Section outline

  • General

    Collapse all Expand all

  • 生活组织

    What you will learn
    ::你会学到什么

    • Levels of organization of living things within an organism
      ::生物机体内生物物质组织水平
    • Levels of organization in the above the individual organism
      ::上述组织级别的组织 个别有机体
    • Diversity of life on Earth
      ::地球生命多样性

    Shows the levels of organization: organ, tissue, and cell in living organisms.

    What does 'Organization of Living Things' mean?
    ::"生活组织"是什么意思?

    We know it all starts with the . And for some , it ends with the cell. But for others, the cells come together to form tissues , tissues form organs , organs form organ systems , and organ systems combine to form an organism.
    ::我们知道,这一切都从细胞开始。对一些人来说,它以细胞结束。但是对另一些人来说,细胞聚集在一起形成组织,组织形成器官,器官形成器官系统,器官系统形成有机体。

    Levels of Organization
    ::组织级别

    The living world can be organized into different levels. For example, many individual organisms can be organized into the following levels:
    ::生物世界可以分为不同层次。例如,许多个体生物可以分为以下层次:

    • Cell : Basic unit of structure and function of all living things.
      ::细胞:所有生物的基本结构和功能单位。
    • Tissue : Group of cells of the same kind that perform the same function.
      ::组织:由执行相同函数的相同类型的单元格组组成。
    • Organ : Structure composed of two or more types of tissues. The tissues of an organ work together to perform a specific function. include the brain , stomach , , and liver . Plant organs include , , and leaves.
      ::器官:由两种或两种以上的组织组成的结构。器官的组织一起工作,以发挥特定功能。包括大脑、胃、肝和肝。植物器官包括,和叶子。
    • Organ system : Group of organs that work together to perform a certain function. Examples of organ systems in a human include the skeletal, nervous, and reproductive systems.
      ::器官系统:合作履行某种功能的机关组,人体器官系统的例子包括骨骼、神经和生殖系统。
    • Organism : Individual living thing that may be made up of one or more organ systems.
      ::生物:由一个或多个器官系统组成的个体活物。
    DID YOU KNOW?
    An average has about 38 trillion cells! However, they can be grouped into just four major tissue types which include epithelial tissue , muscular tissue, connective tissue , and nerve tissue.
     

    There are also levels of organization above the individual organism.
    ::组织层次也高于个体生物体。

    • Organisms of the same species that live in the same area make up a . For example, all of the goldfish living in the same area make up a goldfish population.
      ::生活在同一区域内的同一物种的生物构成。例如,生活在同一区域内的所有金鱼构成金鱼种群。
    • All of the populations that live in the same area make up a community . The community that includes the goldfish population also includes the populations of other , coral, and other organisms.
      ::生活在同一地区的所有人口组成一个社区,包括金鱼种群在内的社区还包括其他生物、珊瑚和其他生物种群。
    • An consists of all the living things ( biotic factors ) in a given area, together with the nonliving environment ( abiotic factors ). The nonliving environment includes , sunlight, and other physical factors.
      ::由特定区域的所有生物物质(生物因素)以及非生物环境(非生物因素)组成,非生物环境包括阳光和其他物理因素。
    • A group of similar ecosystems with the same general type of physical environment is called a .
      ::一类类似的生态系统,其物理环境一般类型相同。
    • The biosphere is the part of Earth where all life exists, including all the land, water, and air where living things can be found. The biosphere consists of many different biomes.
      ::生物圈是地球上存在所有生命的一部分,包括所有土地、水和空气,可以找到生物。生物圈包括许多不同的生物群落。

    Diversity of Life
    ::生命多样性

    Life on Earth is very diverse. The diversity of living things is called . A measure of Earth’s biodiversity is the number of different species of organisms that live on Earth. At least 10 million different species live on Earth today. They are commonly grouped into six different kingdoms. Examples of organisms within each are shown in the Table  .
    ::地球上的生命千差万别。生物的多样性被称为 。衡量地球生物多样性的一个尺度是地球上生物种类的数量。今天地球上至少有1 000万种不同的生物。它们通常分为六个不同的王国。每个王国中的生物实例都列在表中。

    Microscopic view of bacteria, illustrating cellular organization in living things.
    Microscopic view of green bacteria, illustrating cellular organization in living organisms.
    Microorganisms demonstrating different levels of biological organization in a natural environment.
    Mushrooms growing in a natural setting on soil with green grass in the background.
    Lavender plants with purple flowers, highlighting levels of organization in living things.
    A goldfish swimming in an aquarium, illustrating levels of organization in living things.
    Plant

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Many individual organisms can be organized into the following levels: cells, tissues, organs, and organs systems.
      ::许多个体生物可以分为以下层次:细胞、组织、器官和器官系统。
    • An ecosystem consists of all the populations in a given area, together with the nonliving environment.
      ::生态系统由特定区域的所有人口以及非生物环境组成。
    • The biosphere is the part of Earth where all life exists.
      ::生物圈是地球上存在所有生命的一部分。
    • The diversity of living things is called biodiversity.
      ::生物的多样性被称为生物多样性。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Describe the levels of organization of a complex, multicellular organism such as a mouse, starting with the cell.
      ::描述一个复杂、多细胞有机体(如鼠标)的组织水平,从细胞开始。
    2. Explain how a population differs from a community.
      ::解释人口与社区有何不同。
    3. What is an ecosystem?
      ::什么是生态系统?
    4. Give three examples of the nonliving environment.
      ::举三个非生物环境的例子。
    5. What is biodiversity?
      ::什么是生物多样性?