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  • 保护供水

    Lesson Objectives
    ::经验教训目标

    • List ways to reduce water pollution.
      ::列出减少水污染的方法。
    • Identify ways to conserve water.
      ::确定保护水的方法。

    Lesson Vocabulary
    ::词汇表课程

    • conservation
      ::保护

    Introduction
    ::导言

    The water supply can be harmed in two major ways. The water can be polluted, and it can be overused. Protecting the water supply must address both problems. We must protect our water supply from pollution. We also need to conserve water by using less.
    ::水的供应可能以两种主要方式受到损害。 水可能会被污染,并且可能被过度使用。 保护水的供应必须解决这两个问题。 我们必须保护我们的水供应不受污染。 我们还需要通过减少用水来保护水。

    Reducing Water Pollution
    ::减少水污染

    In the mid 1900s, people were startled to see the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio, burst into flames! The river was so polluted with chemicals that it was flammable. Nothing could live in it. You can see the Cuyahoga River in  Figure   .
    ::19世纪中叶,人们惊恐地看到俄亥俄州克利夫兰的库亚霍加河着火了!河水被化学物质污染到极易燃,没有任何东西能生活在河中。你可以看到图中的库亚霍加河。

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    Left: The Cuyahoga River flows through Cleveland, Ohio. In the mid 1900s, there was a lot of industry in this part of Ohio. The river became very polluted. Right: Today, the river is much cleaner.
    ::左: 库亚霍加河流经俄亥俄州克利夫兰。 1900年代中期, 俄亥俄州这个地区有很多产业。 河水污染严重。 右: 今天, 河水更加清洁。

    Controlling Water Pollution
    ::控制水污染

    Disasters, such as rivers burning, led to new U.S. laws to protect the water. As a result of these laws, water is routinely tested. Pollution is tracked to its source. Polluters are forced to fix the problem and clean up the pollution. They are also fined. With these new laws in place, pollution has become less of a threat. That does not mean the threat has been eliminated. 
    ::诸如河流燃烧等灾害导致了美国保护水的新法律。由于这些法律,水是例行测试的。污染被追踪到源头。污染者被迫解决问题,清理污染。污染者还被罚款。有了这些新法律,污染就不再是一种威胁。这并不意味着威胁已经消除。

    What You Can Do
    ::你能做什么,你能够做什么

    Most water pollution comes from industry, agriculture, and municipal sources. Homes are part of the municipal source. Individuals and families that live in them can also pollute the water supply. What can you do to reduce water pollution? Read the tips below.
    ::大部分水污染来自工业、农业和市政来源,家庭是市政来源的一部分,生活在其中的个人和家庭也可以污染供水。你能做些什么来减少水污染?请参看下面的提示。

    • Properly dispose of motor oil and household chemicals. Never pour them down the drain. Also, don't let them spill on the ground. This keeps them out of storm sewers and bodies of water.
      ::妥善处置电机油和家用化学品,不要把它们倒下排水沟,不要让他们溢在地上,以免他们从下水道和水体中逃出。
    • Use fewer lawn and garden chemicals. Use natural products instead. For example, use compost instead of fertilizer. Or grow plants that can thrive on their own without any extra help.
      ::使用较少的草坪和园艺化学品。 使用自然产品代替自然产品。 例如,使用堆肥代替化肥。 或者在没有额外帮助的情况下种植可以自行生长的植物。
    • Repair engine oil leaks right away. A steady drip of oil from an engine can quickly add up to gallons. When the oil washes off driveways and streets it can end up in storm drains and pollute the water supply.
      ::修理机油立刻就会漏油。 发动机不断滴油可以很快加到加仑。 当石油冲洗车道和街道时,它最终会进入下水道,污染供水。
    • Don't let pet litter or pet wastes get into the water supply (see  Figure   ). The nitrogen they contain can cause overgrowth of algae. The wastes may also contain bacteria and other causes of disease.
      ::不要让宠物垃圾或宠物废物进入水供应(见图 ) 。 它们所含的氮可能导致藻类过度生长。 废物还可能含有细菌和其他疾病原因 。

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    Why should people always clean up after their pets?
    ::为什么人们总是要清理他们的宠物?

    Conserving Water
    ::保护用水

    Conserving water means using less of it. Some areas barely have enough to supply their people. Other areas have an abundance of water. It is the wealthy nations that have the most water, and that also waste the most.
    ::节约用水意味着较少使用水。 一些地区几乎没有足够的水来供给人民。 其他地区有丰富的水。 富裕国家拥有的水最多,浪费也最多。

    Saving Water in Irrigation
    ::灌溉中节约用水

    Irrigation is the single biggest use of water. Overhead irrigation wastes a lot of water. Drip irrigation wastes a lot less.  Figure    shows a drip irrigation system. Water pipes run over the surface of the ground. Tiny holes in the pipes are placed close to each plant. Water slowly drips out of the holes. The water soaks into the soil around the plants. Very little of the water evaporates or runs off the ground.
    ::灌溉是灌溉的最大用途。 过度灌溉会浪费大量水。 过度灌溉会浪费大量水。 滴灌会浪费少得多。 图中显示了一个滴灌系统。 水管在地面上流过水管, 管道中的小孔离每个工厂很近。 水从洞里慢慢滴出。 水渗入植物周围的土壤。 很少的水蒸发或流离地面。

