Section outline

  • Marble statue of an ancient Greek athlete throwing a disc, showcasing classical athleticism.

    What does "gymnasium" mean?
    ::"金"是什么意思?

    Today a gymnasium means a place for playing indoor sports. In ancient Greece, sports were done in the nude, so the word "gymnasium" is based on the Greek word for naked (gymnos). The root word is the same for " gymnosperm ," which means "naked seed ." Gymnosperms are those plants that do not have a fruit encasing the seed.
    ::今天,体育馆意味着一个玩室内运动的地方。在古希腊,体育是裸体运动,所以“金字塔”一词是基于希腊的裸体词(gymnasum ) 。 “gymnasium ” (gymnos)的根词与“gymnosperm ” ( gymnosperm ) 的根词是一样的。 “gymnosperm ” 的意思是“裸种 ” 。 Gymnosperm 是那些没有果实的植物。 “gymnasperm ” 的根词就是“gymnosperm ” ( gymnosperm ) , 意思是“ 裸种 ” 。

    Gymnosperms
    ::妇间歇性

    Gymnosperms have seeds, but they do not produce fruit. Instead, the seeds of gymnosperms are usually found in cones.
    ::Gymnosperms有种子,但不会生产水果。 相反,体操周期的种子通常在锥形中找到。

    There are four phyla of gymnosperms:
    ::有四根体操管:

    1. Conifers
      ::控制器
    2. Cycads
      ::
    3. Ginkgoes
      ::Ginkgoes 鸟鸟
    4. Gnetophytes
      ::Gnetphytes 网眼

    Conifers
    ::控制器

    Conifers , members of the phylum Coniferophyta , are probably the gymnosperms that are most familiar to you. Conifers include trees such as pines, firs, spruces, cedars, and the coastal redwood trees in California, which are the tallest living .
    ::养蜂场的成员 — — 养蜂场的成员 — — 可能是你们最熟悉的健身房。 养蜂场包括松树、纤维树、葡萄树、雪松树和加利福尼亚沿岸红木树,这些树是最高的活人。

    Conifers have their reproductive structures in cones, but they are not the only plants to have that trait ( Figure ). Conifer pollen cones are usually very small, while the seed cones are larger. Pollen contains gametophytes that produce the male gamete of seed plants. The pollen, which is a powder-like substance, is carried by the wind to fertilize the seed cones that contain the female gamete ( Figure ).
    ::锥锥体的生殖结构是锥形的,但是它们并不是具有这种特性的唯一植物(图 ) 。 锥形花粉锥通常是很小的,而种子锥体则更大。 花粉含有产生种子植物男性游戏的植物。 花粉是一种粉末般的物质,由风携带,以施肥含有雌性游戏的种子锥(图 ) 。

    Close-up of a pine cone on a green pine tree branch.

    A red pine, which bears seeds in cones, is an example of a conifer.
    ::红松子以锥形颗粒为种子,是锥形的一个例子。

    Close-up of red pine tree branch with male cones producing pollen.

    The end of a pine tree branch bears the male cones that produce the pollen.
    ::松树树枝的尾端 带有生产花粉的雄锥体

    Conifers have many uses. They are important sources of lumber and are also used to make paper. Resins, the sticky substance you might see oozing out of a wound on a pine tree, are collected from conifers to make a variety of products, such as the solvent turpentine and the rosin used by musicians and baseball players. The sticky rosin improves the pitcher’s hold on the ball or increases the friction between the bow and the strings to help create music from a violin or other stringed instrument.
    ::硬币有很多用途。 硬币是木材的重要来源,也用于造纸。 松木是从松树上的伤口中渗出的粘性物质,即你可能看到的黏性物质,从松树上收集起来,以制造多种产品,如溶剂松饼和音乐家和棒球运动员使用的玫瑰。 粘性玫瑰可以改善投手对球的握力,或者增加弓和弦之间的摩擦,以帮助从小提琴或其他弦乐器中创造音乐。

    Cycads
    ::

    Cycads , in the phylum Cycadophyta , are also gymnosperms. They have large, finely-divided leaves and grow as short shrubs and trees in tropical regions. Like conifers, they produce cones, but the seed cones and pollen cones are always on separate plants ( Figure ). One type of cycad, the Sago Palm, is a popular landscape plant. During the Age of the Dinosaurs (about 65 to 200 million years ago), cycads were the dominant plants. So you can imagine dinosaurs grazing on cycad seeds and roaming through cycad forests .
    ::青蛙在青中也是体操动物,它们有大片细细的树叶,在热带地区长成短灌木和树苗。它们像锥形动物一样生产锥形,但种子锥形和花粉锥形则总是在不同的植物上(图 ) 。 一种类的细胞类植物,即萨哥棕榈,是一种流行的景观植物。在恐龙时代(大约65至2亿年前),细胞类植物是主要植物。你可以想象恐龙在细胞种子上放牧,在细胞类森林中漫游。

    A cycad with a large yellow seed cone surrounded by finely-divided leaves.

