3.4植物繁殖和生命周期
章节大纲
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Lesson Objectives
::经验教训目标- Identify processes of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, including pollination, fertilization (seed production), seed dispersal, and germination.
::查明花卉植物中的性生殖过程,包括授粉、施肥(种子生产)、种子散布和发芽。
Lesson Vocabulary
::词汇表课程- reproduction
::生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖
- pollination
::授粉
- pollen
::花粉
- fertilization
::施肥
- seed dispersal
::种子散布
So what exactly is a flower?
::那么花究竟是什么? 花吗?This view is of a beautiful Lily flower. Notice the fine detail. Do you know why flowers look like they do? Why are flowers so colorful? Why do some smell so nice? What is the purpose of all the parts?
::这是一朵美丽的莉莉花。 注意这个精细的细节。 你知道为什么花看起来像花吗? 为什么花色如此多彩? 为什么有些味道这么香? 所有部分的目的是什么?Flowering Plants
::流动工厂Flowering plants evolved millions of years ago. They are unlike insects and animals. There are no boy or girl plants. Plants have both male and female parts. They still need help to reproduce.
::鲜花植物在数以百万计的年前就进化了,它们与昆虫和动物不同,没有男女植物,植物有男女两部分,它们需要帮助才能繁殖。Some plants form seeds. These are called flowering seed plants. The seeds form in a special part of the plant. This part is called the ovary. A plant's fruit may fall to the ground. Once on the ground, the fruit may get eaten by animals. How does getting eaten help spread seeds?
::有些植物形成种子, 这些植物被称为开花种子。 种子在植物中的特殊部分中形成。 这部分叫做卵巢。 植物的果实可能掉到地上。 一旦在地上, 果实会被动物吃掉。 被吃掉的果实如何帮助种子传播呢?Once eaten, the seeds of the fruit are passed through the animal's digestive tract. The animals will eliminate their waste. This waste contains the fruit's seeds. This is one way to spread seeds around. Animals do not stay in one place. Animals can help spread seeds over a large area. It's a great trade. The animal gets a tasty treat. The plant gets help reproducing. The ovaries are just one of the plant's parts.
::果实的种子一旦被吃掉, 就会通过动物的消化道传过。 动物将消灭它们的废弃物。 废弃物中含有水果的种子。 这是种种子散布于各地的一种方法。 动物不居住在一个地方。 动物可以帮助种子散布于大片地区。 这是一个伟大的交易。 动物可以得到美味的食品。 植物可以帮助繁殖。 卵巢只是植物的一部分。The moving of pollen is another way plants reproduce. The flower's job is to attract animals. They attract animals such as bees and birds. These animals do not spread seeds by elimination. Instead, they spread the plant's pollen. They move the pollen from the male to the female parts of the plant. They also move the pollen to other nearby plants. This process of moving pollen to other plants is very important. It helps to keep a diversity of plants.
::花粉的移动是另一种植物繁殖方式。花朵的工作是吸引动物,它们吸引蜜蜂和鸟类等动物,它们不会因消灭而播种。相反,它们传播了植物的花粉。它们把花粉从雄性的花粉移到雌性的植物。它们也把花粉移到附近的植物。把花粉移到其他植物是非常重要的。它有助于维持植物的多样性。Many animal are pollinators. A pollinator is any animal who carries pollen. They carry it from one plant to another.
::许多动物是授粉者。授粉者是任何携带花粉的动物。他们把花粉从一个植物带到另一个植物。A flower includes both male and female reproductive structures. Flowers and Pollinators
::花粉和花粉Some flowers may have bright colors. Others may have strong scents. Some may have sweet nectar. All these traits help to attract animals. Why is it important to attract animals? Animals carry pollen. Animals move around a lot. They can carry the pollen a long distance. These pollinators include insects, birds, mammals, and even reptiles. Animals visit a flower. They pick up pollen from one flower. The animals then travel to another flower.
