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  • 溶解和溶解剂

    Giant bronze Buddha statue in a lush green setting, exemplifying Japanese national treasure.

    This giant Buddha statue, which is a national treasure in Japan, is made of bronze. Bronze consists mainly of copper but also contains some tin. Bronze is an example of a solution. A solution is a type of that has the same composition throughout.  
    ::这个巨大的佛像是日本的国宝,是由铜制成的,铜主要由铜制成,但也含有一些锡。 铜是解决问题的一个例子。 一种解决办法是同一种办法,其组成是相同的。

    How a Solution Forms
    ::如何解答表格

    A solution forms when one substance is dissolved by another. The substance that dissolves is called the solute . The substance that dissolves it is called the solvent . The solute is present in a lesser amount that the solvent. When the solute dissolves, it separates into individual particles, which spread throughout the solvent.
    ::当一种物质被另一种物质溶解时,溶液形式即为溶液。溶解的物质称为溶液。溶解的物质称为溶剂。溶液的含量小于溶剂。溶液溶解时,溶液分为个别颗粒,在溶剂中扩散。

    Q: In bronze, what are the solute and solvent?
    ::问题:青铜中溶液和溶剂是什么?

    A: Because bronze consists mainly of copper, copper is the solvent and tin is the solute. The two are combined in a hot, molten state, but they form a solution at room .
    ::甲:铜主要由铜组成,铜是溶剂,锡是溶液。两种铜以热熔化状态结合,但在室内形成溶液。

    What’s Your State?
    ::你们的国家是什么?

    In the example of bronze, a solid (tin) is dissolved in another solid (copper). However, matter in any state can be the solute or solvent in a solution. For example, in a saltwater solution, a solid (salt) is dissolved in a (water). The Table describes examples of solutions consisting of solutes and solvents in various . 
    ::以铜为例,固体(锡)在另一种固体(铜)中溶解,然而,在任何一个国家,物质可以是溶液或溶剂,例如,在盐水溶液中,固体(盐)在(水)中溶解。

    Type of Solution: Example Solute Solvent
    dissolved in gas : dry air oxygen nitrogen
    Gas dissolved in liquid : carbonated water carbon dioxide water
    Liquid dissolved in gas : moist air water air
    Liquid dissolved in liquid : vinegar acetic water
    Solid dissolved in liquid : sweet tea sugar tea

    Water as a Solvent
    ::作为溶液的水

    Salt isn’t the only solute that dissolves in water. In fact, so many things dissolve in water that water is sometimes called the universal solvent. Water is such a good solvent because it is a very polar . A polar compound has positively and negatively charged ends. Solutes that are also charged are attracted to the oppositely charged ends of water molecules. This allows the water molecules to pull the solute particles apart.
    ::盐不是水中溶解的唯一溶液。 事实上,很多东西溶解在水中,水有时被称为通用溶剂。 水是这样一个好的溶剂,因为它非常极。 极地化合物有正负电荷端。 也充电的溶液被水分子反向充电端吸引。 这使得水分子能够将溶液粒子分离出来。

    On the other hand, there are some substances that don’t dissolve in water. Did you ever try to clean a paintbrush with water after painting with an oil-based paint? It doesn’t work. Oil-based paint is nonpolar , so its particles aren’t charged. As a result, oil-based paint doesn’t dissolve in water. (You can see how to dissolve oil-based paint in the Figure .)  
    ::另一方面,有些物质不会在水中溶解。 你有没有试过用油基涂料用油基涂料用水清洗油漆刷子? 它行不通。 油基涂料是非极化的,因此其颗粒没有充电。 结果,油基涂料不会在水中溶解。 (你可以看到图中如何溶解油基涂料。 )

    Container labeled paint thinner, used for dissolving oil-based paints.

    To dissolve a nonpolar solute such as oil-based paint, a nonpolar solvent such as paint thinner must be used.
    ::要溶解油基涂料等非极溶液,必须使用油漆稀释剂等非极溶剂。

    Like Dissolves Like
    ::就像溶解的溶解者一样

    These examples illustrate a general rule about solutes and solvents: like dissolves like. In other words, polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes. You can see below a student’s video demonstrating solutes that do and solutes that don’t dissolve in water .
    ::这些例子说明了溶液和溶剂的一般规则:就像溶解一样。 换句话说,极地溶剂溶解极地溶解溶液,而非极地溶剂溶解非极地溶解剂溶解非极地溶解物溶解非极地溶解剂。 您可以在学生的视频下面看到那些在水中确实溶解的溶液和不溶解的溶液。

