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  • 节肢动物

    A lobster on a marble surface, showcasing its segmented body and hard exoskeleton.

    What does this lobster have in common with a wasp?
    ::这龙虾和黄蜂有什么共同点?

    You might notice that their bodies have segments. And they both have a hard outer layer. Because they share these and other features, they are both classified as arthropods.
    ::你可能会注意到他们的身体有分块。他们都有硬外层。因为他们有这些和其他特征,他们都被归类为节肢动物。

    What are Arthropods?
    ::什么是人造动物?

    How often do you think you see an arthropod? Well, have you ever looked up close at an ant? A spider? A fly? A moth? With over a million described species (and many more yet to be described) in the phylum containing arthropods, chances are, you encounter one of these organisms every day, without even leaving your house. Arthropods are a very diverse group of animals . In fact, they are the biggest group of animals on the planet, with upwards of 5 million distinct species.
    ::你认为你多久见过节肢动物? 嗯,你有没有近距离看过一只蚂蚁?一只蜘蛛?一只苍蝇?一只飞蛾?一只飞蛾?在含有节肢动物的植物中,有超过100万种被描述的物种(还有更多有待描述的物种), 机会是,你每天都遇到其中一种有机体,甚至没有离开你家。亚节肢动物是多种多样的动物。事实上,它们是地球上最大的动物群,有500万个不同的物种。

    Types of Arthropods
    ::类类类类动物

    Arthropods belong to the phylum Arthropoda , which means “jointed feet,” and includes four living subphyla.
    ::Arthropods属于phyum Arthropoda, 意指“联合脚”, 包括四个活的亚植物。

    • Chelicerata, which includes spiders ( Figure ), mites, and scorpions. In these animals, the first pair of appendages are often modified as fangs or pincers, and are used to manipulate food. Spiders have eight legs.
      ::切利苏拉塔, 包括蜘蛛( 图 ) 、 、 蝎子 。 在这些动物中, 头一对附着物经常被改造成尖牙或针刺, 用来操纵食物。 蜘蛛有八条腿。
    • Myriapoda, which includes centipedes and millipedes . All of these animals live on land, and can have anywhere from ten to nearly 200 pairs of appendages.
      ::米里亚波达(Myriapoda)包括小米和毫粒。 所有这些动物都生活在陆地上,可以拥有10到近200对树枝。
    • Hexapoda , which includes the . These animals dominate the land. All hexapods have three pairs (six appendages) of walking appendages.
      ::这些动物在陆地上占优势,所有六甲醚都有三对行走的附着物(六个附属物)。
    • Crustacea, which includes lobsters, crabs, barnacles, crayfish, and shrimp. These animals dominate the ocean, and usually have a set of anterior appendages that are modified as mandibles, which function in grasping, biting, and chewing food.
      ::包括龙虾、螃蟹、谷仓、龙虾、龙虾、龙虾和虾。 这些动物在海洋中占优势,通常有一套外形附着物,它们被改成甲状腺,在捕捉、咬和咀嚼食物中发挥作用。

    A spider hanging in a web among green leaves, illustrating an example of arthropods.

    Spiders are one type of arthropod.
    ::蜘蛛是一种节肢动物

    Characteristics of Arthropods
    ::亚热带动物的特征

    Characteristics of arthropods include:
    ::节肢动物的特点包括:

    1. A segmented body ( Figure ) with a head, a thorax, and abdomen segments.
      ::带有头部、胸部和腹部的分块体(图) 。
    2. Appendages on at least one segment. They can be used for feeding, sensory reception, defense, and locomotion . In addition to legs, antennas and mouth parts are considered modified appendages.
      ::至少一个段的附加件。 它们可以用于进食、感官接收、防御和运动。 除了腿、天线和嘴部部件外,它们也被视为改良的附件。
    3. A .
      ::A. 国家
    4. A hard exoskeleton made of chitin , which gives them physical protection and resistance to drying out. In order to grow, arthropods shed this outer covering in a process called molting .
      ::一种坚硬的外壳,由基丁制成,能保护他们的身体,使他们抵抗干燥。 为了生长,节肢动物在一种叫做“脱落”的过程中将这个外皮遮盖起来。
    5. An open circulatory system with hemolymph , a blood-like fluid. A series of hearts move the hemolymph into the body cavity where it comes in direct contact with the tissues . Hemolymph is involved with oxygen distribution.
      ::开放的循环系统,带有血清,一种类似血液的流体。一系列的心脏将血淋巴移动到与组织直接接触的身体腔中。血淋巴与氧气分布有关。
    6. A complete with a mouth and an anus.
      ::一个完整的嘴和肛门。
    7. arthropods use gills to exchange gases. These gills have a large surface area in contact with the water, so they can absorb more oxygen.
      ::这些与水接触的表面积很大,因此它们可以吸收更多的氧气。
    8. Land-living arthropods have internal surfaces that help exchange gasses. Insects and most other species have a tracheal system, where air sacs lead into the body from pores in the exoskeleton. These pores cover a large part of their external body surface. Others use book lungs , gills modified for air, as seen in species like the coconut crab. Some areas of the legs of soldier crabs are covered with an oxygen absorbing skin. Land crabs sometimes have two different structures: one used for breathing underwater, and another used to absorb oxygen from the air.
      ::陆生节肢动物有有助于交换气体的内部表面,昆虫和大多数其他物种有气管系统,空气囊从外骨骼的孔孔中进入人体。这些孔孔孔覆盖其体外表面的很大部分。另一些则使用书本肺、为空气而改良的刺,如椰蟹等物种所见。士兵蟹腿的有些区域被吸收氧气的皮肤覆盖。陆地螃蟹有时有两种不同的结构:一种用于在水下呼吸,另一种用于吸收空气中的氧气。

    A blue American lobster, showcasing the segmented body typical of arthropods.

    The blue American lobster illustrates the segmented body plan of the arthropods.
    ::蓝色的美国龙虾说明了节肢动物的分块体形计划。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The arthropods include four living subphyla: chelicerates, including spiders, mites, and scorpions; myriapods, including centipedes and millipedes; hexapods, including insects; and crustaceans.
      ::节肢动物包括4种活的亚phyla类:切虱子,包括蜘蛛、白蚁和蝎子;甲状腺,包括和毫粒;六甲虫,包括昆虫;甲壳类动物。
    • Arthropods are characterized by a segmented body, a hard exoskeleton, and appendages used for feeding, sensory structures, defense, and locomotion.
      ::甲草胺动物的特征是:分块体、坚硬的外骨骼,以及用于喂养、感官结构、防御和运动的附属物。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    Explore More I
    ::探索更多

    • Marine Arthropods: A Successful Design at (9:28)
      ::海洋测量方法:成功设计(9:28)

     

    1. Why are jointed limbs significant for Arthropods?
      ::为什么结肢对甲状腺动物很重要?
    2. How are appendage adaptations and segmentations key to the success of Arthropods as a group?
      ::如何使附属物的适应和分解成为亚甲草胺类动物作为一个群体取得成功的关键?
    3. Soft shell crabs are delicacies in some restaurants. Where do soft shell crabs come from?
      ::软壳螃蟹在某些餐馆是美味的。软壳螃蟹从哪里来?
    4. What aspect of horseshoe crabs' behavior do scientists feel gives clues to why Arthropods first left the ocean?
      ::科学家们觉得马蹄蟹的行为 是什么方面 给人以线索 说明亚热带动物为何先离开海洋?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are three examples of arthropods?
      ::节肢动物的三个例子是什么?
    2. What are three distinguishing features of the arthropods?
      ::节肢动物的三个显著特征是什么?
    3. Describe the arthropod circulatory system.
      ::描述节肢瘤循环系统。
    4. Describe how insects obtain oxygen.
      ::描述昆虫如何获得氧气。