3.9植物繁殖
章节大纲
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Lesson Objective
::经验教训目标- Identify processes of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, including pollination, fertilization (seed production), seed dispersal, and germination.
::查明花卉植物中的性生殖过程,包括授粉、施肥(种子生产)、种子散布和发芽。
Lesson Vocabulary
::词汇表课程- reproduction
::生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖 生殖
- pollination
::授粉
- pollen
::花粉
- fertilization
::施肥
- seed dispersal
::种子散布
So what exactly is a flower?
::那么花究竟是什么? 花吗?This view is of a beautiful lily flower. Notice the fine detail. There is a reason why this flower looks like it does. Do you know why flowers so colorful? What is the purpose of all the parts?
::这是一朵美丽的百合花的景色。 注意细微的细节。 这朵花长得像花有原因。 你知道为什么花花如此多彩吗? 所有部分的目的是什么?Flowering Plants
::流动工厂Flowering plants evolved millions of years ago. Unlike animals, there are no boy or girl plants. Plants have both male and female parts. That does not mean that plants do not need help to reproduce.
::鲜花植物在数以百万计的年前就进化了。 与动物不同,没有男的或女的植物。 植物有男女的部位。 这并不意味着植物不需要人工来繁殖。Some plants form seeds. These are called flowering seed plants. The seeds form in the plant's ovaries. A plant's fruit may fall to the ground and start to grow. A plant's fruit may get eaten by animals. If eaten, the seeds of the fruit are passed through the animal's digestive tract. As the animal eliminates its waste, the seeds are spread around. Because animals do not stay in one place, they help the plant populate a bigger area. The animal gets a tasty treat and helps the plant reproduce.
::一些植物形成种子。 这些植物被称为开花种子。 植物卵巢中的种子形式。 植物的果实可能落地并开始生长。 植物的果实可能会被动物吃掉。 植物的果实可能会被动物吃掉。 如果被吃掉, 果实的种子会通过动物的消化道传经。 随着动物消除其废弃物, 种子会散布在各地。 因为动物不呆在一个地方, 它们会帮助植物在更大的地方繁殖。 动物会得到美味的治疗, 帮助植物繁殖。The ovaries are just one of the structures of a plant. The flower's job is to attract animals, such as bees and birds. The animals are able to spread the pollen to other plants. Animals are needed to get the pollen from the male to the female parts of the plant. It is important for diversity that the pollen is passed from one plant to another.
::卵巢只是植物的结构之一。花朵的任务是吸引动物,如蜜蜂和鸟类。动物可以把花粉传播到其他植物。动物需要把花粉从雄性植物移到雌性植物。花粉从一个植物传到另一个植物对于多样性很重要。Parts of a Flower
::花花的一部分Flowers have both male and female reproductive parts. The main parts of a flower are shown in Figure . They include the stamen, pistil, petals, and sepals.
::花朵既有男女生殖部分,也有男女生殖部分,花朵的主要部分见图2。花朵主要部分包括花冠、活塞、花瓣和花瓣。The stamen is the male reproductive structure of a flower. It consists of a stalk-like filament. At the end of the filament is the anther. The anther contains pollen sacs. It is here the pollen grains form. The filament raises the anther up high. This helps the pollen to be more likely to be carried away. It may blow in the wind. It may be picked up by an animal and carried away. Many animals are pollinators. A pollinator is any animal who carries the pollen from one plant to another.
::丝绸是花朵的男性生殖结构,它由像尾巴一样的丝质组成。在丝质的尽头,是铁质的末端,是铁质的,是花粉囊。这里是花粉的形态。丝质将花粉抬高,这样可以使花粉更容易被卷走。它可能会在风中爆炸。它可能会被动物捡起,被带走。许多动物都是授粉者。授粉者是把花粉从植物中传到植物中的任何动物。The pistil is the female reproductive structure of a flower. It consists of a stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is raised. It is also sticky to help catch pollen. The style supports the stigma and connects it to the ovary. The ovary contains the egg.
