the biology of individual organisms, to how these organisms interact with other organisms and their environment.
    ::生命科学是对生物体的研究,涉及生物体的方方面面,从细胞生物学到个体生物体生物学,以及这些生物体与其他生物体及其环境的相互作用。

    The life sciences are so complex that most scientists focus on just one or two subspecialties. If you want to study  , what would you be called? An entomologist. If you want to study the tiny things that give us the flu, then you need to enter the field of  virology , the study of  . If you want to study the  , which life science field is right for you ( Table   ,  Table   , and  Table   )?
    ::生命科学如此复杂,以至于大多数科学家只关注一两个子专业。如果你想学习,你会叫什么?一个昆虫学家。如果你想研究给我们带来流感的微小事物,那么你就需要进入病毒学领域。如果你想研究哪个生命科学领域适合你(表、表和表)?

    Field Focus
    Botany Plants
    Zoology Animals
    Marine biology Organisms living in oceans
    Freshwater biology Organisms living in and around freshwater lakes, streams, rivers, ponds, etc.
    Microbiology Microorganisms
    Bacteriology Bacteria
    Virology Viruses
    Entomology Insects
    Taxonomy The   of organisms
    Field Focus
    Cell biology Cells and their structures/functions
    Anatomy Structures of animals
    Morphology Form and structure of living organisms
    Physiology Physical and chemical functions of  tissues  and  organs
    Immunology Mechanisms inside organisms that protect them from disease and infection
    Neuroscience The nervous system
    Developmental biology and  embryology Growth and development of plants and animals
    Genetics Genetic makeup of living organisms and  heredity
    Biochemistry Chemistry of living organisms
    Molecular biology Nucleic acids  and  proteins
    Epidemiology How diseases arise and spread
    Evolution The changing of  species  over time
    Field Focus
    Ecology How various organisms interact with their environments
    Biogeography Distribution of living organisms
     biology The  biodiversity , evolution, and environmental biology of populations of organisms

    During the study of the life sciences, you will study  cell biology ,  genetics ,  molecular biology ,  botany ,  microbiology ,  zoology ,  evolution ,  ecology , and  physiology . Cell biology is the study of cellular structure and function ( Figure   ). Genetics is the study of  heredity , which is the passing of traits (and  genes ) from one generation to the next. Molecular biology is the study of molecules, such as   and proteins. Ecologists study  , which are made of both living and nonliving parts of the environment. A botanist may work in a botanical garden, where plant life can be studied. What will you study with the other subspecialties?
    ::在生命科学研究期间,你将研究细胞生物学、遗传学、分子生物学、植物学、微生物学、动物学、进化学、生态学和生理学;细胞生物学是细胞结构和功能的研究(图)。遗传学是遗传学的研究,遗传学是基因(和基因)从一代传到下一代的传承。分子生物学是分子学,例如和蛋白学的研究。生态学研究是由环境中生物和非生物部分组成的。植物学家可以在植物园工作,在那里可以研究植物生命。你将与其他次专业一起研究什么?

    A virus interacting with red blood cells, highlighting interactions in biology.

     

    This illustration shows a virus among red blood cells. Which fields study red blood cells and viruses? (Keep in mind that viruses are actually much smaller than cells.)
    ::这个插图显示了红血细胞中的病毒。 哪个领域研究红血细胞和病毒? (记住病毒实际上比细胞小得多。 )

    Coral reef ecosystem with diverse fish species amidst coral formations in water.

     

    Other life science subspecialties include biogeography, which is the study of where organisms live and at what abundance.
    ::其他生命科学次级专业包括生物地理学,即研究生物体的居住地点和数量。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • There are several subspecialties within the life sciences that focus on one type of organism, such as virology and bacteriology.
      ::生命科学中有若干次专业侧重于一种类型的生物,如病毒学和细菌学。
    • There are several fields of the life sciences that examine interactions between organisms and their environments, such as ecology.
      ::生命科学中有几个领域可以研究生物与其环境之间的相互作用,例如生态学。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    • Branches of Biology  at   (3:28)
      :伤心3:28) 生物学分支
    1. What is the study of reptiles and amphibians?
      ::对爬行动物和两栖动物的研究是什么?
    1. What is the study of prehistoric life by means of fossils?
      ::用化石研究史前生命是什么?
    1. What is the study of mollusks?
      ::什么是对软体动物的研究?
    1. What is the study of cells?
      ::什么是细胞研究?
    1. What is the study of fungi?
      ::什么是真菌的研究?
    1. What is ecology?
      ::什么是生态?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is name of the field of the life sciences that studies insects?
      ::研究昆虫的生命科学领域叫什么名字?
    1. What is name of the field of the life sciences that studies the nervous system?
      ::研究神经系统的生命科学领域叫什么名字?
    1. What are cell biology, genetics, and molecular biology?
      ::什么是细胞生物学、遗传学和分子生物学?