::一些花朵可能有明亮的颜色。 另一些花朵可能有强烈的气味。 有些花朵可能有甜美的花蜜。 所有这些特征都有助于吸引动物。 为什么吸引动物很重要? 动物携带花粉? 动物经常移动, 它们可以携带花粉。 这些授粉者包括昆虫、鸟类、哺乳动物,甚至爬行动物。 动物们参观一朵花, 它们从一朵花中捡起花粉。 动物们然后去另一朵花。Brightly colored fruits attract animals that may disperse their seeds. It’s hard to miss the bright red apples on these trees. Some plants rely on seeds getting stuck in animal fur. Once stuck, the seeds are carried off to another location. Eventually, the seeds fall off.
::有些植物依靠种子被困在动物毛皮中。一旦被困,种子就会被运到另一个地方。最终,种子会掉下来。Hoping the wind will blow is also risky for a plant. What if the wind does not blow? What if the blowing pollen does not land on another flower? The wind could even blow the pollen over the ocean where it is wasted.
::希望风吹对植物也是危险的。如果风不吹呢?如果吹的花粉没有落在另一朵花上呢?风甚至会把花粉吹在浪费的海洋上。The hummingbird has a long narrow bill. The long narrow bill enables it to reach nectar at the bottom of the tube-shaped flowers. The bat is active at night. Bright white, night-blooming flowers attract it. Do all plants have flowers?
::所有的植物都有花吗?No, plants do not all have flowers. For example, the mosses and ferns (see Figure ) are both types of plants. However, they never produce flowers. They don't produce seeds, either. They do, however, make tiny spores to reproduce.
::不,植物并不都有花朵,例如,苔稼和幼苗(见图)都是两种植物。然而,它们从不生产花朵,也不生产种子。不过,它们的确制造小颗粒来繁殖。Some plants do not depend on the birds and the bees. They don't even produce seeds. Instead they produce spores. Examples of plants that have spores are ferns and mosses.
::有些植物不依赖鸟类和蜜蜂,它们甚至不生产种子,而是生产种子。有些植物中含有种子的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的,有植物的。The plant below is called the kangaroo fern. Maybe a better name would be a cheetah fern! Did you notice all the little spots? All those spots are spores. So what's a spore? Each spore can grow into a new individual plant.
::下面的植物叫做袋鼠粪。也许一个更好的名称是野豹粪便。你注意到所有小斑点了吗?所有小斑点都是螺旋。那么,什么是花言巧语?每一棵树都可以长成一个新的单个植物。Life Cycle of Plants
::植物的生命周期New plants come from seeds and spores. These seeds are carried by wind, water, or even animals! The seed germinates, or sprouts, and begins to grow into a new plant. It uses minerals from the soil, sunlight, and water to make its own food. As the plant grows, it begins to look like a small copy of the adult plant. Over time, it gets larger. It eventually becomes an adult plant. It will produce seeds or spores, which will someday be the start of a new plant.
::新植物来自种子和种子,这些种子是由风、水、甚至动物携带的。种子生长,或发芽,开始生长到新的植物中。它用土壤、阳光和水的矿物制造自己的食物。随着植物生长,它开始看起来像成人植物的少量复制品。随着时间的流逝,它会变大。它最终会变成成人植物。它会生产种子或种子,将来会成为新植物的开端。Lesson Summary
::经验教训摘要- Flowers attract pollinators and fruits are eaten by animals. Both traits aid the dispersal of seeds.
::鲜花吸引授粉者,水果被动物吃掉,这两种特性都有助于种子的散布。
Lesson Review Questions
::经验回顾问题- State how fruits help flowering plants reproduce.
::水果如何帮助开花植物繁殖。
- Explain how flowering plants and animals co-exist.
::解释开花植物和动物如何共存。
- Identify processes of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, including pollination, fertilization (seed production), seed dispersal, and germination.
