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  • 动物习得行为

    Lesson Objectives
    ::经验教训目标

    • Describe how some animal behaviors may be shaped by heredity, while others are learned behaviors.
      ::描述一些动物行为是如何被遗传塑造的,而另一些则是学习的行为。

    Lesson Vocabulary
    ::词汇表课程

    • heredity
      ::遗传
    • inherited trait
      ::继承的特性
    • instinct
      ::直觉
    • learned behavior
      ::学习行为

    lesson content

     

    Do you play a sport?
    ::你玩运动吗?

    Maybe you play soccer? If so, you realize it takes a lot of work. There are lots of things to learn. There are many rules. There are also a lot of skills to practice. You were not born with this knowledge. You needed to learn how to play this sport. Learning to play any sport is an example of a learned behavior.
    ::也许你在踢足球?如果是这样的话,你就会意识到它需要很多工作。有很多东西需要学习。有很多规则。还有很多技能需要练习。你不是天生就有这种知识的。你需要学会如何玩这个运动。学习运动是学习行为的一个例子。

    Learned Behavior
    ::学习行为

    Almost all the things we do in our lives we have learned how to do.  Learned behavior  is something animals do only after having done it or having practiced it. For an animal, learning something may be better than having a natural ability. A learned behavior is flexible. This means that if the rules change you can quickly adapt. If you were an animal in the wild, you could learn how to find food in different areas.  
    ::几乎所有我们在生活中做的事情,我们都学会了如何去做。 学习行为是动物在完成或实践之后才会做的事情。 对于动物来说,学习的东西可能比自然能力要好。 学习的行为是灵活的。 这意味着如果规则改变,你可以迅速适应。 如果你是野生动物,你可以学习如何在不同地区找到食物。

    Here is one example of a learned behavior. It also demonstrates why learned behaviors may be better than innate ability. Innate ability is a trait you are born with. You may walk each day from your house to school and back. On your first day of school, did you know how to get there? Of course not, it was learned. Now assume your family has moved. You may be a couple of streets over and a little further away. You now have to take a different route to school.
    ::这是学习行为的例子之一。 它也说明了为什么学习行为可能比天生能力更好。 天生能力是天生的特征。 您可以每天从家里走到学校或回校。 在第一天上学时, 您知道怎么去学校吗? 当然, 它已经学会了。 现在假设你的家人已经搬家了。 您可能已经是几条街了, 离学校还有几条路了。 您现在必须选择不同的上学路线 。

    What if following the old route was an innate behavior? You would not be able to adapt. You would not be able to find your way from the new house. Fortunately, this behavior is a learned behavior. You can learn the new route just as you learned the old one. 
    ::如果遵循旧路线是天生的行为呢? 您将无法适应。 您将无法从新房子找到出路。 幸运的是, 此行为是一种学习行为。 您可以学习新路线, 正如您学习旧路线一样 。

    Although most animals can learn, animals with greater intelligence are better at learning. Humans are the most intelligent animals. They depend on learned behaviors more than any other species. Other highly intelligent species include apes. Our closest relatives in the animal kingdom are apes, such as chimpanzees and gorillas, which are also very good at learning new things.
    ::尽管大多数动物可以学习,但智力较强的动物在学习方面会更好。人类是最聪明的动物。人类比任何其他物种更依赖学习行为。其他高度聪明的物种包括猿类。我们在动物王国的最亲近的亲戚是猩猩,如黑猩猩和大猩猩,它们也非常擅长学习新事物。

    You may have heard of a gorilla named Koko. The psychologist, Dr. Francine Patterson, raised Koko. Dr. Patterson wanted to find out if gorillas could learn human language. Starting when Koko was just one year old, Dr. Patterson taught her to use sign language. This is not so different than when you learned how to read and write words. Dr. Patterson taught Koko to use sign language. Koko learned more than 1,000 signs. Koko showed how much gorillas can learn.
    ::你可能听说过一个叫Koko的大猩猩。心理学家Francine Patterson博士抚养了Koko。 Patterson博士想知道大猩猩是否可以学习人类语言。从Koko刚满一岁开始, Patterson博士就教她使用手语。这与你学会如何读写语言没有多大不同。 Patterson博士教Koko使用手语。Koko学了1000多个符号。Koko展示了大猩猩能够学习多少手语。

    Think about some of the things you have learned. They might include riding a bicycle. Perhaps you are great at computers or playing a sport. Maybe you are a terrific musician. You probably did not learn all of these behaviors in the same way. Perhaps you learned some behaviors on your own, just by practicing. Other behaviors you may have learned from other people. Humans and other animals can learn behaviors in several different ways. 
    ::想想你学到的一些东西。 它们可能包括骑自行车。 也许你在电脑或运动中很出色。 也许你是一个很棒的音乐家。 也许你不是以同样的方式学习所有这些行为。 也许你自己学会了一些行为,只是通过练习。其他行为你可能已经从其他人那里学到了。人类和其他动物可以以不同的方式学习行为。

