南美洲:城市北部和安第斯西部(1天)

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Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标

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South America: The Urban North and Andean West
::南美洲:城市北部和安第斯西部

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Venezuela: Oil, Politics, and Globalization
::委内瑞拉:石油、政治和全球化

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Bordering the Caribbean is the large urban country of . The Andes Mountains reach into the northern part of the country and make up the terrain of the northern coastal region all the way to the capital city of Caracas. The large grassland plains of the Llanos extend farther south from the Colombian border to the Orinoco River delta. The Llanos is a large, sparsely populated region that makes up about one-third of the country. It is remote, susceptible to flooding, and used mainly for raising cattle.
::相邻的加勒比是大都市国家。安第斯山脉深入到该国北部,构成北部沿海地区的地形,一直延伸到首都加拉加斯。Llanos的大片草原从哥伦比亚边界向南延伸至奥里诺科河三角洲。Llanos是一个人口稀少的大地区,约占全国的三分之一。它偏远,易受洪水影响,主要用于养牛。

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In the southeast of Venezuela are the Guiana Highlands, which make for a spectacular physical landscape of tropical forests and rugged mountainous terrain. The highlands include Angel Falls, the tallest waterfall in the world. Angel Falls drops 2,647 feet and is Venezuela’s most popular tourist attraction. Lake Maracaibo, the large inland sea located in the western region of the country, is not a true lake in that it is open to the Caribbean Sea. Lake Titicaca, located in the Andean region of the Altiplano on the border between Peru and Bolivia, is considered the continent’s largest freshwater lake.
::委内瑞拉东南部是圭亚那高原,它造就了热带森林和崎岖不平的山地的壮观自然景观,高地包括世界最高的瀑布天使瀑布(Angel Falls),天使瀑布跌落2,647英尺,是委内瑞拉最受欢迎的旅游景点。 位于委内瑞拉西部地区的大型内陆海域马拉开波湖(Maracaibo湖)不是真正的湖泊,因为它向加勒比海开放。 位于秘鲁和玻利维亚交界的阿尔蒂普拉诺安第斯地区的提喀卡湖(Titicaca湖)被认为是非洲大陆最大的淡水湖。

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Venezuela has an assortment of physical regions, but most of the population lives along the northern coast. About 90 percent live in urban areas, and the capital Caracas has the highest population. Less than 5 percent of the population lives south of the Orinoco River. Amerindian groups live in the interior and along the river.
::委内瑞拉拥有各种自然区域,但大部分人口生活在北海岸沿岸。 约90%的人口居住在城市地区,首都加拉加斯的人口最多。 不到5%的人口居住在奥里诺科河以南,美洲印第安人群体生活在内河沿岸。

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Included in the Mixed Mestizo Cultural Region, Venezuela has a heavy Spanish influence laid over an Amerindian base in a plantation region known for its African infusion. There is also a strong Caribbean cultural flavor, which is evident in the region’s music and lifestyle. The official language is Spanish, but more than 30 indigenous languages are still spoken in the country.
::委内瑞拉在混合的梅斯蒂索文化区(Mestizo Complication Republic Republic Republic)对一个以其非洲注入为名的种植园地区的美洲印第安人基地有着巨大的西班牙影响力。 加勒比也有强大的文化口味,这在该地区的音乐和生活方式中显而易见。 官方语言是西班牙语,但该国仍有30多种土著语言。

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Venezuela gained its independence from Spain in 1821 and has developed into an urban country with an economy based on oil production. A large extent of the interior is undeveloped. Venezuela does not have extensively developed agricultural production, so most food is imported. Lake Maracaibo has vast oil reserves beneath it that have provided substantial wealth to the country.
::委内瑞拉于1821年脱离西班牙获得独立,并发展成为一个城市国家,其经济以石油生产为基础,内地大部分没有发展,委内瑞拉没有广泛发展农业生产,因此大部分粮食是进口的,马拉开波湖地下有大量石油储备,为国家提供了大量财富。

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As much as 90 percent of Venezuela’s export earnings are from the export of oil. Venezuela’s national oil company, , has made extensive inroads into the US gas station market. The country was one of the founding members of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), which is usually associated with the oil-rich states of the Persian Gulf. In the past decade, Venezuela has been one of the top five countries exporting oil to the United States. The other four are Canada, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and Nigeria.
::委内瑞拉出口收入的90%来自石油出口。 委内瑞拉的国家石油公司(National 石油公司 ) 已经进入美国加油站市场。 委内瑞拉是石油输出国组织(OPEC)的创始成员国之一,该组织通常与波斯湾石油丰富的国家有联系。 在过去十年中,委内瑞拉一直是向美国出口石油的前五个国家之一。 其他四个是加拿大、墨西哥、沙特阿拉伯和尼日利亚。

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As is the case with many countries, national wealth in Venezuela does not trickle down to most of the population. The wealthy elite who have benefited the most from the nation’s wealth often finds themselves on the opposite side of the political debate from the majority, who are likely to live in poor conditions. Caracas has many upscale neighborhoods, but it also has a large number of slums on the outskirts of the city. Slums in South America go by different names, such as barrios in Venezuela or favelas in Brazil. Many of Venezuela’s barrios are built on the mountainsides of the Andes.
::与许多国家的情况一样,委内瑞拉的国民财富并没有渗透到大部分人口身上。 从国家财富中获益最多的富裕精英往往站在政治辩论的对面,而多数人则可能生活在恶劣条件下。 加拉加斯有许多高地,但也有许多城市郊外的贫民窟。 南美的贫民窟有不同的名字,如委内瑞拉的巴里奥斯或巴西的贫民区。 委内瑞拉的许多小区建在安第斯山脉的山坡上。

