章节大纲

  • A grey kitten is playfully pouncing on a ball of yarn.

    How do kittens know how to "hunt"?
    ::小猫怎么会知道怎么“猎杀”呢?

    This kitten was probably adopted and separated from its mother at a young age. It never got a lesson in how to stalk and pounce on prey . So how does this kitten know how to attack the ball of yarn? Some behaviors do not need to be learned.
    ::这只小猫可能很小的时候就被收养了,并且和母亲分开了。 它从来没有受过如何跟踪和扑击猎物的教训。 这只小猫怎么会知道如何攻击毛线球呢? 有些行为不需要学习。

    Innate Behavior
    ::内生行为行为

    Many are ways that animals act, naturally. They don’t have to learn how to behave in these ways. Cats are natural-born hunters. They don’t need to learn how to hunt. Spiders spin their complex webs without learning how to do it from other spiders. and wasps know how to build nests without being taught. These behaviors are called innate.
    ::许多是动物的行为方式,自然而然。它们不需要学习如何以这种方式行事。 猫是天然的猎人。 它们不需要学习如何狩猎。 蜘蛛在不学习如何从其他蜘蛛身上做这些事情的情况下旋转复杂的网络。 黄蜂知道如何在不教人的情况下建造巢。 这些行为被称为天生行为。

    An innate behavior is any behavior that occurs naturally in all animals of a given species . An innate behavior is also called an instinct . The first time an animal performs an innate behavior, the animal does it well. The animal does not have to practice the behavior in order to get it right or become better at it. Innate behaviors are also predictable. All members of a species perform an innate behavior in the same way. From the examples described above, you can probably tell that innate behaviors usually involve important actions, like eating and caring for the young.
    ::自然行为是指在特定物种的所有动物中自然发生的任何行为。 自然行为也称为本能。 动物第一次进行本性行为, 动物就很好。 动物不必为了正确或更好而实践该行为。 自然行为也是可以预测的。 物种的所有成员都以同样的方式进行本性行为。 从上述例子中, 你可能可以看出, 自然行为通常涉及重要的行动, 比如吃东西和照顾年轻人。

    There are many other examples of innate behaviors. For example, did you know that honeybees dance? The honeybee pictured below has found a source of food ( Figure ). When the bee returns to its hive, it will do a dance. This dance is called the waggle dance . The way the bee moves during its dance tells other bees in the hive where to find the food. Honeybees can do the waggle dance without learning it from other bees, so it is an innate behavior.
    ::存在许多其他天生行为的例子。例如,你知道蜜蜂跳舞吗?下面的蜜蜂找到了食物来源(图 )。当蜜蜂回到蜂巢时,它会跳一个舞。这种舞蹈被称为摇篮舞。蜜蜂舞蹈中运动的方式告诉在蜂巢中的其他蜜蜂如何找到食物。蜜蜂可以在不从其他蜜蜂那里学习的情况下跳舞,所以这是一种天生的行为。

    A honeybee collects nectar from a pink flower, demonstrating its innate foraging behavior.

    When this honeybee goes back to its hive, it will do a dance to tell the other bees in the hive where it found food.
    ::当蜜蜂回到蜂巢时 它会跳支舞 告诉蜂巢里的其他蜜蜂 它在哪里找到食物

    Besides building nests, birds have other innate behaviors. One example occurs in gulls, which are pictured below ( Figure ); one of the chicks is pecking at a red spot on the mother’s beak . This innate behavior causes the mother to feed the chick. In many other species of birds, the chicks open their mouths wide whenever the mother returns to the nest ( Figure ). This innate behavior, called gaping , causes the mother to feed them.
    ::除了建造巢穴外,鸟类还有其他本性行为。 一个例子发生在海鸥,其图示如下(图 ) ; 其中一只小鸡在母嘴上的红点上跳动。 这种本性行为导致母鸟喂养小鸡。 在许多其他鸟类种类中,小鸡在母鸟回到巢穴时张开嘴(图 ) 。 这种本性行为,即所谓的裂缝,导致母鸟喂养小鸡。

    A mother gull feeds its chick; baby birds gaping for food in their nest.

    Left: This mother gull will feed her chick after it pecks at a red spot on her beak. Both pecking and feeding behaviors are innate. Right: When these baby birds open their mouths wide, their mother instinctively feeds them. This innate behavior is called gaping.
    ::左: 母海鸥在嘴边的红点喂养小鸡。 和喂养行为都是天生的。 右: 当这些小鸟张开嘴时, 它们的母亲本能地喂养它们。 这种本能的行为被称为“ 裂缝 ” 。

    Another example of innate behavior in birds is egg rolling. It happens in some species of water birds, like the graylag goose ( Figure ). Graylag geese make nests on the ground. If an egg rolls out of the nest, a mother goose uses her bill to push it back into the nest. Returning the egg to the nest helps ensure that the egg will hatch.
    ::鸟类天生行为的另一个例子是鸡蛋滚动。它发生在一些水鸟种类中,比如灰白鹅(Figure ) 。 灰白鹅在地上筑巢。 如果鸡蛋从巢中滚出来,母鹅用她的帐单把它推回巢。 将鸡蛋送回巢有助于确保卵孵化。

    A female graylag goose stands by water, showcasing her natural protective behavior.