    Forming Habits (Advanced Topic)
    ::形式住房(高级专题)

    Forming a   habit , or  habituation ,   is simply getting used to something. If you do something enough it becomes a habit. You no longer have to think about it. Think about how you learn to play an instrument. You may learn to play notes. You then learn to read music. With repetition, you no longer have to think about hitting the right keys. You see the note and your fingers respond. It is all about getting used to something. Forming a habit is is one of the simplest ways of learning. It occurs in just about every species of animal.
    ::形成一种习惯,或习惯,只是习惯某事。如果你做了足够多的事情,它就成了一种习惯。你不必再去想它了。想一想如何学会玩乐器。你可以学会弹奏乐曲。然后学会听音乐。如果重复,你不必再去想打对键子。你看音符和手指的反应。这都是为了习惯某事。形成习惯是最简单的学习方式之一。它发生在动物的每一个种类中。

    Another example of forming a habit is shown in  Figure   . Crows, and most other birds, are usually afraid of people. They avoid coming close to people. Have you noticed how they fly away when people come near them? Farmers have used this instinct to keep birds way from their crops. The scarecrow below looks like a person. It keeps birds from eating the crops. However, the birds in this photo have gotten used to the scarecrow. They have learned that the scarecrow poses no danger. They are no longer afraid to come close. 
    ::形成一种习惯的另一个例子在图中显示。 乌鸦和其他鸟类通常害怕人。 它们避免接近人。 你是否注意到当人们接近人时它们是如何飞走的? 农民们用这种本能来阻止鸟食用他们的庄稼。 下面的稻草人看起来像一个人。 它防止鸟食用庄稼。 然而, 照片中的鸟类习惯了稻草人。 他们知道稻草人不会带来危险, 他们不再害怕接近人。

    A crow that has habituated to a scarecrow

     

    This scarecrow is no longer scary to this crow. The crow has become used to its being in this spot and learned that it is not dangerous. This is an example of habituation.
    ::这只稻草人对于这只乌鸦已经不再可怕了。 乌鸦已经习惯了它在这个地方的存在,并了解到它并不危险。 这是一个习惯的例子。

    Can you see why habituation is useful? It lets animals ignore things that will not harm them. Without forming habits, animals might waste time trying to escape from things that are not a threat when they could be doing more important things, such as gathering food.
    ::你明白为什么习惯化有用吗?它让动物忽略不会伤害他们的东西。 不形成习惯,动物可能会浪费时间,试图逃避那些在他们可能做更重要的事情(如收集食物)时并非威胁的东西。

    Learning by Observing (Advanced Topic)
    ::通过观察学习(高级专题)

    You can learn a lot by making observations. Perhaps you watch someone else do a task. Human children learn many behaviors this way. When you were a young child, you may have watched people turn a door knob. By watching, you soon learned to open doors yourself. More recently, you may have watched people dance on TV.  Through watching, you may have learned to dance. Most likely, you have learned how to do math problems by watching and listening. You watch your teacher explain how to solve a type of problem on the board. You learn to apply this math rule. Soon you are able to solve math problems using this learned method. Can you think of other behaviors you have learned by watching and copying other people?
    ::通过观察,你可以学到很多东西。也许你可以看别人做一个任务。人类儿童可以这样学习许多行为。当你还是一个幼儿时,你可能已经看到人们打开一个门把手。通过观察,你很快就学会了自己打开门。最近,你可能看到人们在电视上跳舞。最近,你也许已经看到人们在电视上跳舞。通过观察,你也许已经学会了跳舞。你很可能已经学会了如何通过观察和听来做数学问题。你看着你的老师解释如何解决板上的问题类型。你学会了应用数学规则。你很快就能用这种学习的方法解决数学问题。你能想到通过观察和模仿其他人而学到的其他行为吗?

    Other animals also learn by observing. For example, young wolves learn to be better hunters by watching older wolves. They copy their skills, just like you copy your teacher's methods. Another example of learning by observing is how some monkeys have learned to wash their food. They learned this behavior by watching other monkeys.
    ::其他动物也通过观察学习。例如,年轻的狼通过观察老狼学习成为更好的猎人。它们模仿自己的技能,就像你模仿老师的方法一样。另一个通过观察学习的例子就是一些猴子如何学会洗食物。他们通过观察其他猴子学会了这种行为。

    Conditioning (Advanced Topic)
    ::有条件(高级专题)

    Conditioning  is another way animals learn. This method uses either a reward or punishment. Did you ever train a dog to fetch? You might have given the dog a treat for bringing the ball back. This treat was a reward. For humans, this reward may be in the form of praise. If you did, you were using conditioning. Another example of conditioning is shown in the video below. The rats have been taught to “play basketball” by being rewarded with food pellets. What do you think would happen if the rats were no longer rewarded for this behavior?
    ::禁食是另一种动物的学习方法。这个方法不是用报酬,就是用惩罚。你曾训练一只狗去取球吗?你确已把球带回去了。这个办法或许是报酬。对于人,这个奖励可以是赞美。如果你这样做,你就会使用调制。下面的录像将展示另一个调制的例子。老鼠被教给“打篮球”用食物颗粒来奖励。如果老鼠不再因这种行为而得到奖励,你觉得会发生什么呢?