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Exporting oil to the United States does not mean that the relations between the United States and Venezuela are friendly. There has been some political unrest within the country related to the current president, Hugo Chavez, who holds continuous terms in office without term limits. President Chavez has held close ties with socialist Cuba and with the Castro regime. From time to time, his rhetoric has been antagonistic toward the United States. This situation has caused concern within the US political establishment with regard to the position that the United States takes toward Venezuela. Nevertheless, the United States remains Venezuela’s number one trading partner in both imports and exports.
::向美国出口石油并不意味着美国和委内瑞拉之间的关系是友好的。 与现任总统乌戈·查韦斯(Hugo Chavez)有关,委内瑞拉国内出现了一些政治动乱,他连续任职,没有任期限制。 查韦斯总统与社会主义古巴和卡斯特罗政权保持着密切的联系。 他有时的言论对美国充满敌意。 这种情况引起了美国政治机构对美国对委内瑞拉的立场的关注。 尽管如此,美国仍然是委内瑞拉在进出口方面头号贸易伙伴。

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Politics in Venezuela often plays the wealthy elites against the poorer majority, and President Chavez has not been an exception. Chavez has supported socialist political leaders from other Latin American states and has pushed a globalization agenda along the same lines. The country’s enormous oil revenues and its current political climate have increased Venezuela’s visibility in the global arena. How this will play out over the long term is unclear.
::委内瑞拉的政治经常让富裕的精英阶层与较穷的多数对立,查韦斯总统也并非例外。 查韦斯支持拉美其他国家的社会主义政治领导人,并同样推动全球化议程。 委内瑞拉巨大的石油收入和当前的政治气候提高了委内瑞拉在全球舞台上的可见度。 从长远看,委内瑞拉将如何发挥作用还不清楚。

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In the past, Latin America has had a greater number of elected political leaders with more progressive or socialist views. These trends continue to shape the economic trade agreements between countries. Venezuela has been working to increase sales of oil to countries in Mercosur (the Southern Cone Common Market), which is the most significant trade association in South America.
::过去,拉丁美洲的当选政治领袖人数较多,具有较进步或社会主义的观点,这些趋势继续影响国家间的经济贸易协定,委内瑞拉一直在努力增加向南锥体共同市场(南锥体共同市场)国家出售石油,南锥体共同市场是南美洲最重要的贸易协会。

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Globalization is also evident in Venezuela’s cultural and social dynamics. In many Latin American countries, soccer is the most popular sport. However, Venezuela’s favorite sport is baseball because of the influence of early US activity in the country’s oil industry. Soccer is gaining attention and support; however, orchestras and classical music performances have also gained notoriety in recent years. Concert halls from the Americas to Europe have experienced the performances of the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra. The Miss Venezuela pageant is a major production for the country, and Venezuela has won the top title at least five times in each of the following pageants: Miss World, Miss Universe, and Miss International.
::全球化也体现在委内瑞拉的文化和社会动态中。 在许多拉美国家,足球是最受欢迎的运动。 然而,由于美国早期在委内瑞拉石油工业中的活动的影响,委内瑞拉最喜爱的体育是棒球。 足球正在赢得关注和支持;然而,近年来,交响乐团和古典音乐表演也获得了人们的注意。 从美洲到欧洲的音乐厅都经历了西蒙·博利瓦尔青年交响乐团的表演。 委内瑞拉小姐的选美是委内瑞拉的主要作品,委内瑞拉在以下每个选美者中至少赢得5次冠军:世界小姐、宇宙小姐和国际小姐。

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Colombia: Drugs, Coffee, and Oil
::哥伦比亚:毒品、咖啡和石油

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Three ranges of the Andes Mountains run from north to south through , which is larger than the nine most southeastern US states. With a land area covering about 440,839 square miles, Colombia is more than ten times larger than the US state of Indiana and close to twice the size of France. Colombia borders five countries, with the Caribbean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Orinoco River to the east, and a short segment of the Amazon River to the far south. Even though agriculture has been a mainstay of the country’s economic activities, because of the influence of the mountainous terrain, about 75 percent of the population lives in urban areas.
::安第斯山脉的三条山脉从北向南延伸至美国最东南部的九个州。 哥伦比亚的陆地面积面积大约为440,839平方英里,比美国印第安纳州大十倍以上,几乎是法国的两倍。 哥伦比亚与五个国家接壤,北以加勒比为邻,西以太平洋为邻,东以奥里诺科河为邻,南以远的亚马逊河为邻。 尽管农业是该国经济活动的支柱,但由于山区地形的影响,约75%的人口生活在城市地区。

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Colombia was a Spanish colony during the time that Spain controlled most of western South America. Colombia became independent in 1819. The region of Panama, which was first a part of Colombia, broke away in 1903 when the United States backed Panama’s independence movement. After Colombia became independent of Spain, the conservatives (wealthy elite) and the liberals (poor workers) struggled to gain control of the government. Since 1948, the conflict, known as La Violencia, has caused more than 200,000 casualties. During the 20th century, the government in Colombia has not always been peaceful or stable. By the beginning of the 21st century, the government has become more unified and the country has witnessed an increase in tourism.
::在西班牙控制南美洲西部的大部分地区时,哥伦比亚是西班牙的殖民地。 哥伦比亚于1819年独立。 巴拿马地区是哥伦比亚的首个地区,1903年美国支持巴拿马的独立运动时,巴拿马地区崩溃了。 哥伦比亚独立后,保守派(财富精英)和自由派(贫困工人)为获得政府控制而斗争。 自1948年以来,被称为La Violencia的冲突造成了20多万人的伤亡。 在20世纪,哥伦比亚政府并非始终是和平或稳定的。 到21世纪初,政府变得更加统一,国家旅游业也有所增长。

