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  • 全球化与发展(5天)

      Chapter Challenges
    ::章次 挑战

    1. Explain how the concepts of opportunity and advantage create a stronger rural-to-urban shift and fuel migration in various regions of the world.
      ::解释机会和优势的概念如何在世界各区域促成更强有力的农村向城市的转移和助长移徙。
    2. Describe the dynamics of the core-periphery spatial relationship and determine whether a country is a part of the core or periphery by its respective attributes.
      ::描述核心-周边空间关系的动态,并确定一个国家根据其各自的属性是核心还是边缘的一部分。
    3. Explain how countries gain national income and which activities are renewable or have value-added profits. Understand the vital roles that labor and resources play in the economic situation for each country.
      ::解释各国如何获得国民收入以及哪些活动是可再生的或具有增值利润。 理解劳动力和资源在各国经济形势中的关键作用。
    4. Describe the patterns illustrated in the index of economic development—especially in terms of how it illustrates a country’s development status in regard to family size and economic indicators. 
      ::描述经济发展指数所显示的模式——特别是它如何说明一个国家在家庭规模和经济指标方面的发展状况。
    5. Define the concepts of rural-to-urban shift, core-periphery spatial relationships, opportunity and advantage, and "haves" and "have-nots".
      ::定义农村向城市的转变、核心的周边空间关系、机会和优势以及“有”和“无”的概念。

    Student Learning Objectives
    ::学生学习目标

       TEKS Regional Unit 02 Human Geographic Systems Chapter 2.2
    ::TEKS 区域股 02 人类地理系统第2.2章

    WG.9B Describe   different types of regions, including formal, functional, and perceptual regions
    ::WG.9B 描述不同类型的区域,包括正式、功能和概念区域

    WG.10A Describe the forces that determine the distribution of goods and services in free enterprise, socialist, and communist economic systems.
    ::WG.10A 描述决定自由企业、社会主义和共产主义经济体系中货物和服务分配的势力。

    WG.10B Classify where specific countries fall along the economic spectrum between free enterprise and communism.
    ::WG.10B 将特定国家属于自由企业和共产主义之间经济范畴的领域分类。

    WG.10C Compare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as subsistence agriculture versus commercial agriculture or cottage industries versus commercial industries.
    ::WG.10C 比较人们通过生产商品和服务满足其基本需要的方式,如自给农业,而不是商业农业或家庭手工业,而不是商业工业。

    WG.10B Compare global trade patterns over time and examine the implications of globalization, including outsourcing and free trade zones.
    ::WG.10B 比较一段时间的全球贸易格局,审查全球化的影响,包括外包和自由贸易区。

      WG. 10B  Compare global trade patterns over time and examine the implications of globalization, including outsourcing and free trade zones.
    ::第10B工作组 比较一段时间的全球贸易格局,审查全球化的影响,包括外包和自由贸易区。

    WG.11A Understand the connections between levels of development and economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).
    ::WG.11A 了解发展水平与经济活动(初等、中等、高等教育和四年级)之间的联系。

    WG.11B Identify the factors affecting the location of different types of economic activities, including subsistence and commercial agriculture, manufacturing, and service industries.
    ::WG.11B 查明影响不同类型经济活动地点的因素,包括生计和商业农业、制造业和服务业。

    WG.16B Describe elements of culture, including language, religion, beliefs and customs,  institutions and technologies.
    ::WG.16B 描述文化要素,包括语言、宗教、信仰和习俗、机构和技术。

    WG.22A Design and draw  appropriate graphics such as maps, diagrams, tables, and graphs to communicate geographic features, distributions, and relationships, features, distributions, and relationships
    ::WG.22A 设计和绘制适当的图形,如地图、图表、表格和图表,以交流地理特征、分布和关系、特征、分布和关系

    Globalization and Development
    ::全球化和发展

    Globalization
    ::全球化全球化全球化

    US President George H. W. Bush gave a speech during his presidency (1988–92) indicating the real possibility of a New World Order. This speech, given during the when occupied , was surprising to many people. What did the president mean by New World Order? This term has been used before to refer to times in history when great changes were taking place and a collective effort was needed to address problems. The goal in geography is to understand globalization and to make sense of what is happening. The better we understand the world and human dynamics, the better prepared we will be for our future. Geography provides a means to examine these changes.  
    ::美国总统布什(George H. W. Bush)在担任主席期间(1988-92年)发表演讲,指出建立新世界秩序的真正可能性。 这一演讲在被占领期间给许多人带来了惊喜。 总统在新世界秩序中意味着什么? 这个术语以前曾被用来指历史上发生巨大变革和需要集体努力解决问题的时代。 地理学的目标是理解全球化和了解正在发生的事情。 我们越了解世界和人类的动态,我们就越为未来做好准备。 地理学提供了审查这些变化的手段。

