章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 非盈利组织

    Non-Profit Organizations
    ::非盈利组织

    Besides the three main types of businesses which operate for a profit (sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporations), there are other forms of businesses that may be categorized as non-profits. These non-profits are companies that perform a service, not necessarily to make a profit but to perform some type of service for its members. 
    ::除了为营利而经营的三大类企业(独资企业、合伙企业和公司)之外,还有其他形式的企业可以归类为非营利性企业,这些非营利性企业是从事服务的公司,不一定是为了盈利,而是为了为其成员提供某种服务。

    Universal Generalizations
    ::普遍化

    • In the United States free enterprise system, the government has certain responsibilities to its citizens to create ordinances and regulations that apply to the establishment of various types of businesses.
      ::在美国的自由企业制度中,政府对其公民负有某些责任,制定适用于建立各类企业的条例和条例。
    • The United States government plays both a direct and indirect role in our free enterprise economy.
      ::美国政府在我们的自由企业经济中发挥着直接和间接的作用。
    • Cooperatives lower the cost of production and marketing for the benefit of their members.
      ::合作社为其成员的利益降低生产和营销成本。

    Guiding Questions
    ::问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问

    1. What are other types of organizations beyond those that exist to make a profit?
      ::除了那些为盈利而存在的组织之外,还有什么其他类型的组织?
    2. Why would the government feel the need to insert itself into the economy?
      ::政府为什么觉得需要融入经济?

    Other Types of Business Organizations
    ::其他类型的工商组织

    Civic & Community Non-Profit Organizations
    ::公民和社区非营利性非营利组织

    Non-profit organizations include:   welfare groups, churches, hospitals, schools, museums, civic organizations, fraternal organizations, veterans organizations, and social clubs. These types of associations are legally incorporated and have the same type of structure as a corporation, so they may benefit from unlimited life, borrow money, or hire qualified employees. They provide goods and services to their members or participants to better their lives or improve a particular outcome, such as education or health. These associations are not set up to make a profit, but if they do, the money is reinvested or the organization is expanded to provide more services. Since the services that are performed by the non-profit are difficult to analyze in terms of economics, it is important to realize that these types of companies or associations contribute to other aspects of people’s lives and fill a societal need.
    ::非营利组织包括:福利团体、教会、医院、学校、博物馆、公民组织、兄弟组织、退伍军人组织、社会俱乐部,这些类型的协会依法成立,其结构与公司相同,因此它们可以享受无限制的生活、借钱或雇用合格的雇员,它们向其成员或参与者提供货物和服务,以改善他们的生活或改善特定的结果,如教育或保健等,这些协会不是为盈利而成立的,但如果成立,则重新投入资金,或扩大组织以提供更多的服务。由于非盈利性公司或协会提供的服务很难从经济角度加以分析,因此必须认识到这些类型的公司或协会有助于人民生活的其他方面并满足社会需要。

    Video: What is a Cooperative?
    ::录像:什么是合作社?

    Cooperatives
    ::合作社合作社

    Cooperatives are nonprofit, voluntary associations that work for the benefit of specific consumers, certain types of producers, or they perform a service for its members.  An example of a consumer cooperative would be Sam’s Club or Costco. These companies purchase items in bulk and pass on the savings to the members of the consumer cooperative. A producer cooperative would work the same way for its members. Examples of producer co-ops: Dairy Farmers of America, Florida's Natural Growers, Land O’Lakes, Welch’s, Sunkist Growers, Inc., and Whole Foods Co-op. These producer cooperative business organizations are owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit as they work together to get the best possible prices for their products. Service cooperatives provide credit unions and insurance coverage for their members. Local examples would be Navy Federal Credit Union, El Paso Area Teachers Federal Credit Union, GECU, and USAA. As the number of participants who belong to a cooperative grows, so does its influence and ability to provide more benefits to members.
    ::合作社是非营利性合作社,为特定消费者、某些类型的生产者或为其成员提供服务的自愿协会。消费者合作社的一个例子是Sam俱乐部或Costco。这些公司大量购买物品,并将储蓄转给消费者合作社的成员。生产合作社对其成员同样起作用。生产者合作社的例子有:美国乳农、佛罗里达的自然种植者、Land O ' Lakes、Welch's、Sunkist Growers、Inc.和Allual Food Coop。这些生产者合作社商业组织由一群人拥有和经营,共同受益,因为它们共同努力获得产品的最佳价格。服务合作社为其成员提供信用合作社和保险。当地的例子有:海军联邦信贷联盟、El Paso地区教师联邦信贷联盟、GECU和USAAA。 属于合作社的参与者人数不断增长,因此其影响力和向成员提供更多好处的能力也随之提高。

