章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 生物圈

    A view of Earth from space, showing continents and clouds in vibrant colors.

    Is Earth a living organism ?
    ::地球是活生物体吗?

    Most scientists agree that the Earth itself is not a living thing. However, the Earth does have some aspects of life. Some scientists argue that the Earth maintains , a stable state, just like a living organisms.
    ::大部分科学家都认为地球本身不是活物。然而,地球确实有生命的某些方面。有些科学家认为地球维持稳定状态,就像活生物体一样。

    The Biosphere
    ::生物圈

    The highest level of is the biosphere . It is the part of Earth, including the air, land, surface rocks, and , where life is found. Parts of the lithosphere , hydrosphere , and atmosphere make up the biosphere. The lithosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth's crust; essentially land is part of the lithosphere. The hydrosphere is composed of all the areas that contain water, which can be found on, under, and over the surface of Earth. The atmosphere is the layer of gas that surrounds the planet. The biosphere includes the area from about 11,000 meters below sea level to 15,000 meters above sea level. It overlaps with the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Land plants and are found on the lithosphere, freshwater and plants and animals are found in the hydrosphere, and and other flying animals are found in the atmosphere. Of course, there are countless , , and that are also found in the biosphere.
    ::生物圈的最高水平是生物圈。它是地球的一部分,包括空气、陆地、地表岩,以及,那里有生命。 岩圈、水圈和大气的部位组成生物圈。 岩圈是地球地壳的最外层; 主要是陆地是地圈的一部分。 水圈由所有含有水的区域组成, 可在地球表面、 地下和表面上找到。 大气层是地球周围的气体层。 生物圈包括海平面下约11 000米到海平面上15 000米的面积。 它与地圈、水圈和大气重叠。 陆地植物和在地圈中发现, 淡水和动植物在水圈中发现, 大气中也发现其他飞行动物。 当然, 生物圈中也发现了无数的面积。

    Is the Biosphere Living?
    ::生物圈生活?

    The Gaia hypothesis states that the biosphere is its own living organism. The hypothesis suggests that the Earth is self-regulating and tends to achieve a stable state, known as homeostasis . For example the composition of our atmosphere stays fairly consistent, providing the ideal conditions for life. When carbon dioxide levels increase in the atmosphere, plants grow more quickly. As their growth continues, they remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In this way, the amount of carbon dioxide stays fairly constant without human intervention.
    ::盖亚假设指出生物圈是其自身的活有机体。 假设表明地球是自我调节的,并趋向于实现一个稳定状态, 被称为“ 恒定状态 ” 。 例如, 我们大气的构成保持相当一致, 提供了理想的生活条件。 当大气中的二氧化碳水平上升时, 植物生长得更快。 当它们继续增长时, 它们会从大气中清除更多的二氧化碳。 这样一来, 二氧化碳的数量就会保持相当稳定, 没有人类的干预。

    For a better understanding of how the biosphere works and various dysfunctions related to human activity, scientists have simulated the biosphere in small-scale models. Biosphere 2 ( Figure ) is a in Arizona that contains 3.15 acres of closed . Ecosystems of Biosphere 2 are an ocean ecosystem with a coral reef , mangrove wetlands , a rainforest, a savannah grassland and a fog . See for additional information.
    ::为了更好地了解生物圈的运作方式和与人类活动有关的各种机能障碍,科学家模拟了小型模型的生物圈。生物圈2(图)是亚利桑那州的一个生物圈2(图),含有315英亩封闭的封闭土地。生物圈2生态系统是海洋生态系统,有珊瑚礁、红树林湿地、雨林、稀树草原和雾。详情见。

    Additional biosphere projects include BIOS-3, a closed ecosystem in Siberia, and Biosphere J, located in Japan.
    ::其他生物圈项目包括BIOS-3、西伯利亚的封闭生态系统和日本的生物圈J。

    Biosphere 2 in Arizona, showcasing its glass structure and surrounding landscape.

    Biosphere 2, in Arizona, contains 3.15 acres of closed ecosystem and is a small-scale model of the biosphere.
    ::在亚利桑那州,生物圈2含有3.15英亩封闭生态系统,是生物圈的小型模型。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The biosphere is the part of the Earth, including the air, land, surface rocks, and water, where you can find life.
      ::生物圈是地球的一部分,包括空气、土地、地表岩石和水,你可以在那里找到生命。
    • The Gaia hypothesis states that the biosphere is its own living organism
      ::Gaia假设指出生物圈是其本身的活生物体

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    • Biosphere at
      ::生物圈
    1. How do living organisms affect different parts of the biosphere ?
      ::生物体如何影响生物圈的不同部分?
    2. Wh ere is the greatest density of plant growth found on land ?
      ::在陆地上植物生长密度最大的地方在哪里?
    3. Wh ere are the highest chlorophyll (pigment in chloroplast that absorbs light energy during photosynthesis) levels observed ?
      ::哪里观测到了最高的叶绿素水平(在光合作用期间吸收光能的叶绿石中的气泡)?
    4. W hy are measurements of chlorophyll and land vegetation important to scientists ?
      ::为什么测量叶绿素和土地植被对科学家来说很重要?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the biosphere?
      ::什么是生物圈?
    2. Distinguish between the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere.
      ::区分地圈、大气和水圈。
    3. Give an example of how Earth is self-regulating.
      ::举一个例子来说明地球是如何自我调节的。