3.7骨骼系统
Section outline
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Lesson Objectives
::经验教训目标- Identify components of the skeletal system.
::识别骨骼系统的部件。
- List functions of the skeletal system.
::骨骼系统列表功能 。
- Describe the structure of bone, and explain how bones grow and develop.
::描述骨头的结构 解释骨头的生长和发育
- Describe different types of joints, and explain how they function.
::描述不同类型的关节,并解释它们是如何运作的。
Lesson Vocabulary
::词汇表课程- bone fracture
::骨骨骨骨折
- bone marrow
::骨髓
- compact bone
::紧紧骨
- joint
::联合联合
- ligament
::顶部
- skeletal system
::骨骼系统
- spongy bone
::海绵骨头
Introduction
::导言Are bones alive? From seeing a skeleton, you might think that bones are just dead, hollow structures. But in a living person, those hollow spaces are full of living cells. Bones also have blood supply and nerves. Both are living organs. Bones are a living tissue.
::骨骼是活的吗?从看到骨骼,你可能会认为骨骼只是死,空洞的结构。但在活人中,这些空洞空间充满了活细胞。骨骼也有血液供应和神经。两者都是活器官。骨骼是活组织。Can you imagine not having bones? What would you look like? You would be a soft, wobbly pile of skin, muscles, and internal organs. You might look like a lump of clay! Clearly, bones are needed to support and shape the body. They have several other important roles as well.
::你能想象没有骨头吗?你长什么样?你会变成一个软软的、摇摆的皮肤、肌肉和内脏的堆积体。你可能看起来像一块粘土。很明显,骨骼是支撑和塑造身体所需要的。他们还有其他几个重要角色。Components of the Skeletal System
::骨骼系统组成部分Bones are the main organs of the skeletal system. In adults, the skeleton consists of a whopping 206 bones. Many of those bones are in your hands and feet. You can see many of the bones of the human skeleton in Figure .
::骨骼是骨骼系统的主要器官。在成人中,骨骼由206个重骨组成。许多骨骼在你的手和脚中。你可以看到图中的人体骨骼。Have you thought about how your bones are connected together? There are actually two ways that bones are connected. The skeletal system includes cartilage and ligaments.
::你是否想过你的骨骼是如何连接在一起的?实际上,骨骼有两种连接方式。骨骼系统包括软骨和颈部。- Cartilage is tough and flexible. It covers the ends of bones where they meet. The gray sections in Figure represent cartilage.
::雕刻是坚硬和灵活的。 它覆盖骨骼的尽头。 图中的灰色部分代表软体。
- A ligament is like a stretchy band. Ligaments connect your bones together. You can think of ligaments like rubber bands. Rubber bands are used to hold things together. Just like rubber bands, ligaments allow bones to move a bit.
::项链就像一个伸展带。 项链把骨头连接在一起。 您可以想象成像橡胶带那样的项链。 橡胶带用来把东西固定在一起。 就像橡皮带一样, 项圈可以让骨头移动一点。
The human skeleton includes bones and cartilage.
::人体骨骼包括骨骼和软骨。Functions of the Skeletal System
::骨骼系统功能Your skeletal system gives shape and form to your body, but it also plays other important roles. The main functions of the skeletal system include:
::你的骨骼系统给身体带来形状和形状,但它也发挥其他重要作用。- Support—the skeleton supports the body against the pull of gravity. This means you won't fall over when you stand up. The bones in your lower body carry all your weight. They are larger than the bones in your upper body. The lower limb bones support your body when standing.
::支持 - 骨骼支撑身体不受引力的拉动。 这意味着当你站起来时你不会倒下。 你下身的骨骼包含你的全部重量。 它们大于你上身的骨骼。 下肢骨支持你立立立时的身体。
- Protection—the skeleton supports and protects your soft organs. For example, the skull protects the brain. Ribs in your chest help protect the and lungs.
::例如,头骨保护大脑,胸腔的肋骨有助于保护肺部和肺部。
- Movement—bones work together with muscles to move the body.
::运动骨与肌肉一起工作,以移动身体。
- Making —blood cells are mostly made inside certain types of bones.
::造血细胞大多存在于某类骨头中。
- Storage—bones store calcium. They contain more calcium than any other organ. Calcium is released by the bones when it is needed.
::贮存-储存钙,其含钙量比任何其他器官都多,在需要时,骨头会释放钙。
Bones
::骨头Some people think bones are like chalk: dead, dry, and brittle. In reality, bones are very much alive. Bones are living organs. They are supplied with blood and nerves just like other parts of your body.
::有些人认为骨头像粉笔:死亡,干燥,易碎。在现实中,骨头是活生生的。骨骼是活的器官。它们与你身体的其他部分一样,充斥着血液和神经。How Bones Grow and Develop
::Bones 如何成长和开发An unborn developing baby's skeleton is made entirely of cartilage. The relatively soft cartilage slowly changes to hard bone. By the time a baby is born, only several areas of cartilage remain. These areas include the ends of the long bones in the arms and legs. This allows these bones to keep growing in length during childhood.