    Labor, Professional,  and  Business Organizations
    ::劳工、专业和工商组织

    Other groups are organized to provide support for their members such as labor organizations and unions. Labor unions were created to assist workers in their attempts to get better wages, working conditions, and benefits. Unions negotiate on behalf of their members to settle disputes involving pay, vacation or sick days, health care, and insurance coverage. Unions may try to influence legislation and work to strengthen their bargaining position when dealing with employers and business organizations. Not all industries have unions but a few examples are: American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organization (AFL-CIO), the American Federation of Teachers, and United Auto Workers.
    ::成立工会是为了帮助工人获得更好的工资、工作条件和福利; 工会代表其成员谈判解决涉及工资、休假或病假、保健和保险的争端; 工会可能试图影响立法,并在与雇主和企业组织打交道时努力加强其讨价还价地位。 并非所有行业都有工会,但仅举几个例子:美国工业组织劳工大会联合会、美国教师联合会和联合汽车工人。

    Professional societies and trade associations are usually non-profits, and not unions per se, but they also work to improve working conditions and public perceptions, network, collaborate, promote new practices or ideas, and represent the interests of their industries. The American Hospital Association is a national organization that represents and serves all types of hospitals, health care networks, and their patients and communities. The National Association of Realtors, American Psychological Association, and American Dental Association are other professional societies.  
    ::专业协会和行业协会通常是非营利的,本身不是工会,但它们也致力于改善工作条件和公众看法、网络、合作、促进新的做法或想法,并代表其行业的利益;美国医院协会是一个全国性组织,代表并服务于各类医院、保健网络及其病人和社区;全国房地产经纪人协会、美国心理协会和美国牙医协会是其他专业协会。

    A trade association, also known as an industry trade group, attempt to influence public policy in a direction favorable to the group's members. This can take the form of contributions to the campaigns of political candidates through Political Action Committees (PACs),lobbying legislators to support or oppose particular legislation, or attempt to influence the activities of regulatory bodies. Examples of trade associations:  Aerospace Industries Association, Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, Food And Beverage Association of America, and Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America.  Currently there are over 7,600 national trade associations in the United States, with a large number headquartered in the Washington, DC area, as well as many trade associations at the state and local levels.
    ::一个贸易协会,又称工业贸易集团,试图影响公共政策,使其朝着有利于该集团成员的方向发展,其形式可以是:通过政治行动委员会(PACs)为政治候选人运动作出贡献,游说立法者支持或反对特定立法,或试图影响管理机构的活动,例如:航空工业协会、汽车制造商联盟、美国食品和饮料协会、美国药品研究与制造商协会等贸易协会,目前美国有7 600多个国家贸易协会,许多总部设在华盛顿特区地区,以及州和地方各级的许多贸易协会。

    Business associations promote their interests through the local chamber of commerce or the Better Business Bureau. These are non-profit organizations that work for both the betterment of the companies that are members and the consumers who may be interested in conducting business with them. The “Greater El Paso Chamber of Commerce aggressively advocates for the interests of business to drive economic growth” ( ). While the El Paso Better Business Bureaus’ mission is to “be the leader in advancing marketplace trust” by: 1) setting standards for marketplace trust, 2) encouraging and supporting best practices by engaging with and educating consumers and businesses, 3) celebrating marketplace role models, 4) calling out and addressing substandard marketplace behavior, and 5) creating a community of trustworthy businesses and charities ( ).
    ::商业协会通过地方商会或更好的商业局促进它们的利益,这些组织是非营利组织,它们既致力于改善作为成员的公司,也致力于可能有兴趣与它们做生意的消费者。 “大埃尔帕索商会积极倡导企业利益,以推动经济增长 ” 彩蛋 。 虽然埃尔帕索更好的商业局的使命是“带头推动市场信任 ” , 方法是:1) 制定市场信任标准,2) 鼓励和支持最佳做法,与消费者和企业接触并对他们进行教育,3) 庆祝市场榜样,4) 大声疾呼并解决低于标准市场行为,5) 建立一个由可信赖的企业和慈善机构组成的社区()。

    Lastly, the government is considered a non-profit organization, as its mission is not to make a profit but to play a role in the economy. That role could either be directly or indirectly. When the government, or its agency, provides a good or service to businesses and consumers it is considered a “direct role”. There are numerous examples everyday of the government (federal, state, or local) participating in the market place. The Tennessee Valley Authority was created during the Great Depression to provide jobs, control flooding, divert water for hydro-electricity, and provide rural areas with affordable electricity. Because the U.S. government built, maintains, and operates this business it is competing directly with other possible producers of electric power. Another example is the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), also created during the Great Depression to regulate the banking industry in order to protect consumers. Additional examples are: the United States Postal Service, Veterans Administration Hospitals, and the federal government’s Public Housing Authority.  State and local governments play a direct role by providing services such as roads, hospitals, schools, fire and police protection, courts and public parks. Government is able to provide these services through the spending of tax revenues that are collected.
    ::最后,政府被视为非营利组织,因为其使命不是盈利,而是在经济中发挥作用。这一作用可以是直接或间接的。当政府或其机构向企业和消费者提供货物或服务时,它就被视为“直接作用”。 有许多政府(联邦、州或地方)每天参与市场的例子。 田纳西河谷管理局是在大萧条期间成立的,目的是提供就业、控制洪水、将水分用于水电和为农村地区提供负担得起的电力。因为美国政府建设、维持和经营这一业务是与其他可能发电的生产者直接竞争的。另一个例子是联邦存款保险公司(联邦存款保险公司),该公司也是在大萧条期间为监管银行业以保护消费者而设立的。其他例子包括:美国邮政局、退伍军人管理医院和联邦政府的公共住房管理局。 州和地方政府通过提供诸如道路、医院、学校、消防和警察保护、法院和公园等服务,直接发挥作用。 政府可以通过税收支出来提供这些服务。