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Colombia and the Drug Trade
::哥伦比亚和毒品贸易

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Colombia’s tropical climate and its many remote areas contributed to its development as a major coca-growing region. By the 1970s, extensive drug smuggling had developed, and powerful drug cartels became major political brokers within the country, competing against the government for control of Colombia. The largest and most organized cartels operated out of Medellin and Cali, the second and third largest cities in the country after the capital city of Bogotá.
::哥伦比亚的热带气候及其许多偏远地区促进了哥伦比亚作为一个主要古柯种植地区的发展。 到1970年代,大量毒品走私已经发展起来,强大的毒品卡特尔成为国内的主要政治中介,与哥伦比亚政府竞争控制哥伦比亚。 最大和最有组织的卡特尔在麦德林和卡利(麦德林和卡利)这两个仅次于首都波哥大的第二大城市和第三大城市运作。

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The coca plant grows throughout the slopes of the Andes, from Colombia to Bolivia. Historically, locals have chewed it or brewed it into tea. Coca can alleviate elevation sickness and act as a mild stimulant. Using modern methods and strong chemicals, the coca leaves can be converted into a powerful narcotic. It often takes up to a ton of chemicals to produce a kilo of cocaine. Once the process is completed, most of the chemicals are discarded and frequently find their way into nearby rivers and streams, which are the same water supplies that local people use in their daily lives. Birth defects have become a problem in coca-growing regions because of the high levels of chemical pollution in the water.
::从哥伦比亚到玻利维亚,古柯植物在整个安第斯山脉的斜坡上生长,从历史上,当地人把它咀嚼或酿成茶叶。古柯可以减轻高血压疾病,并作为一种温和的兴奋剂。使用现代方法和强大的化学物质,古柯叶可以转化成一种强大的麻醉物质。古柯叶通常需要一吨化学物质来生产一公斤可卡因。这一过程一旦完成,大多数化学品就会被丢弃,并经常流入附近的河流和溪流,这些河流和溪流与当地人日常生活中使用的水供应相同。出生缺陷在古柯种植地区已成为问题,因为水中的化学污染程度很高。

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The largest cocaine market is with the United States. Secret airfields and private boats transport the cocaine from Colombia to distribution centers in Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean. From there, the drugs are smuggled into the United States. Colombian drugs are a multibillion-dollar industry that makes up a large portion of the Colombian economy. The effect of the drug industry on the people of Colombia is extensive—from the gunfire on the streets to the corruption of government officials.
::可卡因的最大市场是美国,秘密机场和私人船只将可卡因从哥伦比亚运到墨西哥、中美洲或加勒比的分销中心,毒品从那里走私到美国,哥伦比亚毒品是一个价值数十亿美元的行业,占哥伦比亚经济的一大部分,毒品业对哥伦比亚人民的影响非常广泛,从街头的枪声到政府官员的腐败。

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In recent years, the same drug cartels that have operated the cocaine industry have imported opium poppies, which grow well on the higher and more arid slopes of the Andes. Opium poppies are native to Asia but have been transported to South America. Opium is extracted from the seedpod and can be further refined into heroin. Colombian drug cartels, with a Mexican distribution network, have gained as much as 20 percent of the US heroin market. The US government has supported the Colombian government in the fight against the drug cartels and the trafficking of illegal drugs out of Colombia.
::近年来,可卡因行业的毒品卡特尔也进口了鸦片罂粟,这些罂粟在安第斯山脉高山和更干旱的山坡上生长良好。 鸦片罂粟原产于亚洲,但被运到南美洲。 鸦片是从树苗中提取的,可以进一步提炼为海洛因。 哥伦比亚毒品卡特尔与墨西哥的分销网络合作,获得了美国海洛因市场的20%。 美国政府支持哥伦比亚政府打击毒品卡特尔和从哥伦比亚贩运非法毒品。

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Colombian Coffee and Oil
::哥伦比亚咖啡和石油

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Colombia’s two main legal exports to the United States are coffee and oil. Coffee is only grown in the tropics since coffee trees must be grown in a frost-free environment. Coffee trees, which originally grew in Ethiopia, have since been grown throughout the world. Coffee trees can grow in elevations from sea level to 6,000 feet, but most of the best specialty coffee is grown at elevations between 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Colombia has ideal conditions for growing coffee and was once the world’s largest coffee producer; now Brazil and Vietnam each produce more.
::哥伦比亚对美国的两大合法出口是咖啡和石油。 咖啡只在热带地区种植,因为咖啡树必须在无霜的环境中种植。 咖啡树最初在埃塞俄比亚种植,后来在全世界种植。 咖啡树可以在海平面高地上增长到6000英尺,但大部分最好的特色咖啡是在3000至6000英尺高地种植。 哥伦比亚有理想的咖啡种植条件,曾经是世界上最大的咖啡生产国;现在巴西和越南各生产更多。

