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  • 空气污染对健康的危害

    A woman wearing a mask walks outdoors while using her phone near bicycles.

    Why is this woman wearing a mask?
    ::为什么这个女人戴面具?

    In many cities around the world, the air quality is so poor that people are often told to stay indoors when possible. When there is poor air quality in a city, some people choose to wear face masks when they have to be outdoors. Lowering exposure to air pollutants with a face mask is especially important for people with existing heart or lung conditions.
    ::在世界许多城市,空气质量非常差,以至于人们常常被告知尽可能呆在室内。 当城市空气质量差时,有些人选择在户外时戴面罩。 降低使用面罩的空气污染对有心脏或肺病的人来说尤为重要。

    Health Hazards of Air Pollution
    ::空气污染对健康的危害

    The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 2.4 million people die each year from causes directly related to . This includes both outdoor and . Worldwide, there are more deaths linked to air pollution each year than to car accidents. Research by the WHO also shows that the worst air quality is in countries with high poverty and rates, such as Egypt, Sudan, Mongolia, and Indonesia.
    ::世界卫生组织(卫生组织)报告说,每年有240万人死于直接相关的原因,其中包括室外和.全世界每年与空气污染有关的死亡人数多于与汽车事故有关的死亡人数。 卫生组织的研究还表明,空气质量最差的国家是贫困和比率高的国家,如埃及、苏丹、蒙古和印度尼西亚。

    disorders are directly related to air pollution. These disorders have severe effects on human health, some leading to death directly related to air pollution. Air pollution related respiratory disorders include asthma , bronchitis , and emphysema . Asthma is a respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing, coughing, and a feeling of constriction in the chest. Bronchitis is inflammation of the membrane lining of the bronchial tubes of the lungs. Emphysema is a deadly lung disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs and destruction of the lung tissue . Additional lung and heart diseases are also related to air pollution, as are respiratory .
    ::与空气污染有关的呼吸系统疾病包括哮喘、支气管炎和肺气肿; 哮喘是一种呼吸系统疾病,其特点是呼吸、咳嗽和胸腔收缩; 肠炎是肺支气管膜内膜炎; 脑膜炎是一种致命的肺病,其特点是肺部空气空间异常扩大和肺组织破坏; 肺部和心脏的其他疾病也与空气污染有关,呼吸系统也是。

    Air pollution can also indirectly cause other health issues and even deaths. Air pollutants can cause an increase in including lung cancer , eye problems, and other conditions. For example, using certain chemicals on farms, such as the insecticide DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and toxic PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl), can cause cancer. Indoors, pollutants such as radon or asbestos can also increase your cancer risk. Lastly, air pollution can lead to heart disease, including heart attack and stroke .
    ::空气污染还可能间接地造成其他健康问题甚至死亡,空气污染物可能增加包括肺癌、眼睛问题和其他条件在内的疾病,例如,在农场使用某些化学品,例如杀虫剂滴滴涕(二氯二苯三氯乙烷)和有毒多氯联苯(多氯联苯)可致癌,室内污染物,如或石棉,也可能增加你的癌症风险,最后,空气污染可能导致心脏病,包括心脏病发作和中风。

    Air Pollution in Cities
    ::城市空气污染

    Certain respiratory conditions can be made worse in people who live closer to or in large cites. Some studies have shown that people in urban areas suffer lower levels of lung function and more chronic bronchitis and emphysema. If you live in a city, you have seen smog . It is a low-hanging, fog-like cloud that seems to never leave the city ( Figure ). Smog is caused by coal burning and by ozone produced by motor vehicle exhaust. Smog can cause eye irritation and respiratory problems.
    ::有些研究显示,城市居民的肺功能水平较低,慢性支气管炎和肺气肿也比较严重,如果住在城市,你就会看到烟雾,这是一种似乎永远不会离开城市的低悬浮、雾状云(图)。烟雾是由煤炭燃烧和机动车排气产生的臭氧造成的。烟雾会造成眼刺激和呼吸问题。

    Dense smog covering a city skyline, illustrating air pollution effects in urban areas.

