章节大纲

  • Two colorful birds sitting on a branch, likely engaged in courtship behaviors.

    Why do these pair up?
    ::为什么这些配对?

    These birds are pairing up so that they can produce offspring . Many birds are monogamous , keeping the same mate for an entire season. In some species , they even stay paired for their entire life.
    ::这些鸟类是配对的,以便生育后代。许多鸟类是一夫一妻制的,在一季内保持同一配偶。在有些物种中,它们甚至一生都保持一夫一妻制。

    Mating Behavior and Defending Territory
    ::结合行为和保卫领土

    Some of the most important involve mating . Mating is the pairing of an adult male and female to produce young. Adults that are most successful at attracting a mate are most likely to have offspring. Traits that help animals attract a mate and have offspring increase their fitness . As the genes that encode these traits are passed to the next generation, the traits will become more common in the .
    ::最重要的部分涉及交配。配对是成年男女的配对,以培养年轻人。最能吸引伴侣的成年人最有可能有后代。帮助动物吸引伴侣和生育后代的悲剧会增加他们的体质。随着这些特征的基因传递给下一代,这些特征将变得更加常见。

    Courtship Behaviors
    ::法院行为行为

    In many species, females choose the male they will mate with. For their part, males try to be chosen as mates. They show females that they would be a better mate than the other males. To be chosen as a mate, males may perform courtship behaviors . These are special behaviors that help attract a mate. Male courtship behaviors get the attention of females and show off a male’s traits. These behaviors are often observed as direct between males.
    ::在许多物种中,女性选择他们要交配的男性,而男性则选择他们交配的男性。男性则试图被选择为交配的男性。他们显示女性是比其他男性更好的交配。如果被选择为伴侣,男性可以采取求偶行为。这些都是有助于吸引伴侣的特殊行为。男性求爱行为吸引了女性的注意力,暴露了男性的特征。这些行为通常在男性之间被直接观察到。

    Different species have different courtship behaviors. One example is a peacock raising his tail feathers . The colorful peacock is trying to impress females of his species with his beautiful feathers. Another example of courtship behavior in birds is the blue-footed booby. He is doing a dance to attract a female for mating. During the dance, he spreads out his wings and stamps his feet on the ground. You can watch the following video of a blue-footed booby doing his courtship dance at: .
    ::不同的物种有不同的求偶行为。 一个例子就是孔雀抬起尾羽。 多彩孔雀试图用美丽的羽毛来吸引其物种中的雌性。 鸟类求偶行为的另一个例子是蓝脚诱杀装置。 他正在跳舞吸引雌性进行交配。 在舞蹈期间,他伸出翅膀,在地上贴上脚。 您可以观看以下关于一个蓝脚诱杀装置在求偶时跳舞的视频:

     

     

    Courtship behaviors occur in many other species. For example, males in some species of whales have special mating songs to attract females as mates. Frogs croak for the same reason. Male deer clash antlers to court females. Male jumping spiders jump from side to side to attract mates.
    ::其它许多物种也有求偶行为。例如,某些鲸鱼种类中的雄性有特殊的交配歌曲来吸引女性成为伴侣。青蛙也因为同样的原因而腐烂。雄鹿用鹿角对着雌性。雄性跳蜘蛛从一边跳到另一边来吸引伴侣。

    Courtship behaviors are one type of display behavior . A display behavior is a fixed set of actions that carries a specific message. Although many display behaviors are used to attract mates, some display behaviors have other purposes. For example, display behaviors may be used to warn other animals to stay away, as you will read below.
    ::求偶行为是一种类型的显示行为。 显示行为是一种固定的动作, 带有特定的信息。 虽然许多显示行为被用来吸引伴侣, 但有些显示行为有其他目的。 例如, 显示行为可以用来警告其他动物远离, 您在下面会读到 。

    Caring for the Young
    ::关爱青年

    In most species of birds and mammals , one or both parents care for their offspring. Caring for the young may include making a nest or other shelter. It may also include feeding the young and protecting them from predators . Caring for offspring increases their chances of surviving. Birds called killdeers have an interesting way of protecting their chicks. When a predator gets too close to her nest, a mother killdeer pretends to have a broken wing . The mother walks away from the nest holding her wing as though it were injured ( Figure ). The predator thinks she is injured and will be easy prey . The mother leads the predator away from the nest and then flies away.
    ::在大多数鸟类和哺乳动物的种类中,父母一方或双方照料他们的后代。照顾年轻人可能包括筑巢或其他避难所,也可能包括喂养年轻人,保护他们免受掠食者之害。照顾后代增加了他们的生存机会。叫杀鹿的鸟类有保护幼鸟的有趣方法。当捕食动物离巢太近时,母鹿假装翅膀断裂。母鹿可以像受伤一样离开巢巢抱翅膀(图)。捕食者认为她受伤,很容易成为猎物。母鸟将捕食者带离巢,然后飞走。

    A mother killdeer mimics a broken wing to distract a predator from her nest.