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Early coffee production in Colombia was initially promoted by Catholic priests who were influential in supporting local parishioners to grow the crop. The industry was greatly enhanced in 1927 with the formation of the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia. Coffee production on the mountain ranges of the Andes in Colombia supports up to 500,000 small farms and local growers that make up a large portion of the coffee economy. Harvesting coffee is labor intensive and can employ large numbers of workers. The seasonal nature of the harvest also leaves workers to find employment during the rest of the growing season.
::哥伦比亚早期咖啡生产最初由天主教牧师推动,天主教牧师在支持当地教区居民种植作物方面有影响力,1927年哥伦比亚咖啡种植者全国联合会成立后,该行业大大加强,哥伦比亚安第斯山脉的咖啡生产支持多达50万个小型农场和当地种植者,占咖啡经济的一大部分,收获咖啡是劳力密集型的,可以雇用大量工人,收获季节性还使工人在生长季节的剩余时间找到工作。

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In recent years, there has been growing concern about how climate change will continue to affect the region’s coffee production. In the past century, parts of Colombia experienced up to a 1 ºC average temperature increase and up to a 25 percent increase in precipitation. These climate changes have negatively impacted coffee output and reduced coffee production as much as 25 percent in some areas. New agricultural methods are being developed in an attempt to counter the decrease.
::近年来,人们越来越担心气候变化将如何继续影响该地区的咖啡生产。 在过去的世纪中,哥伦比亚部分地区平均气温上升了1°C,降水量上升了25%。 这些气候变化对咖啡产量产生了负面影响,一些地区的咖啡产量下降了25%。 正在开发新的农业方法,以抵消降水量的下降。

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Oil has now become Colombia’s number one legal export. Oil is found in fields in the northern and central regions of Colombia. Immense quantities of coal are also found in the same regions, but oil is more valued in the export market. Pipelines connect the interior oil fields of Colombia with the northern ports. The US market size and population make it the world’s largest oil consumer.
::石油现已成为哥伦比亚头号合法出口品。 石油存在于哥伦比亚北部和中部地区的田间。 煤炭的数量同样也在同一地区,但石油在出口市场中更受重视。 管道将哥伦比亚内陆油田与北部港口连接起来。 美国市场规模和人口使其成为世界上最大的石油消费者。

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US oil companies have been investing in the development of Colombian oil for many years. Colombia has been a developing oil source even though its total extractable resources are not as vast as in other countries. For example, in 2006, the United States imported more oil from Colombia than from Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Qatar, and Yemen combined.
::多年来,美国石油公司一直在投资哥伦比亚石油开发。 哥伦比亚一直是一个发展中的石油来源,尽管其总可开采资源没有其他国家那么庞大。 比如,2006年,美国从哥伦比亚进口的石油比从科威特、阿曼、阿拉伯联合酋长国(阿联酋 ) 、 巴林、卡塔尔和也门进口的石油加起来还要多。

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Since the United States is the largest consumer of Colombian oil, it has a vested interest in the stability of the Colombian government. A sizable portion of Colombia is controlled by drug cartels or other insurgent groups. Dozens of guerrilla organizations also control portions of Colombia. Some insurgent groups support the government and are against the drug lords, while others fight the government and work independently or with the cartels.
::由于美国是哥伦比亚石油的最大消费国,它对哥伦比亚政府的稳定有着既得利益,哥伦比亚有相当大一部分受毒品卡特尔或其他叛乱团体控制,数十个游击队组织也控制哥伦比亚部分地区,一些叛乱团体支持政府,反对毒枭,而另一些则与政府斗争,独立或与卡特尔合作。

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Drug sales, kidnappings, and extortion of legitimate businesses provide income to these groups. Thousands of children serve in these groups, and about one-third of them are female. The most powerful insurgent group is FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), which controls entire regions the size of many US states. FARC is a recognized political entity by neighboring countries but is not given the same recognition by the United States and other countries of the region.
::毒品买卖、绑架和敲诈合法企业为这些群体提供了收入。 成千上万的儿童在这些团体中服务,其中约三分之一是女性。 最强大的叛乱团体是哥伦比亚革命武装力量(FARC ) , 它控制着美国许多州面积的整个地区。 哥伦比亚革命武装力量是邻国公认的政治实体,但没有得到美国和该地区其他国家同样的承认。

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The relationship between Colombia and the United States is conflicted. The US consumer supports the Colombian drug cartels by being the largest consumer of illegal drugs. The US government, under the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), has declared a war on drugs. The US has supported the Colombian government with billions of dollars in foreign aid to fight that war.
::哥伦比亚和美国之间的关系相互冲突。 美国消费者支持哥伦比亚毒品卡特尔,是最大的非法毒品消费者。 美国政府在缉毒署(DEA)的领导下已经向毒品宣战。 美国以数十亿美元的外援支持哥伦比亚政府打击这场战争。

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On another front, US oil corporations have paid insurgent groups to protect their oil assets. Oil is exported to the United States, bringing billions of dollars into the Colombian economy. The chaos in Colombia is directly related to the exploitation and marketing of titsresources. It is the people of Colombia who are the collateral damage in this civil war of corruption, crime, death, and destruction. The largest consumer market for Colombia’s export of oil, drugs, and coffee is the United States, which is also the largest contributor of foreign aid to Colombia.
::另一方面,美国石油公司向叛乱集团支付保护石油资产的费用。 石油出口到美国,为哥伦比亚经济带来数十亿美元。 哥伦比亚的混乱与乳房资源的开采和销售直接相关。 哥伦比亚人民是腐败、犯罪、死亡和破坏等内战的附带受害者。 哥伦比亚石油、毒品和咖啡出口的最大消费市场是美国,也是哥伦比亚外援的最大捐助国。

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Rural Amerindian States of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
::厄瓜多尔、秘鲁和玻利维亚的美洲印第安人农村农村州