    Cycads bear their pollen and seeds in cones on separate plants.
    ::在不同的植物上 母鲸在锥形中携带花粉和种子

    Ginkgoes
    ::Ginkgoes 鸟鸟

    Ginkgoes , in the phylum Ginkgophyta , are unique because they are the only species left in the phylum. Many other species in the fossil record have gone extinct ( Figure ). The ginkgo tree is sometimes called a "living fossil" because it is the last species from its phylum.
    ::Ginkgogophyta的植物群是独特的,因为它们是植物群中唯一留下的物种。化石记录中的许多其他物种已经灭绝(图 ) 。 银果树有时被称为“活化石 ” , 因为它是植物群中最后的物种。

    One reason the ginkgo tree may have survived is because it was often grown around Buddhist temples, especially in China. The ginkgo tree is also a popular landscape tree today in American cities because it can live in polluted areas better than most plants.
    ::银果树可能幸存下来的一个原因是它常常在佛教寺庙周围生长,特别是在中国。 银果树也是当今美国城市中流行的景观树,因为它可以比大多数植物生活在污染地区更好。

    Ginkgoes, like cycads, has separate female and male plants. The male trees are usually preferred for landscaping because the seeds produced by the female plants smell terrible when they ripen.
    ::雄性树通常更喜欢美化园林,因为雌性植物生长的种子在成熟时闻起来很臭。

    Green leaves of a ginkgo tree, showcasing its unique fan-shaped foliage.

    Ginkgo trees are gymnosperms with broad leaves.
    ::银果树是长着大叶子的体操树

    Gnetophytes
    ::Gnetphytes 网眼

    Gnetophytes , in the phylum Gnetophyta , are a very small and unusual group of plants. Ephedra is an important member of this group, since this desert shrub produces the ephedrine used to treat asthma and other conditions. Welwitschia produces extremely long leaves and is found in the deserts of southwestern Africa ( Figure ). Overall, there are about 70 different species in this diverse phylum.
    ::Gnetophytes,在植物群中,植物群非常小,而且非常不寻常。Ephedra是这一组中的一个重要成员,因为这片沙漠灌木生产麻黄碱,用于治疗哮喘和其他疾病。Welwitschia生产长叶,在西南非洲沙漠中(图 ) 。总体而言,在这个不同的植物群中,大约有70种不同的物种。

    Welwitschia plant with long leaves in a desert landscape, showcasing its unique structure.

    One type of gnetophyte is Welwitschia .
    ::一种血清疗法是Welwitschia(Welwitschia)。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Gymnosperms have seeds, but they do not produce fruit; the seeds of gymnosperms are usually found in cones.
      ::Gymnosperms有种子,但不会生产水果;体操perms的种子通常在甜筒中找到。
    • There are four phyla of gymnosperms: conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.
      ::有四种体操植物:阴茎、细胞、金果和血清。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    • Gymnosperms at (4:31)
      ::4:31时的淋巴眼(4:31)
    1. Which division of gymnosperm has the most living species? How many species are in this division?
      ::哪个体育区最有生命的物种?这个区有多少种?
    2. Where are cycads most abundant?
      ::哪里有最丰富的细胞?
    3. Where are conifers most abundant?
      ::最丰富的阴道在哪里?
    4. What are the characteristics of conifers?
      ::阴茎的特征是什么?
    5. What climate change led to conifers becoming more abundant than ferns? When did this occur?
      ::气候变化导致什么使洞穴变得比粪便更丰富?这是什么时候发生的?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What features define the gymnosperms?
      ::健身房的特征是什么?
    2. What are two examples of conifers?
      ::阴茎的两个例子是什么?
    3. Where are the reproductive structures of conifers located?
      ::洞穴的生殖结构在哪里?
    4. What was the dominant plant during the Age of Dinosaurs?
      ::恐龙时代的主要植物是什么?
    5. What gymnosperm is known as a living fossil? Explain your answer.
      ::什么是健美的化石?