    This mother killdeer is pretending she has a broken wing. She is trying to attract a predator’s attention in order to protect her chicks. This behavior puts her at risk of harm. How can it increase her fitness?
    ::这只母鹿假装她的翅膀骨折了。 她试图吸引食肉动物的注意力以保护小鸡。 这种行为让她面临伤害风险。 这怎么能提高她的体质呢?

    In most species of mammals, parents also teach their offspring important skills. For example, meerkat parents teach their pups how to eat scorpions without being stung. A scorpion sting can be deadly, so this is a very important skill. Teaching the young important skills makes it more likely that they will survive. Notice that, compared to other types of animals, birds and mammals have relatively few offspring.
    ::在大多数哺乳动物物种中,父母还教授他们的后代重要的技能。例如,哺乳动物父母教幼崽如何在不被咬的情况下吃蝎子。蝎子的刺痛可能是致命的,因此这是一个非常重要的技能。教授幼崽的重要技能使他们更有可能存活下来。注意与其他种类的动物相比,鸟类和哺乳动物的后代相对较少。

    Defending Territory
    ::防御领土

    Some species of animals are territorial . This means that they defend their area. The area they defend usually contains their nest and enough food for themselves and their offspring. A species is more likely to be territorial if there is not very much food in their area. Having a larger territory could mean more prey or food.
    ::某些动物物种属于领土范围,这意味着它们保护自己的区域,它们保护的区域通常含有它们的巢穴和足够的食物,供自己和后代食用。如果它们区域的食物不多,一个物种更有可能属于领土范围。拥有更大的领土可能意味着更多的猎物或食物。

    Animals generally do not defend their territory by fighting. Instead, they are more likely to use display behavior. The behavior tells other animals to stay away. It gets the message across without the need for fighting. Display behavior is generally safer and uses less energy than fighting. Male gorillas use display behavior to defend their territory. They pound on their chests and thump the ground with their hands to warn other male gorillas to keep away from their area. The robin displays his red breast to warn other robins to stay away ( Figure ).
    ::动物通常不通过战斗来保卫自己的领地。 相反,他们更可能使用显示行为。 这种行为让其他动物远离, 无需战斗即可传递信息。 显示行为一般更安全,比战斗更没有能量。 男性大猩猩用显示行为来保卫自己的领地。 他们用手敲打胸部,敲打地面,警告其他大猩猩远离自己的领地。 Robin展示他的红胸,警告其他大猩猩远离(图 ) 。

    A male robin displays its bright red chest to defend its territory.

    The red breast of this male robin is easy to see. The robin displays his bright red chest to defend his territory. It warns other robins to keep out of his area.
    ::这只公鸡的红胸很容易看出来,它露出明亮的红胸来保卫自己的领土,警告其他的罗宾不要靠近他的地方。

    Some animals deposit chemicals to mark the boundary of their territory. This is why dogs urinate on fire hydrants and other objects. Cats may also mark their territory by depositing chemicals. They have scent glands in their face. They deposit chemicals by rubbing their face against objects.
    ::一些动物用化学剂储存化学剂,以标明其领土的边界。这就是为什么狗在消防水合剂和其他物体上小便。猫也可以用化学剂储存化学剂来标记其领土。它们脸上有气味腺。它们用摩擦脸对着物体放化学剂。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Males of some species may perform courtship behaviors, special behaviors that help attract a mate.
      ::某些物种的雄性 可能从事求偶行为 特殊行为 帮助吸引伴侣
    • Some species of animals are territorial and defend their area.
      ::一些动物物种属于领土并保卫其区域。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    Explore More I
    ::探索更多

    • Behavior on a Sage Grouse Lek at (1:15)
      ::在(1: 15)处对一辆Sage Grouse Lek 的行为

      

    1. What is a lek? What sort of behavior is seen in a lek?
      ::列克是什么?
    2. When do sage grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ) put on the most weight? How does this affect their reproductive success?
      ::当种草(Centrocercus urophasianus)最重的时候,这对其生育成功有何影响?

    Explore More II
    ::探索更多情况二

    • Elk Fighting in River at  (2:45) 

      ::埃尔克在河里(2:45)战斗
    1. Notice the male elk ( Cervus canadensis ) which enters the video at the 2:05 mark. What do you think it is trying to do? Do you think its behavior helps or hurts the survival of elk in Yellowstone National Park?
      ::注意两点零五分进入视频的雄性(Cervus canadensis) 。 您认为它想做什么? 你认为它的行为帮助或伤害黄石公园的的生存吗?
    2. What sort of behavior are the male elk displaying?
      ::雄驼展示什么行为?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a courtship behavior. Give an example.
      ::什么是求爱行为 举个例子
    2. Give an example of display behavior exhibited by a territorial animal.
      ::举一例说明一头野兽展示的展示行为。