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The Central Andes, which includes , , and , were home to the Inca Empire. The empire had gone through some internal divisions and was working on unifying the region when Francisco Pizarro’s small army defeated the Incan warriors and brought about colonial rule beginning in the 1530s. Many cultures lived in the Central Andes before the Inca. Their legacy can be seen in the culture of the Amerindian people who still live there today.
::安第斯中部地区包括印度帝国(Central Andes)以及印度帝国。 当弗朗西斯科·皮萨罗的小型军队击败印加武士,从1530年代开始实行殖民统治时,该帝国经历了一些内部分裂,并正在努力统一该地区。 许多文化在印加之前就生活在安第斯中部,其遗产可以从今天仍然居住在那里的美洲印第安人的文化中看到。

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Spanish is the official language, but indigenous languages are widely spoken in the rural areas and remote villages. Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia make up the core of the Rural Amerindian Region of South America. There have been border disputes among the three countries, and also with their neighbors. Nevertheless, they all share the Andes and have many things in common.
::西班牙语是官方语言,但土著语言在农村和偏远村庄广泛使用,厄瓜多尔、秘鲁和玻利维亚是南美洲美洲印第安人农村地区的核心。 这三个国家之间以及与其邻国之间都存在边界争端。 尽管如此,它们都拥有安第斯山脉,有许多共同点。

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Physical Geography
::物理地理

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The physical geography of the Central Andes includes more than the Andes Mountains. The coastal region to the west of the Andes is generally warmer than the cooler climate of the mountains. The equatorial region is humid. The coastal region in southern Peru is dry and arid because of the ocean currents and the rain shadow effect of the Andes, which creates the Atacama Desert that extends up from northern Chile. Southwest Bolivia has some of the world’s largest salt flats in this dry and barren region.
::安第斯山脉中部的地理面积比安第斯山脉的地理面积还要大,安第斯山脉以西的沿海地区一般比山区较冷的气候暖和。赤道地区是潮湿的。秘鲁南部的沿海地区由于洋流和安第斯山脉的雨影效应而干燥和干旱,这些影响造成了智利北部的阿塔卡马沙漠。西南玻利维亚在这个干旱和贫瘠的地区拥有世界上最大的盐层。

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In the interior, on the eastern side of the mountain range, is the huge expanse of the Amazon Basin. The climate is tropical and humid with heavy precipitation. Rain forests and jungle fauna can be found on the eastern slopes. The Altiplano region has the high-elevation Lake Titicaca. The variations in physical terrain provide extensive biodiversity in animal and plant species. It also supports a variety of economic activities to profit from the bountiful natural resources.
::内地,即山脉东侧,是亚马逊河流域的广阔地域,气候是热带和潮湿的,降水量很大,在东部坡地上可以找到雨林和丛林动物,阿尔提平诺地区有高海拔的提喀卡湖,自然地形的变化为动植物物种提供了广泛的生物多样性,还支持各种经济活动,从丰富的自然资源中获利。

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Even though the Altiplano region borders the Pacific Ocean, it also links directly to the Atlantic Ocean. The headwaters that create the Amazon River start in Peru. By the time the water reaches the Peruvian city of Iquitos, the river is large enough to accommodate large shipping vessels. Iquitos is a port city for the Atlantic Ocean with access to Europe, Africa, and eastern North America. The port also links the region with Brazil’s free-trade zone in Manaus, which has access to large oceangoing shipping and an international market.
::尽管阿尔蒂普拉诺地区与太平洋接壤,但它也与大西洋直接相连。 创建亚马逊河的头水始于秘鲁。 当水到达秘鲁伊基托斯市时,这条河足够大,足以容纳大型航运船。 伊基托斯是大西洋的一个港口城市,可以进入欧洲、非洲和北美东部。 该港口还将该地区与马瑙斯的巴西自由贸易区连接起来,马瑙斯的巴西自由贸易区拥有大型远洋航运和国际市场。

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Economic Geography
::经济地理地理

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The region’s main income comes from exports of minerals, oil, and agricultural products. Oil is the number one means of gaining wealth in Ecuador and Peru. Natural gas is the number one export of Bolivia. Gold, silver, tin, and other minerals are also abundant and are being exploited as conditions allow. The Spanish opened up a large silver-mining operation in Potosí, Bolivia, which continues to be exploited with modern mining methods. Potosí, one of the earth’s highest-elevation cities at 13,420 feet above sea level, was once the largest silver mine in the world.
::该地区的主要收入来自矿物、石油和农产品的出口。 石油是厄瓜多尔和秘鲁获得财富的首要手段。 天然气是玻利维亚的头号出口。 黄金、银、锡和其他矿物也非常丰富,并在条件允许的情况下被开采。 西班牙在玻利维亚波托西启动了大规模银矿开采活动,继续以现代采矿方法进行开采。 波托西是地球上海拔13 420英尺的最高城市之一,曾经是世界上最大的银矿。

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The city of Lima, Peru, was built on wealth from gold and silver extracted from the Inca Empire and the Andes Mountains. As is the case in many peripheral regions, the economic state of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia is dependent on global prices for their export products. There has been considerable conflict and political wrangling about who controls the wealth from extractive economic activities.
::秘鲁利马市建立在印加帝国和安第斯山脉的金银财富之上,秘鲁、厄瓜多尔和玻利维亚的经济状况与许多周边地区一样,其出口产品依赖全球价格。 在谁控制采掘经济活动的财富的问题上,出现了巨大的冲突和政治争吵。

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Originally, the Spanish conquistadors took the materials and the wealth. They were replaced by Mestizo land owners and wealthy elites who struck deals with international corporations. The corporations exploited the countries’ natural resources, with little profit actually ending up in the hands of most of the people. These issues remain at the top of the political agendas in all three countries.
::最初,西班牙的征服者拿走了材料和财富。 他们被与国际公司交易的梅斯蒂索地主和富豪精英所取代。 公司开发了国家的自然资源,但利润很少,实际上却掌握在大多数人手中。 这些问题仍然在所有三个国家的政治议程上居于首位。