::活塞是花朵的雌性生殖结构,由污名、风格和卵巢组成。 污名被提升, 帮助捕捉花粉也是粘糊糊的。 风格支持污名并将其与卵巢连接。 卵巢包含卵子 。Petals attract animals to the flower. Petals are often brightly colored. Bright colors make them easier for animals to see.
::金属将动物吸引到花朵中。 金属往往颜色亮亮。 亮亮的颜色使动物更容易看到。Sepals protect the developing flower while it is still a bud. Sepals are usually green. Sepals camouflage the bud from animals that may eat it for food.
::石膏保护正在生长的花朵,而花朵仍然是芽。 石膏通常是绿色的。 石膏遮掩了可能食用它作为食物的动物的花蕾。A flower includes both male and female reproductive structures.
::花朵包括男性和女性的生殖结构。Flowers and Pollinators
::花粉和花粉Some flowers may have bright colors. Others may have strong scents. Some may have sweet nectar. All these traits help to attract animals. Why do you think it is important to attract animals? Animals are able to carry around pollen from one plant to another. The animals they attract may include insects, birds, mammals, and even reptiles. While visiting a flower, an animal picks up pollen from the anthers. The animal then travels to another flower. While there, some of the pollen brushes off on the stigma. This allows cross-pollination. By spreading pollen to different plants, it helps increase plant diversity.
::有些花朵可能有明亮的颜色。有些花朵可能有强烈的香味。有些花蜜可能有甜美的花蜜。所有这些特征都有助于吸引动物。为什么你认为吸引动物很重要?动物能够把花粉从一个植物带到另一个植物。它们吸引的动物可能包括昆虫、鸟类、哺乳动物,甚至爬行动物。在参观花朵时,动物会从肛门捡起花粉。动物会到另一个花朵。虽然有些花粉会刷去污名。这允许交叉授粉。通过向不同的植物传播花粉,它有助于增加植物的多样性。Brightly colored fruits attract animals that may disperse their seeds. It’s hard to miss the bright red apples on these trees.
::明亮的果实吸引了可能撒出种子的动物。 很难错过这些树上明亮的红苹果。Evolution of Flowering Plants
::流动工厂的演变Flowering plants have been around for a really long time. Scientists think they evolved over 200 million years ago. Fossil flowers have male and female reproductive organs just like today. There have been changes over time as plants evolved new and better traits to help them reproduce. From fossil evidence, the ancient plants did not have petals or sepals as they do today.
::花生植物已经存在了很长一段时间。 科学家们认为,花生植物在2亿多年前就已经进化了。 化石花有男性和女性生殖器官,就像今天一样。 随着时间的推移,随着植物发展出新的和更好的特性来帮助他们繁殖。 从化石证据看,古代植物没有今天的花瓣或树皮。Just like now, the earliest flowers most likely attracted insects and other animals. The insects and animals spread the pollen from flower to flower. This was a big help to flowers. Animals can be better than the wind at carrying pollen. Wind-spread pollen may or may not land on another flower. To take better advantage of this “animal labor,” plants evolved certain traits. These traits can include brightly colored petals, strong scents, and sweet nectar. These are all traits that help attract animals. The flowers are able to move around their pollen. The animals get a free meal.
::就像现在一样,最早的花朵最有可能吸引昆虫和其他动物。昆虫和动物将花粉从花朵传播到花朵。这对花朵大有帮助。动物携带花粉比风更好。风中花粉可能降落在另一朵花上。为了更好地利用这种“动物劳动 ” , 植物发展了某些特性。这些特性可以包括亮色彩的花瓣、强烈的气味和甜甜的花蜜。这些都是有助于吸引动物的特性。花粉可以绕着花粉移动。动物可以免费吃一顿饭。Other plants developed additional traits that helped them reproduce. (See Figure .)
::其他植物还开发了有助于其繁殖的其他特性。 (见图 。 )Dandelion seeds have tiny “parachutes.” Maple seeds have “wings” that act like little gliders. Burdock seeds are covered with tiny hooks that cling to animal fur.
