章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 血管植物

    Forest scene with trees, moss-covered rocks, and a flowing stream.

    How do these trees and mosses differ?
    ::这些树和苔有何不同?

    The trees tower in the sky, while the mosses carpet the forest floor. Mosses, like the first plants, are restricted to life near the ground because they lack vascular system. Only with a vascular system can these trees transport sugars, nutrients , and water up and down their tall trunks. The evolution of the vascular system was a big step in the evolutionary history of plants.
    ::天空中的树塔,而藻类铺在森林地板上。 象第一批植物一样,蚊子由于缺乏血管系统而局限于在地面附近生存。 只有用血管系统,这些树才能向上和向下输送糖、养分和水。 血管系统的进化是植物进化史上的一大进步。

    Vascular Seedless Plants
    ::大型无豆类植物

    For these plants, the name says it all. Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue but do not have seeds . Remember that vascular tissue is specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant. The development of vascular tissue allowed these plants to grow much taller than , forming ancient swamp forests. Most of these large vascular seedless plants are now extinct, but their smaller relatives still remain. Vascular tissue includes xylem , which transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant; and phloem , which transports sugars and nutrients from the leaves throughout the plant.
    ::对于这些植物来说,这个名字是所有。没有种子的血管植物有血管组织,但没有种子。记住血管组织是专门组织,在整个植物中输送水和养分。血管组织的发展使得这些植物的生长比古老的沼泽林要高得多。这些大型的血管没有种子的植物现在大部分已经绝种,但它们的亲属仍然较小。血管组织包括Xylem,它将水从植物的根部输送到植物的其他地方;和phloem,它将糖和养分从植物的叶子中输送到整个植物。

    Seedless vascular plants include:
    ::无种子血管植物包括:

    1. Clubmosses .
      ::夜总会迷恋
    2. Ferns .
      ::费尔恩斯 Ferns.
    3. Horsetails .
      ::马尾
    4. Whisk ferns.
      ::低语的粪便。

    Clubmosses
    ::俱乐部

    Clubmosses are so named because they can look similar to mosses ( Figure ). Clubmosses are not true mosses, though, because they have vascular tissue. The “club” part of the name comes from club-like clusters of sporangia found on the plants. One type of clubmoss is called the "resurrection plant" because it shrivels and turns brown when it dries out but then quickly turns green when watered again.
    ::Clubmoses之所以如此命名,是因为它们看起来与苔丝相似(图 ) 。 Clubmoses 并不是真正的苔丝,尽管它们有血管组织。 名称中的“ club”部分来自植物上发现的类似俱乐部的草原组。 一种叫“恢复工厂”的俱乐部mos, 因为它在干枯时会凝缩和变成棕色,但在再次用水时会迅速变绿。

    Green clubmosses growing among other plants in a lush environment.
    Clubmosses can resemble mosses; however, clubmosses have vascular tissue, while mosses do not.

    Ferns
    ::费尔

    Ferns are the most common seedless vascular plants ( Figure ). They usually have large divided leaves called fronds . In most ferns, fronds develop from a curled-up formation called a fiddlehead ( Figure ). The fiddlehead looks like the curled decoration on the end of a stringed instrument, such as a fiddle. Leaves unroll as the fiddleheads grow and expand. Ferns grow in a variety of habitats , ranging in size from tiny species to giant tropical plants.
    ::Ferns是最常见的无种子血管植物(图 ) 。 它们通常有大片被分割的叶子, 叫做 Fronds 。 在大多数小动物中, Fronds 是从一个叫做小提琴头( 图 ) 的卷曲结构中形成的。 小提琴头看起来像一个绳状仪器( 如小提琴 ) 的尾端的卷曲装饰。 随着小提琴头的成长和扩张, 小提琴头的生长和膨胀, 小提琴头看起来就像卷曲的装饰。 Ferns 生长在从小物种到巨型热带植物的多种生境中, 从小物种到巨型热带植物的大小不等。

    Lush forest scene featuring large ferns and dense tree canopy.
    Ferns are common in the understory of the tropical rainforest.
    Curled fiddleheads of ferns, showcasing their characteristic coiled shape before unfurling.
    The first leaves of most ferns appear curled up into fiddleheads.

    Horsetails
    ::马尾

    Horsetails have hollow, ribbed stems and are often found in marshes ( Figure ). Whorls of tiny leaves around the stem make the plant look like a horse's tail, but these soon fall off and leave a hollow stem that can perform . This is unusual since photosynthesis most often occurs in leaves. The stems are rigid and rough to the touch because they are coated with a scratchy mineral . Because of their scratchy texture, these plants were once used as scouring pads for cleaning dishes.
    ::马尾是空的,肋骨茎,经常在沼泽(图)中发现。干叶周围的微叶发热,使植物看起来像马尾,但很快会掉落,留下一个能起作用的空干。这是不寻常的,因为光合作用经常在叶子中发生。这种根子是硬的,粗糙的,因为上面涂有刮伤的矿物。由于它们有刮伤的纹理,这些植物曾经被用作清洁餐具的擦擦垫。

    Close-up of hollow, ribbed stems of horsetails in a marshy area.
    Horsetails are common in marshes.

    Whisk Ferns
    ::威斯克ferns

    Whisk ferns have green branching stems with no leaves, so they resemble a whisk broom ( Figure ). Another striking feature of the whisk ferns is its spherical yellow sporangia.
    ::Whisk 动物有绿色的树枝,没有叶子,因此它们像小树丛(figure ) 。 小树枝的另一个引人注目的特征是它的球状黄草。

    Whisk ferns with green branching stems and yellow spherical sporangia against a green background.
    Whisk ferns have yellow sporangia and no leaves.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Vascular seedless plants have vascular tissue, a specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant.
      ::无血管种子植物有血管组织,这是一种专门组织,在整个植物中输送水和养分。
    • Vascular seedless plants include the club mosses, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails.
      ::无豆类植物包括食草、食草、小鹿、小马尾和马尾。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    • Seedless Vascular Plants at (1:32)
      :伤心1:32)的无种子血管植物

     

     

    1. How many species of ferns and horsetails have scientists identified today?
      ::科学家们今天确定了多少种野兽和马尾鱼?
    2. How do scientists feel the present day diversity of ferns and horsetails compares to the diversity of these plants before the appearance of plants with seeds?
      ::在种子植物出现之前,科学家们如何看待今天的粪便和马尾的多样化,与这些植物的多样性相比?
    3. What sex are the spores of a fern?
      ::胎儿的颗粒是什么性别?
    4. What happens to the fertilized embryo of a fern?
      ::胎儿的受精胚胎会怎样?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Why are the vascular seedless plants different from the nonvascular plants?
      ::为什么没有血管种子的植物 不同于没有血管的植物?
    2. What are two examples of vascular seedless plants?
      ::无血管种子植物的两个例子是什么?
    3. What is the role of vascular tissue in plants?
      ::血管组织在植物中的作用是什么?
    4. What was the primary result of the evolution of vascular tissue in plants?
      ::植物血管组织进化的主要结果是什么?
    5. What is the most common seedless vascular plant?
      ::最常用的无种子血管植物是什么?