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Poverty and the exploitation of natural resources usually result in environmental degradation. The area’s heavy reliance on oil and gas extraction to gain national wealth has come at a great cost to the environment. Many oil spills have caused oil to enter the freshwater supplies of local residents and pollute the rivers and streams of the Amazon Basin. Mining has traditionally devastated the land because large portions of earth are removed to extract the ore or mineral. Pollution is causing a loss of habitats and destroying ecosystems, and few measures are being taken to prevent it. Deforestation is being caused by the timber industry and by clearing for agriculture. Overgrazing and the removal of the trees leave the soil open to erosion.
::该地区严重依赖石油和天然气开采以获取国家财富,这给环境造成了巨大代价;许多石油泄漏造成石油进入当地居民的淡水供应,污染亚马逊河流域的河流和溪流;采矿历来破坏土地,因为大片土地被移走以开采矿石或矿物;污染造成生境损失,破坏生态系统,没有采取什么措施来防止污染;木材工业和农业清扫造成毁林;过度放牧和清除树木使土壤受到侵蚀。

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Tourism
::旅游业 旅游业

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Tourism is expanding for travelers to explore Incan and Pre-Incan sites. One of the main tourist attractions in Peru is the ancient city of Machu Picchu in the Andes. Ecuador’s major tourist attraction is the Galapagos Islands, which aided Charles Darwin in understanding natural selection and the evolutionary process. Bolivia has a number of ancient sites that predate the Inca and have become major tourism destinations. The ancient city of Tiahuanaco and Lake Titicaca are good examples.
::秘鲁的主要旅游景点之一是安第斯的古老城市马丘皮丘,厄瓜多尔的主要旅游景点是加拉帕戈斯群岛,该群岛帮助查尔斯·达尔文了解自然选择和进化过程。玻利维亚有一些古老的景点,这些古址在印加之前就已是主要旅游景点。蒂亚胡纳科和提喀卡湖的古城就是很好的例子。

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Tourism can be a great source of income, but it can come at a cost to the environment. There is always a concern that high-traffic tourism sites like Machu Picchu can be degraded by the mass of people visiting the site. The term ecotourism has been used to indicate the activity of people traveling to experience and enjoy the natural world with an aim not to damage the environment in the process. The main objective is to make tourism sustainable, which promotes stewardship of the land and respect for its attractions.
::旅游可以是一个巨大的收入来源,但可能以环境为代价,人们始终担心,像马丘皮丘这样的高流量旅游点会因大批游客到该旅游点而退化,生态旅游一词被用来表示人们为体验和享受自然世界而旅行的活动,目的是在过程中不破坏环境,主要目标是使旅游业具有可持续性,从而促进对土地的管理和尊重其景点。

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Jonathan Tourtellot, director of the National Geographic Society’s Center for Sustainable Destinations, coined and prefers the term geo-tourism, which is translated as the stewardship of place and the preservation of its essential character. These concepts are becoming more integrated in the tourism industry to promote a sustainable model for high traffic sites like the Galapagos Islands with fragile ecosystems.
::国家地理协会可持续目的地中心主任乔纳森·托特洛特(Jonathan Totellot)发明并更喜欢地理旅游这一术语,该词被翻译为管理地方和保存其基本特征。 这些概念正日益融入旅游业,以推广像加拉帕戈斯群岛这样生态系统脆弱的高交通点的可持续模式。

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Political Issues
::政治问题

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Economics usually drive politics. Accordingly, Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia have suffered with fluctuations in their political environment. Corruption, authoritarianism, and human rights violations have been common accusations toward the political leadership of these countries. To address the economic condition of his country in 2000, Ecuador’s president adopted the US dollar as its main medium of exchange. This may have brought some economic stability, but it did not address the problems of a high national debt and a fluctuation in commodity prices.
::经济通常驱动政治。 因此,秘鲁、厄瓜多尔和玻利维亚的政治环境都经历了波动。 腐败、专制主义和侵犯人权行为一直是对这些国家的政治领导人的常见指责。 为了应对2000年厄瓜多尔的经济形势,厄瓜多尔总统将美元作为其主要汇率媒介。 这也许带来了一些经济稳定,但并没有解决高额国债和商品价格波动的问题。

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All three countries have undergone political turmoil. Large percentages of the populations live in poverty. Bolivia is considered one of the poorest countries in South America. In 2006, Bolivia elected a socialist president from the MAS (Movement for Socialism) party who was from a minority Amerindian group rather than a member of the wealthy elite. In Peru, a number of presidents have been forced to resign, and military coups have also resulted in leadership changes.
::这三个国家都经历了政治动荡,大部分人口生活在贫困之中,玻利维亚被认为是南美洲最贫穷的国家之一。 2006年,玻利维亚从社会主义运动党中选举了一位社会主义总统,该党来自美洲印第安人少数群体,而不是富裕精英阶层的成员。 在秘鲁,一些总统被迫辞职,军事政变也导致了领导层的更迭。

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Population and Culture
::人口与文化