    A layer of smog is typical for Cairo, Egypt.
    ::埃及开罗通常有一层烟雾。

    Protecting Yourself from Air Pollution
    ::保护自己免受空气污染

    After reading about the effects of air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, you may wonder how you can avoid it. As for outdoor air pollution , if you hear in the news that the outdoor air quality is particularly bad, then it might make sense to wear a mask outdoors or to stay indoors. Because you have more control over your indoor air quality than the outdoor air quality, there are some simple steps you can take indoors to make sure the air quality is less polluted. These include:
    ::在阅读了室内和户外空气污染的影响后,你可能会想知道如何避免。 至于户外空气污染,如果听到户外空气质量特别差的消息,那么在户外戴面罩或呆在室内可能合情合理。因为你比户外空气质量更能控制室内空气质量,所以可以采取一些简单的步骤,确保室内空气质量不受污染。这些步骤包括:

    1. Make sure that vents and chimneys are working properly, and never burn charcoal indoors.
      ::确保通风口和烟囱正常工作 永远不要在室内烧炭
    2. Place carbon monoxide detectors in the home.
      ::把一氧化碳探测器放在家里
    3. Keep your home as clean as possible from pet dander, dust, dust mites, and .
      ::保持你的家尽可能干净 远离宠物达德 尘埃 尘埃和墨水 还有...
    4. Make sure air conditioning systems are working properly.
      ::确保空调系统正常运转

    Are there any other ways you can think of to protect yourself from air pollution?
    ::还有其他方法可以保护自己免受空气污染吗?

    Science Friday : Pedaling Through Pollution
    ::星期五:通过污染钻探

    Peddling is often a popular activity, with some obvious dangers such as cars. However, air pollution is another danger that is often harder to measure. In this video by Science Friday , researchers Steven Chillrud and Darby Jack describe how their aims to measure the amount of air pollution exposure experienced by a cyclist.
    ::兜售往往是一种流行活动,有些明显的危险,如汽车。 然而,空气污染是另一个往往难以测量的危险。 在科学星期五的这段视频中,研究人员史蒂文·奇鲁德和达比·杰克描述了他们衡量骑自行车者空气污染暴露程度的目的。

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Air-pollution can directly cause deaths due to illnesses like asthma and emphysema or indirectly cause deaths by increasing your risk of cancer.
      ::空气污染可直接造成哮喘和肺气肿等疾病造成的死亡,或通过增加癌症风险间接造成死亡。
    • There are steps you can take to decrease your exposure to indoor air pollution, such as having carbon monoxide detectors in your home and keeping your home as clean as possible from pet dander, dust, dust mites, and mold.
      ::你可以采取一些步骤来减少室内空气污染,例如在家里安装一氧化碳检测器,并尽可能从宠物、尘土、尘石和模具中保持家居清洁。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    • State of the Air - Health Effects of Air Pollution at (5:24)
      ::空气状况 -- -- 空气污染对健康的影响(5:24)
    1. How has air quality improved in Southern California since the 1960s?
      ::自1960年代以来,南加州的空气质量是如何改善的?
    2. What health issues are associated with poor air quality?
      ::空气质量差与哪些健康问题相关?
    3. Is the air quality that people currently experience in Southern California healthy?
      ::南加州人民目前所经历的空气质量是否健康?
    4. What is believed to be the primary source of cancer caused from air pollution? Where does this substance come from?
      ::哪些被认为是空气污染引起的癌症的主要来源?这种物质来自何处?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are direct and indirect causes of air pollution related deaths?
      ::与空气污染有关的死亡的直接和间接原因是什么?
    2. What causes smog? What issues are associated with smog?
      ::烟雾是什么原因?什么问题与烟雾有关?
    3. How can you protect yourself from indoor air pollution? Give two methods.
      ::如何保护自己免受室内空气污染?