6.4 碳氢化合物
Section outline
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Look at all of the pictures above. Each one shows an item that you might have used or seen used by someone else. All of the items have something in common. Can you guess what it is? They all involve carbon compounds known as hydrocarbons.
::看看上面所有的图片。 每个都显示您可能曾经使用过或看到过被别人使用过的东西。 所有这些项目都有共同点。 你能猜到它是什么吗? 它们都包含碳化合物,叫做碳氢化合物。What Are Hydrocarbons?
::什么是碳氢化合物?Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are the simplest type of carbon-based compounds, but they can vary greatly in size. The smallest hydrocarbons have just one or two carbon atoms. The largest hydrocarbons may have thousands of carbon atoms.
::碳氢化合物是仅含有碳和氢的化合物,碳氢化合物是最简单的碳基化合物类型,但体积差别很大,最小的碳氢化合物只有一两个碳原子,最大的碳氢化合物可能有数千碳原子。Q: How are hydrocarbons involved in each of the photos pictured above?
::问题:上述照片中每一张照片是如何涉及碳氢化合物的?A: The main ingredient of mothballs is the hydrocarbon naphthalene. The main ingredient in nail polish remover is the ketone acetone. The lawn mower runs on a of hydrocarbons called gasoline, and the camp stove burns a hydrocarbon fuel named isobutane.
::甲:蛾球的主要成分是氯化萘碳氢化合物,指甲油去除器的主要成分是甲酮丙酮,割草机用一种碳氢化合物“汽油”,而营地炉灶燃烧了一种碳氢化合物燃料“异丁烷”。Properties of Hydrocarbons
::碳氢化合物属性The size of hydrocarbon molecules influences their properties, including their and points. As a result, some hydrocarbons are at room , while others are or solids. Hydrocarbons are generally nonpolar , which means that their molecules do not have oppositely charged sides. Therefore, they do not dissolve in water, which is a polar . In fact, hydrocarbons tend to repel water. That’s why they are used in floor wax and similar products.
::碳氢分子的大小影响着其特性,包括其特性和点。 结果,一些碳氢化合物在室中,而另一些碳氢化合物在室中,另一些则在固体中。 碳氢化合物通常是非极化的,这意味着它们的分子没有反向充电面。 因此,它们不会在水中溶解,而水是极的。 事实上,碳氢化合物倾向于排水。 这就是为什么它们被用于地板蜡和类似产品。Classes of Hydrocarbons
::碳氢化合物类别Hydrocarbons are placed in two different classes: saturated hydrocarbons and . This classification is based on the number of bonds between carbon atoms.
::碳氢化合物分为两类:饱和碳氢化合物和碳氢化合物。 这一分类基于碳原子之间的债券数量。-
Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between carbon atoms, so the carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, they are saturated with hydrogen atoms.
::饱和碳氢化合物在碳原子之间只有单一的联结,因此碳原子与尽可能多的氢原子相连。换句话说,碳原子与氢原子相饱和。 -
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms, so the carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, they are unsaturated with hydrogen atoms.
::不饱和碳氢化合物在碳原子之间至少有一个双倍或三倍的联结,因此碳原子没有与尽可能多的氢原子联结起来。换句话说,它们与氢原子不饱和。
Uses of Hydrocarbons
::碳氢化合物的使用It is hard to overstate the importance of hydrocarbons to modern life. Hydrocarbons have even been called the “driving force of western civilization.” You saw some ways they are used in the opening image. Several other ways are pictured in the Figure . The most important use of hydrocarbons is for fuel. Gasoline, natural gas, fuel oil, diesel fuel, jet fuel, coal, kerosene, and propane are just some of the commonly used hydrocarbon fuels. Hydrocarbons are also used to make things, including plastics and synthetic fabrics such as polyester.
::碳氢化合物对现代生活的重要性很难夸大。 碳氢化合物甚至被称为“西方文明的驱动力 ” 。 你看到了在开映图像中使用碳氢化合物的一些方式。图中还描述了其他几种方式。碳氢化合物的最重要用途是燃料。汽油、天然气、燃料、柴油、喷气燃料、煤炭、煤油、煤油和丙烷只是一些常用碳氢化合物燃料。碳氢化合物还被用来制造各种物质,包括塑料和合成纤维,如聚酯。Motor oil: Motor oil consists of several hydrocarbons. It lubricates the moving parts of car engines. Asphalt: Asphalt pavement on highways is made of hydrocarbons found in petroleum. Candle: Many candles are made of paraffin wax, a solid mixture of hydrocarbons. Lighter: This lighter burns the hydrocarbon named butane. Rain Boots: These rain boots are made of a mixture of several hydrocarbons. Transportation: These forms of transportation are fueled by different mixtures of hydrocarbons.
::机动油:机动油由几种碳氢化合物组成,它润滑汽车发动机的移动部分。Aspalt:高速公路上的斜面路由石油中发现的碳氢化合物组成。蜡烛:许多蜡烛是石蜡制成的,碳氢化合物的固体混合物。灯光:这种较轻的蜡烛燃烧了称为丁烷的碳氢化合物。雨靴:这些雨靴是几种碳氢化合物的混合物制成的。运输:这些运输形式是由不同的碳氢化合物混合物燃料的。Sources of Hydrocarbons
::碳氢化合物来源The main source of hydrocarbons is fossil fuels—coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Fossil fuels formed over hundreds of millions of years, as dead organisms were covered with sediments and put under great pressure . Giant ferns in ancient swamps turned into coal deposits. The Figure shows one way that coal deposits are mined. Dead organisms in ancient seas gradually formed deposits of petroleum and natural gas.
::碳氢化合物的主要来源是化石燃料——煤炭、石油和天然气,化石燃料形成于数亿年之久,因为死生物体被沉积物覆盖并承受巨大压力,古老沼泽中的巨生化石变成了煤矿,该图显示煤矿开采的一个方式,古代海洋中的死生物逐渐形成石油和天然气矿床。Open-Pit Mine
::开放矿矿Summary
::摘要-
Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are the simplest type of carbon-based compounds.
::碳氢化合物是仅含有碳和氢的化合物,碳氢化合物是最简单的碳基化合物类型。 -
Hydrocarbons vary greatly in size, which influences properties such as melting and boiling points. At room temperature, hydrocarbons may be gases, liquids, or solids. They are generally nonpolar and do not dissolve in water.
::碳氢化合物在体积上差异很大,会影响熔点和沸点等特性,在室温下,碳氢化合物可以是气体、液体或固体,一般是非极化的,不溶于水中。 -
Hydrocarbons are placed in two basic classes—saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons—based on the number of bonds between their carbon atoms.
::碳氢化合物根据其碳原子之间的债券数量分为两个基本类别——饱和和不饱和碳氢化合物和不饱和碳氢化合物。 -
Hydrocarbons have a wide variety of important uses, but their most important use is as fuels.
::碳氢化合物有各种各样的重要用途,但其最重要的用途是作为燃料。 -
The main source of hydrocarbons is fossil fuels—coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
::碳氢化合物的主要来源是化石燃料——煤炭、石油和天然气。
Review
::回顾-
What is a hydrocarbon?
::什么是碳氢化合物? -
Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
::比较和对比饱和和不饱和碳氢化合物。 -
List some uses of hydrocarbons.
::列出碳氢化合物的一些用途。 -
Where do hydrocarbons come from?
::碳氢化合物从何而来?
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Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between carbon atoms, so the carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, they are saturated with hydrogen atoms.