    Ionic and Covalent Solutes
    ::电离和共价溶土

    All solutes separate into individual particles when they dissolve, but the particles are different for ionic and covalent compounds. Ionic solutes separate into individual . Covalent solutes separate into individual molecules.
    ::溶解时所有溶液都分离成个别的粒子,但对于离子和共价化合物而言,这些微粒是不同的。离子溶液分离成个别的。共价溶液分离成个别的分子。

    Salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), is an . When it dissolves in water, it separates into positive sodium ions (Na + ) and negative chloride ions (Cl - ). You can see how this happens in the Figure . The negative oxygen ends of water molecules attract the positive sodium ions, and the positive hydrogen ends of water molecules attract the negative chloride ions. These forces of attraction pull the ions apart. 
    ::盐, 或氯化钠 (NaCl) 是 。 当它溶解于水中时, 它会分离成正离子( Na+) 和负氯化离子( Cl-) 。 您可以在图中看到这种情况。 水分子的负氧端会吸引正离子, 水分子的正氢端会吸引负氯化离子。 这些吸引力会拉开离子 。

    Comparison of ionic and covalent solutes dissolving in water, showing separation of ions and molecules.

    The sugar glucose is a covalent compound . When sugar dissolves in water, it forms individual glucose molecules (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). You can see how this happens in the Figure . Sugar is polar like water, so sugar molecules also have positive and negative ends. Forces of attraction between oppositely charged ends of water and sugar molecules pull individual sugar molecules away from the sugar crystal . Little by little, the sugar molecules are separated from the crystal and surrounded by water. 
    ::甘蔗糖是一种共价化合物。当糖溶于水中时,它会形成个别的葡萄糖分子(C6H12O6)。您可以看到图中是如何发生的。糖与水一样极,因此糖分子也有正负两端。在水和糖分子相互充电的两端之间的吸引力量将个别的糖分子从糖晶中分离出来。糖分子与晶体分离,并被水环绕。

    Representation of ionic and covalent solutes surrounded by water molecules in a solution.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • A solution forms when one substance dissolves in another. The substance that dissolves is called the solute. The substance that dissolves it is called the solvent.
      ::当一种物质在另一种物质中溶解时的溶液形式。溶解的物质称为溶液。溶解的物质称为溶液。溶解的物质称为溶剂。
    • Solutes and solvents may be any state of matter.
      ::索尔和溶剂可能是任何一种物质状态。
    • Many solutes dissolve in water because water is a very polar compound.
      ::许多溶液溶于水中,因为水是一种极地化合物。
    • A general rule: like dissolves like. For example, polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.
      ::一般规则:就像溶解物一样。例如,极地溶剂溶解了极地溶液,非极地溶剂溶解了非极地溶解剂。
    • Ionic solutes separate into individual ions when they dissolve. Covalent solutes separate into individual molecules.
      ::共价溶液在溶解时分离成个别离子。共价溶液分离成个别分子。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Compare and contrast the solute and solvent of a solution.
      ::比较和对比溶液和溶剂的溶液。
    2. Describe an example of a gaseous solute dissolved in a liquid solvent.
      ::描述液溶剂溶解气体溶液的例子。
    3. Explain the expression “like dissolves like,” and give an example.
      ::解释“像溶解一样”的表达方式,并举一个例子。
    4. Outline how sodium chloride dissolves in water.
      ::氯化钠如何溶解于水中的提纲。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Watch the video about solutes and solvents and then answer the questions below. 
    ::观看关于溶液和溶剂的视频,然后回答下面的问题。

    1. The majority component of a solution is the __________.
      ::解决办法的多数组成部分是________________________。
    2. The minority component of a solution is the __________.
      ::解决办法的少数部分是____________________。
    3. Decide whether the following statement is true or false, and then explain why: There is no such thing as a universal solvent.
      ::决定以下声明是真实的还是虚假的,然后解释原因:
    4. An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is __________.
      ::水溶解是一种溶剂为...的溶液。
    5. A solution in which there is a lot of solute relative to the solvent is __________.
      ::溶剂溶液与溶剂相比溶液很多的溶液,其溶液是。
    6. A solution in which there is little solute relative to the solvent is __________.
      ::溶剂与溶剂相比溶液很少溶液的溶液是 。
    7. How is the concentration of solute in a solution measured?
      ::如何衡量溶液在溶液中的浓度?