    Globalization is a process with a long history. People have been exploring, migrating, and trading with each other throughout human history. These activities have created networks connecting the different parts of the planet and producing dependent economic relationships. In modern times, globalization is shown when corporations, such as , , or , trade across international borders and use labor and resources from different countries to sell products and services in the global marketplace.          
    ::全球化是一个历史悠久的过程。 在整个人类历史中,人们一直在探索、迁徙和相互交易,这些活动创造了连接地球不同部分的网络,并产生了依赖性经济关系。 在现代,当企业,如,或,跨国贸易,以及利用不同国家的劳动力和资源在全球市场上销售产品和服务时,全球化就显现出来。

    was the first wave of globalization that shaped the world in many ways. Propelled by the , this conquest spread technology, food products, and ideas across the globe. The European colonial empires of Europe were mainly Britain, Spain, France, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Once the United States became independent of these European colonial powers, it also began to extend its power and influence around the world.
    ::欧洲的欧洲殖民帝国主要是英国、西班牙、法国、葡萄牙和荷兰。 一旦美国从这些欧洲殖民国家独立出来,它也开始在全世界扩展其权力和影响。

    In many countries, people have protested the building of global corporations. Such protests cause concern about globalization and the growing expansion of a dominant global economy into local communities. These iconic corporations represent interests that are concerned with high profits. Because of this, what matters to these businesses is how these countries and communities function as markets, sources of labor, or raw materials. The main force that encourages globalization is economic activity based on technological advancements. As the world becomes more global, cultural and societal changes occur as a result.
    ::在许多国家,人们抗议建立全球公司。这种抗议引起了人们对全球化和主导全球经济向地方社区的不断扩大的扩张的关切。 这些标志性公司代表着与高利润有关的权益。 因此,对于这些企业来说,重要的是这些国家和社区如何发挥市场、劳动力来源或原材料的作用。 推动全球化的主要力量是基于技术进步的经济活动。 随着世界变得更加全球化,文化和社会的变化也随之而来。

    Political geography examines geography’s influence on political systems and globalization. There is a link between the history of colonialism and the development of . Eric Wolf, in his book  Europe and the People without History , details the expansion of European powers throughout the world to control human and natural resources, expand a country’s world power, and promote Christianity. In the past, the British Empire exported its throughout the world. The parliamentary system continues to be used around the world in former British colonies and the British Commonwealth. Additionally, colonialism helped spread the in such places as and the United States.
    ::政治地理考察了地理对政治制度和全球化的影响。殖民主义的历史和没有历史的欧洲和人民的发展之间存在联系。 埃里克·沃尔夫在他的著作《欧洲和没有历史的人民》中详细介绍了欧洲势力在全世界的扩张,以控制人力和自然资源,扩大一个国家的世界力量,促进基督教。 过去,大英帝国出口到全世界。 议会制度继续在全世界前英国殖民地和英联邦中被使用。 此外,殖民主义也帮助在诸如美国等地方传播。

    The  and the in the late 20th century caused a second wave of globalization. The space race was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to develop space-related technologies. The end of the , which happened with the , occurred at the same time as advancements in computer technology. These two forces have moved globalization forward at an unprecedented rate of speed. Moreover, these forces have had huge consequences on the environment.
    ::20世纪末和20世纪末引发了第二波全球化浪潮。 太空竞赛是美国和苏联之间发展空间相关技术的竞争。 这场竞赛的结束与计算机技术的进步同时发生。 这两股力量以前所未有的速度推进了全球化。 此外,这些力量对环境产生了巨大影响。

    European colonialism and multinational corporations have similarities and differences. Corporations do not own a country or run a government. They are not concerned with who is in power as long as they can operate and make a profit. This neocolonialism (new colonialism or corporate colonialism), like European colonialism, continues to use natural resources, labor, and markets, for profit. Critics claim that neocolonialism is nothing more than a legal method of pillaging and plundering. Supporters claim it is the most efficient use of labor and resources to supply the world with low-priced products.
    ::欧洲殖民主义和多国公司有着相似和不同之处。 公司并不拥有一个国家或管理政府。只要它们能够运作和盈利,它们并不关心谁掌权。 这种新殖民主义(新殖民主义或公司殖民主义)像欧洲殖民主义一样继续利用自然资源、劳动力和市场来牟利。 批评者声称新殖民主义只不过是掠夺和掠夺的合法手段。 支持者声称这是向世界提供低价产品的劳动力和资源的最有效利用。