    Conditioning also occurs in wild animals. For example, bees learn to find nectar in certain types of flowers. Their reward comes each time they find a flower with nectar. By doing this, they learn which flowers contain nectar. 
    ::野生动物也有条件性的问题。例如,蜜蜂学会在某些种类的花朵中找到花蜜。每次他们找到花蜜时,都会得到奖励。通过这样做,他们学会了哪些花花含有花蜜。

    Humans learn behaviors through conditioning as well. Young children learn to put away their toys. As a reward for this task, they may be read a bedtime story. An older child might learn to study for tests in school. Their reward comes in the form of grades. Can you think of behaviors you have learned by being rewarded for them?
    ::人类也通过调节学习行为。 幼儿学会放下玩具。 作为对这项工作的奖励,他们可以读一个睡前故事。 年长的孩子可以学习在学校进行测试。 他们的奖赏以成绩的形式出现。 你能想到通过奖励他们而学到的行为吗?

    Conditioning does not always involve a reward. It can involve a punishment. A toddler might be punished for misbehaving. Perhaps he gets punished each time he grabs a toy from his baby brother. Perhaps the punishment comes in the form of a time-out. After several time-outs, he may learn to stop taking his brother’s toys.
    ::附加条件并不总是涉及报酬,它可能涉及惩罚。 幼儿可能会因为行为不当而受到惩罚。 也许每次他从小弟弟那里抢到玩具时都会受到惩罚。 也许惩罚的形式是暂停。 在几次暂停后,他可能会学会停止拿走弟弟的玩具。

    A dog might be scolded each time she jumps up on the sofa. After repeated scolding, she may learn to stay off the sofa. A bird might become ill after eating a poisonous insect. The bird may learn from this “punishment” to avoid eating the same kind of insect in the future.
    ::一只狗每次跳上沙发都可能被骂。 在多次骂之后,她可能学会远离沙发。 一只鸟在吃有毒昆虫后可能会生病。 鸟可以从这种“惩罚”中吸取教训,以避免今后再吃同样的昆虫。

    Learning by Playing (Advanced Topic)
    ::边玩边学(高级专题)

    Most young mammals, including humans, like to play. Play is one way they learn the skills that they will need as adults. Think about how kittens play. They pounce on toys and chase each other. This helps them learn how to be better predators. Big cats also play. The lion cubs pictured below are playing. At the same time, they are also practicing their hunting skills ( Figure   ). The dogs are playing tug-of-war with a toy ( Figure   ). What do you think they are learning by playing together this way?
    ::大多数年轻的哺乳动物,包括人类,喜欢玩耍。玩耍是他们学习成人需要的技能的一种方式。想一想小猫如何玩耍。他们跳到玩具上,互相追逐。这有助于他们学会如何成为更好的掠食者。大猫也玩耍。下面的狮子幼崽也在玩耍。与此同时,他们也在练习狩猎技能(图 ) 。狗们用玩具玩拖网战(图 ) 。你们认为他们这样一起玩会学到什么?

    Lion cubs and dogs playing

     

    Left: These two lion cubs are playing. They are not only having fun, but they are also learning how to be better hunters. Right: These dogs are really playing. This play fighting can help them learn how to be better predators.
    ::左: 这两个狮子幼崽正在玩耍。 它们不仅玩得很开心, 而且还在学习如何成为更好的猎人。 右: 这些狗真的在玩耍。 这种游戏可以帮助他们学会如何成为更好的掠食者。

    Human children learn by playing as well. For example, playing games and sports can help them learn to follow rules. They also learn to work together. The young child pictured below is playing in the sand ( Figure   ). She is learning about the world through play. What do you think she might be learning?
    ::人类儿童也通过游戏学习。例如,游戏和体育可以帮助他们学习遵守规则。他们还学会合作。下面描绘的幼儿正在沙滩上玩耍(图)。她正在通过玩耍学习世界。你认为她可能学到什么?

    Child playing in a sandbox

     

    Playing in a sandbox is fun for young children. It can also help them learn about the world.
    ::在沙箱里玩对幼童来说是件有趣的事,

    Lesson Summary
    ::经验教训摘要

    • Learned behavior is behavior that occurs only after experience or practice.
      ::学习行为是只有在经验或实践之后才会发生的行为。
    • Methods of learning include habituation, learning by observing, conditioning, and play.
      ::学习方法包括习惯、通过观察、调节和游戏进行学习。

    Lesson Review Questions
    ::经验回顾问题

    1. What is observational learning? Give an example.
      ::什么是观察学习?举个例子。
    1. What is conditioning?
      ::什么是调节?
    1. Why are some crows not afraid of scarecrows?
      ::为什么有些乌鸦不怕稻草人?