    This female graylag goose is a ground-nesting water bird. Before her chicks hatch, the mother protects the eggs. She will use her bill to push eggs back into the nest if they roll out. This is an example of an innate behavior. How could this behavior increase the goose’s fitness?
    ::这只灰色雌鹅是一头自下而上的水鸟。 在小鸡孵化之前,母鹅保护鸡蛋。如果鸡蛋推出,母鹅会用账单将鸡蛋推回巢。 这是天生行为的一个实例。 这种行为如何提高鹅的体质?

    Innate Behavior in Human Beings
    ::人类固有行为

    All animals have innate behaviors, even human beings. Can you think of human behaviors that do not have to be learned? Chances are, you will have a hard time thinking of any. The only truly innate behaviors in humans are called reflex behaviors . They occur mainly in babies. Like innate behaviors in other animals, reflex behaviors in human babies may help them survive.
    ::所有动物都有天生的行为,甚至人类。你能想到不需要学习的人类行为吗? 机会是,你会很难思考任何行为。 人类中唯一真正天生的行为被称为反应行为。 它们主要发生在婴儿身上。 与其他动物的天生行为一样, 人类婴儿的反反应行为可以帮助他们生存。

    An example of a reflex behavior in babies is the sucking reflex. Newborns instinctively suck on a nipple that is placed in their mouth. It is easy to see how this behavior evolved. It increases the chances of a baby feeding and surviving. Another example of a reflex behavior in babies is the grasp reflex ( Figure ). Babies instinctively grasp an object placed in the palm of their hand. Their grip may be surprisingly strong. How do you think this behavior might increase a baby’s chances of surviving?
    ::婴儿反应行为的一个实例就是吸吸反应。新生儿本能地吸吸放在他们嘴里的乳头。很容易看出这种行为是如何演化的。这增加了婴儿喂养和存活的机会。婴儿反应行为的另一个例子是握住反应(Figure ) 。婴儿本能地抓住放在他们手掌上的物体。它们的握力可能惊人地强大。你认为这种行为会如何增加婴儿的存活机会?

    A newborn baby sleeping while grasping an adult's finger, demonstrating the grasp reflex.

    One of the few innate behaviors in human beings is the grasp reflex. It occurs only in babies.
    ::人类的少数内在行为之一 在于掌握的反射,它只发生在婴儿身上。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Innate behavior, or instinct, is any behavior that occurs naturally in all animals of a given species.
      ::天生的行为,或本能, 是在特定物种的所有动物中 自然发生的任何行为。
    • Examples of innate behavior include honeybees doing the waggle dance or spiders spinning a web.
      ::天生行为的例子包括蜜蜂跳摇摆舞或蜘蛛旋转网络。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    Explore More I
    ::探索更多

    • Molluscs: Moon Snail Preys On Cockles at (2:05)
      ::鼠标:在2:05时用螺旋桨制成的月球螺纹
    1. What sort of behavior is the moon snail exhibiting? Do you think the moon snail this is learned or innate behavior? Explain and defend your answer.
      ::月蜗是什么样的行为?你认为月蜗是学到的还是天生的行为?解释和捍卫你的答案。
    2. What sort of behavior is the cockle exhibiting? Do you think this is learned or innate behavior? Explain and defend your answer.
      ::鸡鸡展示的是什么行为? 你认为这是学到的还是天生的行为? 解释和捍卫你的答案。

    Explore More II
    ::探索更多情况二

    • Spider Crabs vs. Stingray at (2:37)
      ::蜘蛛螃蟹对斯汀雷(2:37)
    1. How many different types of behavior can you see in the crabs in this video? Which behaviors of the crabs do you think are innate and which are learned?
      ::这段视频里的螃蟹中,你能看到多少种不同的行为?你认为螃蟹的哪些行为是天生的,哪些是学到的?
    2. How many different types of behavior can you see in the stingray? Which behaviors of the stingray do you feel are innate and which are learned?
      ::在刺青中你能看到多少种不同的行为类型?你觉得什么是刺青行为是天生的,哪些是学到的?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is an innate behavior?
      ::什么是天生的行为?
    2. What are two examples of reflex behaviors in humans?
      ::人类反应行为的两个例子是什么?
    3. What are two examples of innate behavior in animals?
      ::动物天生行为的两个例子是什么?
    4. Is an instinct an innate behavior? Explain your answer.
      ::直觉是天生的行为吗?