    Opportunity and Advantage
    ::机会和优势

    People with access to opportunities and advantages typically have a higher standard of living than people who do not. This can be true for individuals, global corporations, or countries. Opportunities and advantages are determined by various factors such as natural or human resources, arable land for farming, forests for timber, fresh water for fishing, or a location that provides access to world markets. Examples of human resources are a large labor pool or a high percentage of educated professionals. Individuals seek to gain opportunities or advantages by increasing their education, learning new skills that can translate into higher earning power, or migrating to a place with good jobs.
    ::获得机会和优势的人通常比没有机会和优势的人生活水平更高,个人、全球公司或国家的情况可能如此。机会和优势取决于各种因素,如自然或人力资源、可耕地、可耕地、木材用森林、渔业用淡水或提供进入世界市场机会的地点。人力资源的例子包括庞大的劳动力库或高比例的受过教育的专业人员。个人寻求机会或优势,办法是增加他们的教育,学习能够转化为更高收入能力的新技能,或移徙到有良好工作的地方。

    The rural-to-urban shift occurs when people move from rural areas to cities. Individuals moving to a city in search of a better life (i.e., employment) is an example of a migration pattern based on people seeking greater opportunities or advantages. When people migrate from a poorer country to a post-industrial country, they are seeking opportunities or advantages in life. The “have” countries are those with opportunities and advantages. The “have-not” countries are those with fewer opportunities and advantages for their people or for their country’s future. Migration patterns around the world usually shift people from places without resources to places with resources. These migration patterns, which are evident in rural-to-urban shift and periphery-to-core migration, allow individuals to seek greater opportunities or advantages for the future.  
    ::当人们从农村地区向城市迁移时,就会发生从农村向城市的转变。个人为寻求更好的生活(即就业)而迁往城市是人们寻求更多机会或优势的移徙模式的一个范例。当人们从较贫穷国家向后工业化国家移徙时,他们正在寻找生活的机会或优势。“有”国家就是那些拥有机会和优势的国家。“无”国家是那些为人民或国家的未来而较少机会和优势的国家。 世界各地的移徙模式通常将人们从没有资源的地方转移到有资源的地方。 这些移徙模式在农村向城市的转移和从边缘向核心的移徙中显而易见,允许个人为未来寻求更多的机会或优势。

    Core-Periphery Spatial Relationship
    ::核心- 核心空间关系

    Economic conditions vary across the globe. There are wealthy countries and there are poor countries. Countries that are wealthy versus countries that are poor have generally been determined by the availability of economic opportunities and advantages. The three core areas of wealthy industrialized countries are located in North America, Western Europe, and eastern Asia. The main market centers of these regions are New York City, London, and Tokyo. These three core areas and their rich neighbors make up the centers of economic activity that drive the global economy. Other wealthy countries are found in regions with large amounts of natural resources, such as the Middle East, or strategic locations, such as . The world’s poorer countries make up the peripheral countries. A few countries share qualities of both and may be called semi-peripheries.
    ::世界各地的经济条件各不相同。有富裕国家和贫穷国家。富裕国家和贫穷国家通常取决于经济机会和优势的提供情况。富裕工业化国家的三个核心地区位于北美、西欧和东亚。这些地区的主要市场中心是纽约市、伦敦和东京。这三个核心地区及其富裕邻国构成了推动全球经济的经济活动中心。其他富裕国家则位于自然资源丰富的地区,如中东或战略地点,如中东。世界较贫穷的国家组成外围国家。少数国家拥有两者的品质,它们也可以被称为半外围国家。

     

    By Lou Coban (Based on File:Anglosphere_map.png.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

    This World Trade map illustrates the countries that are in the core, the semi-periphery, and the periphery.
    ::这一世界贸易图说明了处于核心、半边缘和边缘的国家。

     