::未出生的婴儿的骨骼完全由软骨骼组成,软骨骼慢慢变硬骨骼,在婴儿出生时,只有几个部位留下,这些部位包括手臂和腿部长骨骼的端端,这使这些骨骼在童年时可以长长。By the late teens or early twenties, bones stop growing. By this time almost all cartilage has been replaced by bone. Bones cannot grow in length after this point. However, bones can continue to grow in width. This is due to being placed under more stress. Weightlifters develop very thick bones because they are lifting a lot of weight on a regular basis. To have strong bones, exercise is important.
::到了十几岁或二十年代初,骨骼停止生长。 此时几乎所有的骨骼都被骨头取代了。 骨骼在此点之后不能长长。 但是, 骨骼可以继续宽度增长。 这是因为压力更大。 重量提升者会长出非常厚的骨头, 因为他们经常举起许多重的重量。 要有坚固的骨头, 锻炼很重要 。Joints
::联合联合A joint is a place where two or more bones meet. There are three different types of joints. These types are based on the amount of movement in the joint. These are called immovable, partly movable, and movable joints.
::联合体是指两个或两个以上骨骼相交的地方,有三种不同类型的联合体,这些类型以联合体的移动量为基础,称为不动产、部分动产和动产联合体。- Immovable joints do not allow the bones to move at all. In these joints, the bones are fused together. A human skull has immovable joints. You can see them in Figure .
::无法移动的关节不允许骨头移动。 在这些关节中, 骨头是结合在一起的。 人头骨有不可移动的关节。 您可以在图中看到它们 。
- Partly movable joints allow very limited movement. In these joints, the bones are held together by cartilage. Cartilage is somewhat flexible. Examples of partly movable joints, can be found in the rib cage.
::部分可移动的关节允许有非常有限的移动。 在这些关节中,骨骼由软骨合在一起。 软骨比较灵活。 部分可移动的关节的例子可以在肋骨笼中找到。
- Movable joints allow the greatest movement. Movable joints are the most notable. Movable joints are complex. They contain ligaments, special cushions, and liquids. The cushions and liquids help reduce friction. Fortunately, these features help our joints move freely. You can think of this like needing to add oil to a squeaky door hinge. There are several different types of movable joints. You can see three of them in Figure . Move these three joints in your own skeleton to experience the range of motion each allows.
::移动关节允许最大的移动。 移动关节是最引人注目的。 移动关节是复杂的。 移动关节包含等带、 特殊衬垫和液体。 衬垫和液体有助于减少摩擦。 幸运的是, 这些特征可以帮助我们的关节自由移动。 您可以想象一下, 这就像需要将油添加到吱吱的门锁上。 有几种不同的可移动关节。 您可以在图中看到其中三种。 移动这三种关节点在您自己的骨架上, 以体验每个关节允许的运动范围 。
Example of immovable joint: skull
::不动产联合体实例:头骨Examples of movable joints: shoulder, elbow, and knee
::动产关节的例子:肩膀、肘肘和膝盖Lesson Summary
::经验教训摘要- Bones are the main organs of the skeletal system. The skeletal system also includes cartilage and ligaments.
::Bones是骨骼系统的主要器官,骨骼系统还包括软骨和颈部。
- Functions of the skeletal system include supporting and shaping the body, allowing movement, protecting inner organs, producing blood cells, and storing calcium.
::骨骼系统的功能包括支持和塑造身体、允许运动、保护内器官、生产血细胞和储存钙。
- Joints connect bones to help protect vital organs and allow movement.
::连接骨骼 帮助保护重要器官 允许行动
- Joints may be immovable, partly movable, or movable. Types of movable joints include ball-and-socket, hinge, and pivot joints.
::关节可以是不动产、部分动产或动产,动产关节的类型包括圆球和软盘、锁链和枢纽。
Lesson Review Questions
::经验回顾问题Recall
::回顾- List components of the skeletal system.
::列出骨骼系统的各个组成部分。
- What are some functions of the skeletal system?
::骨骼系统的一些功能是什么?
- Outline how human bones grow and develop, from the unborn developing baby to the adult.
::从未出生的发育期婴儿到成人,人类骨骼是如何生长发育的。
Apply Concepts
::应用概念- Explain why people stop growing in height.
::解释为什么人停止生长 在高度。
- Regular weight-bearing exercise can increase the width of bones. Explain why this might be important.
::定期计重练习可以增加骨头的宽度。 解释为什么这可能很重要 。
- How do bones help to protect vital organs?
::骨骼如何帮助保护重要器官?
Extend
::延长- How would knowledge about skeletal function help you design more effective protective athletic gear?
::有关骨骼功能的知识如何帮助你设计更有效的保护性运动设备?
Points to Consider
::需要考虑的要点The skeletal system allows the body to move, but the muscular system is also needed.
::骨骼系统允许身体移动,但也需要肌肉系统。- How do muscles and bones work together to move the body?
::肌肉和骨头如何一起工作 移动身体?
- Identify components of the skeletal system.