    When the government referees the interaction of companies, such as public utilities and the consumer, it plays an indirect role. The reason for this is reflected in the belief that, to a certain extent, the government needs to ensure the relatively smooth operation of the market place. The best example is when the electric company wants to raise revenues by increasing the cost of its product. Because the electric company is a monopoly, it could charge whatever it wanted and customers would have to pay. However, since it is regulated by the state or local government it must abide by the regulations established and go through the steps to justify the rate increase.  If it can convince the regulatory agency that it needs the increase, it may be able to pass the cost on to the consumer. If it cannot increase consumer rates, then it will have to seek out alternative ways to raise revenues.
    ::当政府提出公共事业和消费者等公司的互动时,它扮演间接角色,其原因是政府认为,在某种程度上,政府需要确保市场相对平稳的运作。 最好的例子就是电力公司希望通过增加产品成本来增加收入。 由于电力公司是垄断企业,它可以收取它想要的一切费用,客户必须支付。 但是,由于它受州或地方政府的管制,它必须遵守既定的条例,并采取步骤证明提高利率是合理的。 如果它能够说服管理机构它需要增加成本,它也许能够将成本转嫁给消费者。 如果它不能提高消费率,那么它就必须寻找其他途径来增加收入。

    When the government provides money to people in specific categories, such as the aged, it is also indirectly participating in the economy. Social security, veterans’ benefits, unemployment compensation, disability payments, and financial aid for college students are all examples of entitlements that allow the recipients to participate in the marketplace. Indirectly, the government affects the market by assisting individuals who may not have the resources to purchase goods and services.
    ::当政府向特定类别的人(如老年人)提供资金时,它也间接地参与经济。 社会保障、退伍军人福利、失业补偿、残疾补助和对大学生的财政援助都是让受助者能够参与市场的应享权利的例子。 间接地,政府通过帮助那些可能没有资源购买商品和服务的个人来影响市场。

    Answer the self check questions below to monitor your understanding of the concepts in this section.
    ::回答下面的自我核对问题,以监测你对本节概念的理解。

    Self Check Questions
    ::自查问题

    1. What is a non-profit organization? Reflect on the companies that you do business with. Which ones are non-profits? What do they do for the community? Why would you do business with them?
    ::1. 什么是非营利组织?反省与你做生意的公司,哪些是非营利性公司?它们为社区做什么?你为什么要与他们做生意?

    2. Community and civic groups provide services just like a corporation. List local community and civic groups that you do business with. Why do you do business with them?
    ::2. 社区和民间团体提供的服务与公司一样,列出与你做生意的当地社区和民间团体清单,为什么与它们做生意?

    3. A co-operative performs an economic service for the benefit of its members. Do you do business with any local co-operatives? Which ones? Why or why not?
    ::3. 合作社为其成员提供经济服务,你们是否与当地的任何合作社做生意?哪些合作社?为什么或为什么不?

    4. Labor unions represent their members in employment matters. Are labor unions strong in El Paso? Texas? Which industries have labor organizations? Do you know anyone in a labor union?
    ::4. 工会在就业事务中代表其成员。在埃尔帕索,工会是否强大?得克萨斯州?哪些行业有劳工组织?你认识工会中的任何人吗?

    5. A city's Chamber of Commerce promotes the welfare of its members. Do an internet search of the El Paso Chamber of Commerce to identify which companies are members. List what the Chamber does.
    ::5. 城市商会促进其成员的福利,对埃尔帕索商会进行互联网搜索,以查明哪些公司是其成员,列出商会的工作。

    6. Go online and find information for a city that you have never been to but are interested in learning more about. Visit that city's Chamber of Commerce web page and list 5-10 pieces of information about the city.
    ::6. 上网为一个从未去过但有兴趣了解更多情况的城市寻找信息,访问该城市的商会网页,列出有关该城市的5-10项信息。

    7. Compare the direct and indirect roles of government. Give 3 examples of each role as it pertains to the economy.
    ::7. 比较政府的直接和间接作用,举三个例子说明与经济有关的每项作用。

    8. Go online and do a search of local public utilities. Identify each company and write a brief description of what it does and which organization regulates it.
    ::8. 上网搜索当地公用事业,查明每家公司,并简要说明公司的工作和由哪个组织管理。