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Population growth is a major factor in the future of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. In 2010, Bolivia had more than 10 million people, Ecuador had more than 14 million, and Peru had about 29 million. More than 30 percent of the population of Ecuador and Bolivia resides in rural areas and make a living from subsistence agriculture. All three countries have large populations in relation to food production. Peru and Bolivia are large countries in a physical area but do not have a high percentage of arable land. The rural-to-urban shift is increasing and the major cities are continuing to expand, overtaxing public works and social services.
::人口增长是秘鲁、厄瓜多尔和玻利维亚未来的一个主要因素。2010年,玻利维亚人口超过1 000万,厄瓜多尔超过1 400万,秘鲁约为2 900万。厄瓜多尔和玻利维亚30%以上的人口居住在农村地区,靠自给农业维生。这三个国家都有大量人口从事粮食生产。秘鲁和玻利维亚是人口众多的自然地区国家,但没有高比例的可耕地。农村向城市的转变正在增加,主要城市在继续扩张,对公共工程和社会服务课以过高的税。

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The culture of the Central Andes is heavily influenced by its rural Amerindian heritage. The foundation of the traditional agrarian society has been subsistence agriculture. One-third of the population in Ecuador and Bolivia and up to one-fourth of the population in Peru continue to live a traditional way of life. Local cuisine reflects the connection to the land, and food such as potatoes, maize, guinea pigs, and fish are common in rural areas. Cities are encountering international influences that are changing the demands in local cuisine and culture. However, traditional food, arts, and local crafts still thrive in the local districts and in the tourism market.
::安第斯中部地区的文化受到其农村美洲印第安人遗产的严重影响,传统农业社会的基础是自给农业,厄瓜多尔和玻利维亚的三分之一人口以及秘鲁多达四分之一的人口继续以传统生活方式生活,当地烹饪反映了与土地的联系,而土豆、玉米、小麦和鱼等食物在农村地区很常见,城市正受到国际影响,改变当地烹饪和文化的需求,然而,传统食品、艺术和地方手工艺仍然在地方地区和旅游市场上蓬勃发展。

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The Andean West and Paraguay 
::安第斯西部和巴拉圭

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This region’s location on the Pacific Rim of South America has contributed to an Asian influence, which has integrated with the local culture. Former president of Peru Alberto Fujimori had Japanese ancestry and held dual citizenship in both Peru and Japan. Lima, Peru is home to one of the earliest Chinatowns in the Americas, where the Chinese culture has mixed with the Latino culture to create a unique cultural blend. Bolivia is landlocked and does not have the advantage of a west-coast port city to interact with the Asian marketplace. However, its culture is still impacted by globalization and is evolving from within.
::该地区位于南美太平洋周边地区,这促成了亚洲的影响,与当地文化融合了起来。 秘鲁前总统藤森拥有日本血统,并在秘鲁和日本拥有双重公民身份。 秘鲁利马是美洲最早的中国城之一,中国文化与拉美文化混合,创造了独特的文化混合。 玻利维亚是内陆国,没有西海岸港口城市与亚洲市场互动的优势。 然而,其文化仍然受到全球化的影响,并正在从内部演变。

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Paraguay
::巴拉圭 巴拉圭

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is located in the Mixed Mestizo Cultural Region between Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia. This landlocked country is not located in the Andes. The country’s poor economic characteristics and troublesome political dynamics are similar to those of its neighbors in the Central Andes. Like other Latin American countries, most of the population practices Catholicism. Spanish is one of the main languages along with Guarani, the local language of the people.
::这个内陆国不位于安第斯山脉,其经济特征差,政治动态混乱与安第斯中部邻国相似。 与其他拉美国家一样,大部分人口信奉天主教。 西班牙语与瓜拉尼语是主要语言之一,而瓜拉尼是当地人民的语言。

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The country’s name comes from the Paraguay River, which flows through hydroelectric dams that provide all the electricity for the country. Paraguay suffers from a lack of infrastructure. The government has not been able to provide for the needs of a growing population with a fertility rate of more than three children per family.
::巴拉圭的国名来自巴拉圭河,该河流经水力发电大坝,为国家提供全部电力。 巴拉圭缺乏基础设施。 政府无法满足不断增长的人口的需求,因为每个家庭的生育率超过三个孩子。

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As much as 40 percent of the population makes its living from agriculture. However, conditions in the rural areas are poor, and less than 10 percent of the land is arable. There is not much agricultural growth that could boost the economy. Paraguay is the 6th-largest producer of soybeans in the world, and cattle ranching is its other strong commodity. A large portion of the marshlands have been turned into land for farming, but this has caused a loss of wetlands as a habitat.
::巴拉圭是世界第六大大大豆生产国,牧牛业是巴拉圭其他强大的商品。 大部分沼泽地已经变成农耕用地,但这造成了湿地作为栖息地的丧失。

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Poverty afflicts the region and results in the absence of opportunities and advantages. Connections to global markets are hindered by the lack of an international port. Corruption and unstable governments are the political system’s legacy. There is a wide disparity between the social elites and most of the population. Large family size and the rural-to-urban shift has caused rapid growth of the urban areas. Sixty percent of the population lives in the cities, and they often suffer from unsanitary conditions because of water pollution.
::贫穷影响着该地区,导致缺乏机会和优势;与全球市场的联系因缺乏国际港口而受到阻碍;腐败和不稳定的政府是政治制度遗留下来的问题;社会精英与大多数人口之间存在着巨大的差距;家庭规模大和农村向城市的转变导致城市地区的快速增长;60%的人口居住在城市,他们往往由于水污染而处于不卫生的境地。