    The periphery countries and the core countries each have unique characteristics. Peripheral locations are providers of raw materials and agricultural products. In the periphery, more people earn their living in occupations related to securing resources like farming, mining, or harvesting forest products. Workers in these jobs tend to make less money and have less chance for promotions. In the periphery, there is a condition known as brain drain, which describes a loss of educated or professional individuals. Young people leave the peripheral areas for the cities to earn an education or to find better employment. Very few of these individuals return.   
    ::边缘国家和核心国家各有其独特的特点:周边国家是原材料和农产品的提供者;在周边国家,更多的人靠农业、采矿或采伐森林产品等资源保障等职业谋生;这些工作的工人往往挣得较少的钱,晋升机会较少;在周边国家,有一种被称为人才外流的条件,它说明受过教育或专业的人流失;青年人离开外围地区到城市赚取教育或找到更好的工作;这些人中很少有人返回。

     

    By User:Wykis [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons

    The Core-periphery Model illustrates how power (economic, political, cultural) is distributed.
    ::核心周边模式说明权力(经济、政治、文化)的分配方式。

     

    Brain drain also happens on an international level. Students from periphery countries might go to college in core countries, such as the United States or countries in Europe. Many international college graduates do not return to their poorer countries of origin. Instead, they choose to stay in the core country because of employment opportunities. This is especially true in the medical field. There is little political power in the periphery because centers of political power are usually located in the core areas or at least dominated by the core cities. The core areas pull in people, skills, and wealth from the periphery. Lack of opportunities in the periphery pushes people to relocate to the core. 
    ::边缘国家的学生可能会在核心国家上大学,如美国或欧洲国家。许多国际大学毕业生不会返回其较贫穷的原籍国。相反,他们选择留在核心国家是因为就业机会。这在医疗领域尤其如此。外围国家的政治权力很少,因为政治权力中心通常位于核心地区,或者至少由核心城市控制。核心地区吸引了边缘地区的人、技能和财富。外围地区缺少机会迫使人们迁移到核心地区。

    Power, wealth, and opportunity historically have been centered in the core areas of the world. These locations are urbanized and industrialized and hold immense economic and political power. Moreover, cultural activity thrives in these core areas. Influential people, who live in the core, are the ones who hold political power. Core countries, in general, have the best standards of living. According to the , the   countries with the highest quality of life  are , , , , , , , , , , and .  The core depends on the periphery for raw materials, food, and cheap labor. On the other hand, the periphery depends on the core of manufactured goods, services, and governmental support. 
    ::历史上,权力、财富和机会都以世界核心地区为中心。这些地方是城市化和工业化的地区,拥有巨大的经济和政治权力。此外,文化活动在这些核心地区蓬勃发展。生活在核心的富人正是那些拥有政治权力的人。 一般来说,核心国家拥有最好的生活水平。 根据国家统计,生活素质最高的国家是 — — 、、、、、、、、、、、、和。核心依赖原材料、食品和廉价劳动力的边缘。 另一方面,边缘依赖制成品、服务和政府支持的核心。

    The core-periphery spatial relationship is multifaceted. On a local level, the city of  in e astern Kentucky is an example. Morehead has a population of about 7,000 people and is the only town in the region with a university, regional hospital, retail services, and serves as a core hub for the surrounding periphery. The hinterland of Morehead has an economy based on agriculture, coal mining, and timber, which is typical of a peripheral region. Morehead has the political, economic, and educational power that serves the people of its local area.
    ::核心-外围空间关系是多方面的。 在地方一级,肯塔基东部市就是一个例子。 莫赫德市人口约7 000人,是该地区唯一拥有大学、地区医院、零售服务的城镇,是周边地区的核心枢纽。 莫赫德内地的经济以农业、煤矿开采和木材为基础,这在周边地区是典型的。 莫赫德市拥有为当地居民服务的政治、经济和教育权力。

    Entire regions of the United States are peripheral areas. The agricultural Midwest, rural Appalachia, and the mountain ranges and basins of the western United States are examples of peripheral areas. The large metropolitan areas of the east and west coasts and the Industrial Belt act as the core areas. and anchor each coast, and cities such as , , , and represent the heartland. All the other large cities in the United States act as core areas for their surrounding peripheral hinterlands. Southern cities such as , , , or  act as core centers of commerce for the South in a region known as the Sun Belt. 
    ::美国整个地区都是外围地区,中西部、阿巴拉契亚农村农业区、美国西部山脉和流域是外围地区的例子,东部和西部海岸以及工业带的大都市地区是核心地区,每个海岸和城市如(......)和(......)(......)和(......)中心地区都停靠,并代表着中心地区。美国其他所有大城市都是其周边外围腹地的核心地区。南部城市,例如(......),例如(......),(......)或(......)一个被称为太阳带地区的南方商业中心。

