6.9 陆地生物群

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  地球生物群

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  What you will learn 
  ::你会学到什么

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  • Terrestrial biomes and their worldwide distribution
    ::陆地生物群及其全球分布
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  • Features of major terrestrial biomes
    ::主要陆地生物群的特征

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  Desert vs. forest. What explains these differences?
  ::沙漠和森林之间有什么区别?

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  If you look at these two pictures, you will see very few similarities. The picture on the left shows a in Africa. The picture on the right shows a rainforest in Australia. The desert doesn’t have any visible plants, whereas the rainforest is densely packed with trees. Do they have different climates? Does one get more rain than the other?
  ::如果你看看这两张照片,你会看到很少相似之处。左边的图片显示在非洲。右边的图片显示的是澳大利亚的雨林。沙漠没有任何可见的植物,而雨林则充满了树木。它们有不同的气候吗?一个人的降雨量比另一个多吗?

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  Survey of Terrestrial Biomes
  ::陆地生物群调查

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  Terrestrial are classified by the climate and their , especially the types of primary . The world map in the Figure shows where 13 major terrestrial biomes are found.
  ::陆地按气候及其分类,特别是主要生物种类。图中的世界地图显示发现13个主要陆地生物群落。

  

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  The following figures summarize the basic features of major terrestrial biomes. As you read about each biome, think about how its biodiversity and types of plants and relate to its climate. For example, why do you think there are no or in tundra biomes? (Hint: Amphibians and reptiles cannot maintain a constant body temperature. Instead, they have about the same temperature as their surroundings.)
  ::以下数字总结了主要陆地生物群落的基本特征。 正如您所读到的每一个生物群落, 请考虑一下生物群落的生物多样性和植物类型, 以及它们与气候的关系。 比如, 您为什么认为在苔原生物群落中不存在或存在呢? (提示: 安非他明和爬行动物无法保持恒定的体温。 相反, 它们与周围环境的温度大致相同 ) 。