::但德尔翁种子有很小的“降落伞 ” 。 玛普尔种子有像小滑翔机那样的“翅膀 ” 。 伯多克种子被紧紧缠着动物毛皮的小钩子所覆盖。Some plants rely on seeds getting stuck in animal fur. Once stuck, the seeds are carried off to another location. Eventually, the seeds fall off.
::有些植物依靠种子被困在动物毛皮中。一旦被困,种子就会被运到另一个地方。最终,种子会掉下来。Other plants developed traits to better disperse their seeds using the wind. With time, plants develop better and better traits to help them reproduce.
::其他植物也发展了利用风更好地散布种子的特质。 随着时间的流逝,植物发展了更好更好的特质来帮助他们繁殖。Developing Specialized Traits
::发展专门发展轨迹Relying on an animal to come by is risky. A flower may have to wait a long time for the right animals to come by. What if one never passes close enough to the flower?
::依赖动物来是危险的。 一朵花可能要等很长一段时间才能找到合适的动物。 万一它离这朵花太近了呢?Hoping the wind will blow is also risky for a plant. What if the wind does not blow? What if the blowing pollen does not land on another flower? The wind could even blow the pollen over the ocean where it is wasted.
::希望风吹对植物也是危险的。如果风不吹呢?如果吹的花粉没有落在另一朵花上呢?风甚至会把花粉吹在浪费的海洋上。Giving free nectar is costly. It is not a good use of the plant's energy. A plant uses a lot of energy to produce nectar. Some animals may just drink the nectar. They may not carry off any pollen in return. To improve their chances, plants evolved special traits. For example, they developed ways to “hide” their nectar. Only certain animals were able to get at the plant's hidden nectar. These specific animals might be more likely to visit only flowers of the same species. This was also a benefit for some animals. Animals also evolved special traits to get to the nectar. This is called co-evolution of traits. Two examples of this type of co-evolution are shown in Figure .
::免费赠送花蜜花费很大。 它不是很好地利用植物的能量来生产花蜜。 植物使用大量的能量来生产花蜜。 一些动物可能只是喝花蜜, 它们可能不会带来任何花粉的回报。 为了提高机会, 植物会发展出特殊的特性。 例如, 它们开发出“ 隐藏” 花蜜的方法。 只有某些动物能够进入植物的隐藏花蜜。 这些特定的动物可能更可能只访问同一物种的花卉。 这对一些动物也是一种好处。 动物也会进化出特殊的特性, 以获得花蜜。 这被称为“ 共变” 。 图中显示了这种共同变迁的两个例子。The hummingbird has a long narrow bill. The long narrow bill enables it to reach nectar at the bottom of the tube-shaped flowers. The bat is active at night. Bright white, night-blooming flowers attract it. In each case, the flowering plant and its animal co-evolved. They have become better suited for their roles.
::蜂鸟有很长的狭窄帐单。 长的狭窄帐单使得它能够到达管状花朵底部的花蜜。 蝙蝠在夜间活动。 明亮的白色夜花会吸引它。 在每种情况下, 花朵及其动物共同成长。 它们更适合它们的角色 。Lesson Summary
::经验教训摘要- Most modern seed plants produce seeds in the ovaries. Ovaries may develop into fruits.
::多数现代种子植物在卵巢中生产种子,植物可发展成水果。
- Flowers attract pollinators and fruits are eaten by animals. Both traits aid the dispersal of seeds.
::鲜花吸引授粉者,水果被动物吃掉,这两种特性都有助于种子的散布。
Lesson Review Questions
::经验回顾问题Recall
::回顾- Describe the male and female reproductive structures of flowers and their functions.
::描述花卉的男女生殖结构及其功能。
- State how fruits help flowering plants reproduce.
::水果如何帮助开花植物繁殖。
- Explain how flowering plants and their animal pollinators co-evolved.
::解释开花植物和它们的动物授粉者 是如何共同演变的
- Identify processes of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, including pollination, fertilization (seed production), seed dispersal, and germination.
