Section outline

  • Microscopic view of a snowflake, showcasing its intricate crystalline structure and details.

    What do you think this picture shows? Could it be a delicate glass sculpture created by a talented artist? It’s delicate alright, but it’s not glass, nor was it created by an artist. It’s actually made of ice and it’s a work of nature. Now can you guess what it is? It’s a snowflake, as viewed under a microscope.
    ::你认为这幅画能显示什么?它是否是一个有才华的艺术家创造的微妙的玻璃雕塑?它很微妙,但它不是玻璃,也不是艺术家创造的。它其实是由冰和自然作品制成的。现在你能猜到它是什么吗?它是一个雪花,在显微镜下可以看到。

    Snowflakes and Other Solids
    ::雪花和其他固体

    A snowflake is made of ice, or water in the solid state. A solid is one of four well-known . The other three states are , , and . Compared with these other states of matter, solids have particles that are much more tightly packed together. The particles are held rigidly in place by all the other particles around them so they can’t slip past one another or move apart. This gives solids a fixed shape and a fixed volume .
    ::雪花是由冰或水制成的, 或由坚固的状态下的水制成。 固体是四个众所周知的状态之一。 其他三个状态是, 和。 与其他物质状态相比, 固体的粒子是更为紧凑的。 这些粒子被周围的所有其他粒子僵硬地固定在原处,这样它们就不能相互滑过或分开移动。 这给固体提供了固定的形状和固定的体积。

    Types of Solids
    ::各类固体

    Not all solids are alike. Some are crystalline solids; others are amorphous solids. Snowflakes are crystalline solids. Particles of crystalline solids are arranged in a regular repeating pattern, as you can see in the sketch in Figure . The repeating particles form a geometric shape called a crystal .  Another crystalline solid is table salt (sodium chloride). Crystals of table salt are pictured in the Figure .
    ::并非所有固体都是相似的。有些是晶状固体;有些是晶状固体;另一些是非晶状固体。雪花是晶状固体。晶状固体的粒子是按经常重复的方式排列的,如图中的草图所示。重复颗粒形成一种几何形状,称为晶体。另一个晶状固体是表盐(氯化钠)。图表中描绘了表盐的晶体。

    Comparison of crystalline solids with particle arrangement and table salt as an example.

    Amorphous means “shapeless.” Particles of amorphous solids are arranged more-or-less at random and do not form crystals, as you can see in the Figure . An example of an amorphous solid is cotton candy, also shown in the Figure .
    ::如图所示,无型固体的粒子是“无型”的。 无型固体的粒子是随机或无型的,不会形成晶体,如图所示。无型固体的一个例子是棉花糖,图中也显示了棉花糖。

    Particles of amorphous solids, with cotton candy as an example.

    Q: Look at the quartz rock and plastic bag pictured in the Figure . Which type of solid do you think each of them is?
    ::问题:看看图中描绘的石英岩和塑料袋。你认为每块是哪种固体?

    A quartz crystal showcasing geometric shapes and a black plastic trash bag.

    A: The quartz is a crystalline solid. Rocks are made of minerals and minerals form crystals. You can see their geometric shapes. The bag is an amorphous solid. It is made of the plastic and most plastics do not form crystals.
    ::A: 石英是晶状固体。 岩石是由矿物和矿物形式的晶体制成的。 您可以看到它们的几何形状。 袋子是无变的固体。 它是由塑料制成的, 大多数塑料不形成晶体。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • A solid is a state of matter in which particles of matter are tightly packed together. This holds the particles rigidly in place and gives solids a fixed shape and fixed volume.
      ::固态是一种物质粒子被紧紧地捆绑在一起的物质状态。它将颗粒固定地固定起来,给固态一个固定的形状和固定的体积。
    • Crystalline solids have particles that are arranged in a regular repeating pattern. They form crystals. Amorphous solids have particles that are arranged more-or-less at random. They do not form crystals.
      ::晶状固体有颗粒,这些颗粒以常规重复模式排列。它们形成晶体。不固定的固体有颗粒,这些颗粒是随机排列的,或多或少。它们不形成晶体。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a solid?
      ::什么是固体?
    2. Why does a solid have a fixed shape and fixed volume?
      ::为什么固体有固定形状和固定体积?
    3. Create a table comparing and contrasting crystalline and amorphous solids. Include an example of each type of solid in your table.
      ::创建表格, 比较和对比晶体和无定形的固体。 在表格中包含每类固体的示例 。
    4. Diamonds like the one pictured in the Figure are the hardest of all minerals. Is a diamond a crystalline or an amorphous solid? How do you know?
      ::钻石是晶状的还是无定形的固体? 你怎么知道?

    A yellow diamond displayed on a stand, showcasing its faceted shape.

    Resources
    ::资源