  播放段落 ::Alpine Tundra 阿尔卑斯山 播放段落 ::图德拉北极	播放段落 Tundra ::苔原 播放段落 Other names: ::其他名称: 播放段落 Alpine tundra (high altitudes) ::阿尔卑斯山苔原(高高度) 播放段落 tundra (high latitudes) ::苔原(高纬度) 播放段落 Climate: Arctic, arid ::气候:北极、干旱 播放段落 Growing season : Very short ::生长季节:非常短 播放段落 Soil Quality:  Very poor ::土壤质量:很差 播放段落 Biodiversity: Very low ::生物多样性:非常低 播放段落 Plants: Mosses , grasses, and lichens; few herbaceous plants; no trees ::植物: 蚊子、草草和地衣;少数草草植物;无树木 播放段落 Animals:  ; (summer only); no amphibians or reptiles; mammals such as rodents , arctic hares, arctic foxes, polar bears, caribous (summer only); mountain goats and chinchillas (alpine tundra only) ::动物: (仅夏夏);没有两栖动物或爬行动物;哺乳动物,如鼠类、北极兔、北极狐、北极熊、驯鹿(仅夏);山山山山山羊和栗鼠(仅山苔原)
  	播放段落 Boreal Forest ::植物森林 播放段落 Other names:  Taiga, northern conifer forest ::其他名称:塔伊加、北部锥形林 播放段落 Climate: Subarctic, semi-arid ::气候:亚北极、半干旱 播放段落 Growing season: Short ::生长季节:短 播放段落 Soil Quality:  Poor ::土壤质量:贫 播放段落 Biodiversity: Low ::生物多样性:低 播放段落 Plants: Conifers such as cedar, spruce, pine, and fir; mosses and lichens ::植物:雪松、葡萄、松、松和松;苔稼和 播放段落 Animals:  Insects; birds (mainly summer); no amphibians or reptiles; mammals such as rodents, rabbits, minks, raccoons, bears, moose, and caribou (winter only) ::动物:昆虫;鸟类(主要是夏季);没有两栖动物或爬行动物;哺乳动物,如老鼠、兔子、牛粪、浣熊、熊、驼鹿和驯鹿(仅冬)
  	播放段落 deciduous forest ::脆弱森林 播放段落 Other names:  Temperate hardwood forest, temperate broadleaf forest ::其他名称:温带硬木林、温带宽叶林 播放段落 Climate: Temperate, semi-humid ::气候:温度,半湿润 播放段落 Growing season: Medium ::生长季节:中 播放段落 Soil Quality:  Good ::土壤质量:良好 播放段落 Biodiversity: High ::生物多样性:高 播放段落 Plants: Broadleaf deciduous trees such as beech, maple, oak, and hickory; mosses, and shrubs; many herbaceous plants ::植物:布宽叶树(如蜂嘴树、山地树、橡树、橡树和山丘树、苔树和灌木树、许多草原植物等) 播放段落 Animals: Insects, amphibians, reptiles, and birds; mammals such as mice, chipmunks, squirrels, raccoons, foxes, deer, black bears, bobcats, and wolves. ::动物:昆虫、两栖动物、爬行动物和鸟类;哺乳动物,如小鼠、花栗鼠、松鼠、浣熊、狐狸、鹿、黑熊、山猫和狼。
  	播放段落 Temperate grassland ::温度变化草地 播放段落 Other names:  Prairie, outback, pampa, steppe ::其他名称: 帕蕊、外背、Pampa、草原 播放段落 Climate: Temperate, semi-arid ::气候:温度、半干旱 播放段落 Growing season: Medium ::生长季节:中 播放段落 Soil Quality: Excellent ::土壤质量:优 播放段落 Biodiversity: Medium-high ::生物多样性:中等 播放段落 Plants: Grasses; other herbaceous plants; no trees ::植物:草草;其他草原植物;无树木 播放段落 Animals: Invertebrates such as worms and insects, amphibians, reptiles, and birds; mammals such as mice, prairie dogs, rabbits, foxes, wolves, coyotes, bison, and antelope; kangaroo (only in Australia) ::动物:无脊椎动物,如虫和昆虫、两栖动物、爬行动物和鸟类;哺乳动物,如小鼠、草原狗、兔子、狐狸、狼、小野狼、野牛和羚羊;袋鼠(仅在澳大利亚)
  	播放段落 Chaparral ::下拉 播放段落 Other names:  Mediterranean scrub forest ::其他名称: 地中海清洗林 播放段落 Climate: Temperate, semi-arid ::气候:温度、半干旱 播放段落 Growing season: Medium ::生长季节:中 播放段落 Soil Quality: Poor ::土壤质量:贫 播放段落 Biodiversity: Low-medium ::生物多样性:低中度 播放段落 Plants: Shrubs and small trees such as scrub oak and scrub pine ::植物:灌木和小树,如清洗橡树和松树 播放段落 Animals: Insects, reptiles, and birds; mammals such as rodents and deer ::动物:昆虫、爬虫类和鸟类;哺乳动物,如老鼠和鹿
  	播放段落 Desert ::荒漠 播放段落 Climate: Temperate or , arid ::气候:温度或干旱 播放段落 Growing season: Varies ::生长季节:变化季节 播放段落 Soil Quality: Very poor ::土壤质量:很差 播放段落 Biodiversity: None-low ::生物多样性:无低 播放段落 Plants: Plants adapted to dryness such as cacti, sagebrush, and mesquite; virtually no plants if extremely arid ::植物:适应干燥的植物,如仙人掌、树精和mesquite;如果极为干旱,几乎没有植物。 播放段落 Animals: Insects, reptiles, and birds; mammals such as rodents and coyotes ::动物:昆虫、爬行动物和鸟类;哺乳动物,如老鼠和野狼。
  	播放段落 Tropical rainforest ::热带热带雨林 播放段落 Climate: Tropical, humid ::气候:热带、潮湿 播放段落 Growing season: Year-round ::生长季节:全年 播放段落 Soil Quality:  Poor ::土壤质量:贫 播放段落 Biodiversity: Very high ::生物多样性:非常高 播放段落 Plants: Tall flowering, broadleaf evergreen trees; vines and ; few plants on the forest floor ::植物:高高花朵、宽叶绿绿绿树、藤和葡萄;林地上的植物很少 播放段落 Animals: Insects, amphibians, reptiles, and birds; mammals such as monkeys, sloths, leopards, jaguars, pigs and tigers ::动物:昆虫、两栖动物、爬行动物和鸟类;哺乳动物,如猴子、懒惰动物、豹、美洲豹、猪和老虎
  	播放段落 Tropical grassland ::热带热带草原 播放段落 Other names:  Savanna ::其他名称: 萨瓦纳 播放段落 Climate: Tropical, semi-arid ::气候:热带、半干旱 播放段落 Growing season:  Year-round ::生长季节:全年 播放段落 Soil Quality: Poor ::土壤质量:贫 播放段落 Biodiversity: Low-medium ::生物多样性:低中度 播放段落 Plants: Grasses, scattered clumps of trees ::植物:草草、分散的树木 播放段落 Animals: Insects, reptiles, and birds; mammals such as zebras, giraffes, antelopes, lions, cheetahs, and hyenas ::动物:昆虫、爬行动物和鸟类;诸如斑马、长颈鹿、羚羊、狮子、猎豹和野狼等哺乳动物

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  Science Friday : Superbloom: How Death Valley Springs to Life
  ::科学星期五:超级大爆炸:死亡谷的春天如何给生命带来生命

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  A massive seed bank of desert wildflowers lies beneath Death Valley. This video by Science Friday shows that when heavy winter rains soak deep into the soil, these hidden wonders spring to life, in an event called a “superbloom”.
  ::沙漠野花的庞大种子库位于死亡谷下方。 科学周五的录像显示,当冬季暴雨淹没在土壤深处时,这些隐藏的奇事在被称为“超级大爆炸”的事件中,会给生命带来春天。

   

   

   

   

   

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  Summary
  ::摘要

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  • Terrestrial biomes include tundras, temperate forests and grasslands, chaparral, temperate and tropical deserts, and tropical forests and grasslands.
    ::陆地生物群落包括Tundras、温带森林和草原、牧羊、温带和热带沙漠、热带森林和草原。

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  Review
  ::回顾

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  1. Identify two types of tundra and where they are found.
     ::查明两种苔原及其发现地点。
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  2. What terrestrial biome has the highest biodiversity? the lowest?
     ::哪些陆地生物群落的生物多样性最高,哪些生物群落的生物多样性最低?
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  3. In which biome are you most likely to find grasses, zebras, and lions?
     ::你最可能找到草、斑马和狮子的生物群?
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  4. If you were to design a well-adapted desert animal, what adaptations would you give it to help it survive in its desert biome?
     ::如果你设计一个适应性强的沙漠动物, 你会给它什么适应 来帮助它生存在沙漠生物群落中?