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    This is a drip irrigation system. Look at the soil in the photo. It's damp around each plant but dry everywhere else.
    ::这是一个滴灌系统。看看照片中的土壤。它湿透了每个植物,但到处都是干燥的地方。

    Rationing Water
    ::水配水

    Some communities save water with rationing. Rationing usually takes place only in times of drought. During rationing, water may not be used for certain things. For example, communities may ban, or limit, lawn watering.  They may also ban car washing. People may be fined if they use water in these ways. You can do your part. Follow any bans where you live.
    ::有些社区通过配给节省水量。 配给通常只在干旱时期发生。 在配给期间,水不得用于某些事情。 例如,社区可以禁止或限制草坪用水,也可以禁止洗车。如果人们使用水,可以处以罚款。你可以做自己的事情。请遵守任何禁止居住的地方的禁令。

    Saving Water at Home
    ::家庭节约用水

    It's easy to save water at home. If you save even a few gallons a day you can make a big difference. The best place to start saving water is in the bathroom. Toilet flushing is the single biggest use of water in the home. Showers and baths are the next biggest use. Follow the tips below to save water at home.
    ::在家里省水很容易。 如果你每天节省几加仑水, 就能大有作为。 最好的地方是浴室。 厕所冲水是家里用水的最大用途。 淋浴和洗澡是下一个最大的用途。 顺着下面的提示, 节省家里的水 。

    • Install water-saving toilets. They use only about half as much water per flush. A single household can save up to 20,000 gallons a year!
      ::安装节约水的厕所,每个水流只用大约一半的水,一个家庭每年可节省多达20,000加仑的水!
    • Take shorter showers. You can get just as clean in 5 minutes as you can in 10. And you'll save up to 50 gallons of water each time you shower. That's thousands of gallons each year.
      ::缩短淋浴时间。你可以在5分钟内清理干净,10分钟内可以。 每次洗澡时,最多节省50加仑的水。每年要节省数千加仑的水。
    • Use low-flow shower heads. They use about half as much water as regular shower heads. They save thousands of gallons of water.
      ::使用低流淋浴头。他们使用的水量大约是正常淋浴头的一半。他们节省了数千加仑的水量。
    • Fix leaky shower heads and faucets. All those drips really add up. At one drip per second, more than 6,000 gallons go down the drain in a year — per faucet!
      ::固定漏水的淋浴头和水龙头。所有这些滴水量确实加起来。每秒滴一滴水,每年有超过6 000加仑的水管下水道——每个水龙头!
    • Don't leave the water running while you brush your teeth. You could save as much as 10 gallons each time you brush. That could add up to 10,000 gallons in a year.
      ::刷牙时不要离开水管,每次刷牙可节省10加仑,每年可节省1万加仑。
    • Landscape your home with plants that need little water. This could result in huge savings in water use. Look at the garden in  Figure   . It shows that you don't have to sacrifice beauty to save water.
      ::这可以节省大量用水。看看图中的花园。它表明你不必牺牲美来节约水。

    Cactus

     

    This beautiful garden contains only plants that need very little water.
    ::这个美丽的花园只有植物 需要很少的水

    Lesson Summary
    ::经验教训摘要

    • Laws have been passed to control water pollution. In many places, water is cleaner now than it used to be. Everyone can help reduce water pollution. For example, they can keep motor oil and pet wastes out of the water supply.
      ::已经通过了控制水污染的法律,在许多地方,水现在比过去更清洁,每个人都可以帮助减少水污染,例如,它们可以将汽车油和宠物废物排除在供水之外。
    • There are many ways to use less water. For example, drip irrigation wastes less than other methods. Water-saving toilets and shower heads can save a lot of water at home.
      ::用水量少有多种方法,例如滴灌垃圾比其他方法少,节约水的厕所和淋浴头可以节省家庭用水。

    Lesson Review Questions
    ::经验回顾问题

    Recall
    ::回顾

    1. Identify three ways that people can reduce water pollution at home.
      ::确定人们可以减少家庭水污染的三种方式。
    1. Describe how water might be rationed in a community. Why would this be done?
      ::描述一个社区如何分配水的配给,为什么这样做?

    Apply Concepts
    ::应用概念

    1. Assume a city has 50,000 households. Also assume that each household will replace all of its toilets with water-saving models. Use data in the lesson to estimate how many gallons of water the city could save in a year from this change alone.
      ::假设一个城市有50 000个家庭,还假设每个家庭都将用节水模型取代所有厕所。 使用该课程中的数据来估计城市一年中仅从这一变化中可以节省多少加仑的水。
    1. Describe a model home with features that save water.
      ::描述一个具有节水功能的模范家。

    Think Critically
    ::仔细仔细思考

    1. Compare and contrast drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. Explain which one wastes less water. Which one causes less water pollution? Why? In what regions is drip irrigation most useful?
      ::比较和对比滴灌和喷洒水灌溉。 请解释哪个地区能减少水的浪费。 哪个地区能减少水污染? 为什么? 滴灌在哪个地区最有用?

    Points to Consider
    ::需要考虑的要点

    We can survive for a few days without water. We can survive for just a few minutes without air. Like water, air is polluted by human actions.
    ::我们可以在没有水的情况下生存几天。我们可以在没有空气的情况下生存几分钟。像水一样,空气受到人类行为的污染。

    • What causes air pollution?
      ::造成空气污染的原因是什么?
    • What can be done to keep air clean?
      ::怎样才能保持空气清洁?