     

    https://mapswire.com/countries/united-states/

    This map illustrates the major core cities in the United States.
    ::该地图说明了美国的主要核心城市。

     

    On a global scale, we can understand why North America, Western Europe, and eastern Asia represent the three main economic core areas of the world. They all possess the most advanced technology and the greatest economic resources. Core regions control the corporate markets that energize and fuel global activity. Peripheral regions include portions of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and all the other places that primarily make their living from local resources and support the economic core. These peripheral regions may include key port cities.
    ::在全球范围内,我们可以理解为什么北美、西欧和东亚代表着世界三个主要经济核心地区,它们都拥有最先进的技术和最大的经济资源。核心地区控制着刺激和刺激全球活动的公司市场。 周边地区包括非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲和主要以当地资源为生、支持经济核心的所有其他地方。 这些外围地区可能包括关键港口城市。

     

    By TSGT PERRY HEIMER [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

    Somalia is a periphery country. The city of Mogadishu in Somalia has an estimated population between 1.5 to 3 million people. It is a key port city.
    ::索马里是一个周边国家,索马里摩加迪沙市的人口估计在150万至300万之间,是一个关键的港口城市。

     

    A semi-periphery would be a transitional area between the core and the periphery, which could include countries such as Russia, India, or Brazil that are not exactly in the core and not really in the periphery but might have qualities of both. World migration patterns follow the core-periphery spatial relationship in that people and wealth usually shift from the peripheral rural regions to the urban core regions. The “have” countries of the world are in the core regions, while the “have-not” countries are most likely in the peripheral regions.
    ::半外围是核心与外围之间的一个过渡地区,其中可能包括俄罗斯、印度或巴西等国,这些国家并不完全处于核心,也不真正处于外围,但可能具有两者的素质。 世界移徙模式遵循核心周边空间关系,即人民和财富通常从周边农村地区向城市核心地区转移。 世界上的“有”国家位于核心地区,而“无”国家则最有可能位于外围地区。

     

    By Lidia Lopez [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

    Mexico is considered a semi-periphery country because it is industrializing and is positioned between a core and a periphery country.
    ::墨西哥被视为半外围国家,因为它正在工业化,处于核心国和外围国之间。

    National Income Methods
    ::国民收入收入方法

    It is easier to understand why people move from rural to urban or from periphery to core when one begins to understand the global economy. Economic conditions are connected to how countries gain national income, opportunities, and advantages. One way of gaining wealth is simply by taking the wealth that belongs to another. This method has been common practice throughout human history when a group of armed individuals attacks another group and takes their possessions or resources. Pillaging and plundering have been a standard way of gaining wealth throughout human history. The global economic community frowns on the taking of resources by force or by war. Nonetheless, it is still happening in places around the world, such as off the coast of Somalia with piracy.
    ::当人们开始理解全球经济时,人们为什么从农村向城市或从外围向核心移动,就比较容易理解。经济条件与国家如何获得国民收入、机会和优势有关。获得财富的一个途径就是拿走属于另一个国家的财富。在人类历史上,当一群武装人员攻击另一团体并夺取其财产或资源时,这一方法一直是普遍做法。在人类历史上,掠夺和掠夺是获取财富的标准方式。全球经济社会对以武力或战争获取资源感到忧虑。然而,它仍在世界各地发生,例如索马里沿海海盗活动。

     

    lesson content

    A visit, board, search and seizure team from the guided-missile destroyer USS Truxtun approaches a dhow in the Gulf of Aden.
    ::导弹驱逐舰USS Truxtun在亚丁湾朝单桅帆船行进、登船、搜查和扣押小组。

     

    The main methods countries use to gain national income are based on sustainable national income models and value-added principles. The traditional three areas of agriculture, extraction/mining, and manufacturing are a result of primary and secondary economic activities. Natural resources, agriculture, and manufacturing are targeted as the means to gain national income. Postindustrial activities in the service sector would include tertiary, quaternary, and quinary economic activities, which make up a large part of a nation’s economy but might not hold the same value-added quotient for national income as the traditional three areas.
    ::国家获取国民收入的主要方法基于可持续的国民收入模式和增值原则。 传统的农业、采掘/采矿和制造业三个领域是初级和二级经济活动的结果。 自然资源、农业和制造业是获取国民收入的目标。 服务业的后产业活动将包括三级、四级和五级经济活动,它们构成国家经济的一大部分,但对于国民收入而言,它们可能没有像传统三个领域那样具有同等的附加值。