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The largest slums in the country are found in the capital city of Asuncion, which has almost two million people. In the urban areas, there is a strong informal market economy that thrives on imported goods being redistributed to other countries, but there is no formal record-keeping system. An enormous number of black-market goods are brought in and resold to neighboring countries such as Brazil and Argentina, its two largest trading partners. In such conditions, crime and illegal activities thrive, and the rule of law is difficult to enforce.
::国内最大的贫民窟位于首都亚松森市,人口近200万,城市地区的非正规市场经济强劲,进口货物被重新分配到其他国家,因此经济繁荣,但没有正式的记录保存制度,大量黑市商品被运入巴西和阿根廷等两个最大的贸易伙伴国,并转售给这两个国家,在这种情况下,犯罪和非法活动猖獗,法治难以实施。

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Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语

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Applying Knowledge
::应用知识

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Interactive Notebook Activity
::交互式笔记活动

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1. Describe  the dynamics of Venezuela’s urban society and explain why Venezuela has not experienced a robust rural-to-urban shift to the extent that other countries have.
   ::描述委内瑞拉城市社会动态, 并解释委内瑞拉为何没有像其他国家那样发生强劲的农村向城市的转变。
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2. List  the production of the three main export products of Colombia and explain the role of the United States in their export.
   ::列出哥伦比亚三种主要出口产品的生产清单,并解释美国在其出口中的作用。
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3. Compare the three main countries in the Andean West region of South America. Explain how they gained their wealth and who has benefited the most over the years from that wealth.
   ::比较南美洲安第斯西部地区的三个主要国家,请解释他们是如何获得财富的,多年来谁从这些财富中受益最大。
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4. Summarize how Paraguay’s geographical setting has allowed it to gain wealth and provide opportunities for its people.
   ::概述巴拉圭的地理环境如何让巴拉圭人民获得财富和机会。

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Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题

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1. How intense is the current rural-to-urban shift in Venezuela? What accounts for this unique situation?
   ::委内瑞拉目前的农村向城市的转变有多激烈?
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2. What are the three main export products of Colombia? How is the United States involved in each of them?
   ::哥伦比亚的三种主要出口产品是什么?美国如何参与其中的每一种产品?
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3. Where are the main types of coffee grown?
   ::主要种类的咖啡在哪里种植?
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4. What three groups vie for control of the various regions of Colombia? How does the United States directly or indirectly support all three groups?
   ::哪些三个集团争夺哥伦比亚各地区的控制权?美国如何直接或间接地支持这三个集团?
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5. What environmental problems result from the cocaine production process?
   ::可卡因生产过程产生了哪些环境问题?
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6. How did colonial activity assist in determining which ethnic group or groups would be at the top or bottom of the socioeconomic hierarchy in the Andean West region of South America?
   ::殖民活动如何帮助确定南美洲安第斯西部地区哪些族裔群体将处于社会经济等级的顶端或底端?
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7. What are some of the common difficulties with the political systems of the countries in the Andean West?
   ::安第斯西部国家的政治制度有什么共同的困难?
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8. What does Paraguay have in common with Bolivia? How have the two countries each addressed this common situation?
   ::巴拉圭与玻利维亚有什么共同之处?两国如何分别处理这一共同情况?
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9. Where has socialism been promoted or supported in the countries of South America?
   ::南美洲国家在哪里促进或支持社会主义?
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10. What types of agriculture are found in the north and western regions of South America?
    ::南美洲北部和西部地区有哪些类型的农业?

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Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习

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1. Using , complete the following activities:
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   1. Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
      ::在下面的子弹名单上 找到每个地方
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   2. Find the nearest city with an international airport in proximity to each location on the bulleted list below.
      ::找到最近的城市,在下面子弹清单上每个地点附近有一个国际机场。
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   3. Calculate the distance and travel time by plane to each city from the in San Francisco, California.
      ::计算从加利福尼亚旧金山飞往每个城市的飞机距离和旅行时间。
   
   ::使用,完成以下活动: 确定以下子弹清单中的每个地点; 找到最近的城市, 附近有一个国际机场, 在下面子弹清单中的每个地点附近; 计算从加利福尼亚旧金山飞往每个城市的飞机距离和飞行时间。
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2. Using , determine the latitude and longitude for each location on the bulleted list below.
   ::使用,确定以下子弹列表中每个位置的纬度和经度。
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3. Be prepared to share and discuss your answers.
   ::准备分享和讨论你的答案

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• Iguazu Falls, Argentia/Brazil
  ::Iguazu Falls,阿根廷/巴西
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• Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
  ::玻利维亚UyuniSalar de Uyuni
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• Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
  ::厄瓜多尔加拉帕帕戈斯群岛
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• Atacama Desert, Chile
  ::智利阿塔卡马沙漠
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• Angel Falls, Venezuela
  ::委内瑞拉天使瀑布
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• Torres del Paine, Chile
  ::智利Torres del Paine
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• Colca Canyon, Peru
  ::秘鲁科尔卡峡谷
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• Lake Titicaca, Peru/Bolivia
  ::秘鲁/玻利维亚,提喀卡湖
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• Perito Moreno Glacier, Argentina
  ::阿根廷佩里托·莫雷诺冰川
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• Laguna Colorada, Bolivia
  ::Laguna Colorada,玻利维亚
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• Aconcagua, Argentina
  ::阿根廷,阿康卡瓜
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• Kaietuer Falls, Guyana
  ::Kaietuer Falls,圭亚那
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• Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
  ::阿根廷,火地岛

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Mapping Exercise
::绘图绘制作业

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Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频

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 Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography

::地理研究有用网站

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is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge.  Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。

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provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。

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is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。

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is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。

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is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。

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  is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth. 
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。

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is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。

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is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。

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  is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。

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is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.  
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。

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is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。

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  is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states. 
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。

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is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。

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 is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more. 
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。

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is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。

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is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。

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is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。

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is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。