     

    By Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce, October 2014 [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

    In this circular flow National Income Model, the Bureau of Economic Analysis with the US Department of Commerce illustrates a sustainable way that a country earns money.
    ::在这个循环流动国民收入模式中,美国商务部经济分析局说明了一个国家以可持续的方式赚钱。

     

    Agriculture is the method of growing crops or trees or raising livestock that provides food and some raw materials. This is a renewable method of gaining wealth, as long as conditions are favorable. Profits for agricultural products might be low because of global competition. Countries with minerals, oil, or other natural resources can earn income from the extraction and sale of those items. and other countries with abundant petroleum reserves can gain wealth by selling that resource to other countries. Since these resources are not renewable, once the minerals or oil runs out, the country must turn to other activities to gain national income.           
    ::农业是种植作物或树木或饲养牲畜的方法,提供食物和一些原材料,这是一种可再生的获取财富的方法,只要条件有利。 由于全球竞争,农产品的利润可能很低。 拥有矿物、石油或其他自然资源的国家可以从这些产品的开采和销售中赚取收入。 拥有丰富的石油储备的其他国家可以通过向其他国家出售这些资源来获取财富。 由于这些资源不是可再生的,一旦矿物或石油耗尽,该国必须转向其他活动,以获得国民收入。

    Many places around the world are named for what they produce. The Gold Coast of western Africa received its label because of the abundance of gold in the region. The term breadbasket often refers to a region with abundant agricultural surpluses. The Champagne region of France is well known by the beverage made from the grapes grown there. The Banana republics earned their name because the large fruit plantations were the main income source for the large corporations that operated them. Places such as Copper Canyon and Silver City are examples of towns, cities, or regions named after the natural resources found there. The United States had its Manufacturing Belt, referring to the region from Boston to St. Louis, which was the core industrial region that generated wealth through heavy manufacturing for the greater part of 19th and 20th centuries.
    ::西非金色海岸因其区域黄金丰富而获得标签; 面包篮通常指农业剩余丰富的地区; 法国的香槟区因当地种植的葡萄饮料而闻名; 巴纳纳各共和国因大型果园是经营这些果园的大型公司的主要收入来源而获得其名称; 铜峡和银城等地点是以当地自然资源命名的城镇、城市或区域的例子; 美国的制造带,指波士顿至圣路易斯地区,这是19世纪和20世纪大部分时间通过重制造业创造财富的核心工业区。

     

    By Rob & Lisa Meehan (originally posted to Flickr as Champagne Vineyards) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

    This photo shows a few vineyards in the Champagne wine region of France.
    ::这张照片展示了法国香槟酒区的一些葡萄园。

     

    Manufacturing has offered the industrialized world the opportunity for the greatest   value-added profits. From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, profits were made by turning raw materials into products that could be sold in high quantities. The core areas of the world have all made enormous wealth from manufacturing profits. Today, information technology and high-tech manufactured products generate substantial wealth. The manufactures information by placing data in the form of computer programs on inexpensive disks or in digital files that are then sold at a profit to a world computer market. The geographic region of California south of San Francisco was labeled Silicon Valley after this type of information-generating activity.
    ::制造业为工业化世界提供了获得最大增值利润的机会。从工业革命一开始,利润就通过将原材料转化为可以大量销售的产品而获得。世界的核心地区都从制造业利润中获得了巨大的财富。今天,信息技术和高科技制成品创造了大量财富。制造信息的方式是将数据输入廉价的磁盘或数字文档,然后以利润出售到世界计算机市场。旧金山以南的加利福尼亚地区在这类信息产生活动之后被贴上了硅谷的标签。

    For a country to gain national wealth, income must be brought in from outside the country or generated from within. Other than the big-three methods of agriculture, extraction/mining, and manufacturing, countries can create wealth through tourism and services. The service sector contributes to a large percentage of employment opportunities in industrialized countries and generates income to national economies.
    ::一个国家要获得国民财富,就必须从国外获得收入或从国内获得收入,除了农业、采掘/采矿和制造业的三大方法外,各国可以通过旅游和服务创造财富,服务部门为工业化国家的就业机会提供很大比例,为国民经济创造收入。

    However, the service sector does not have the high value-added profits traditionally provided by the manufacturing sector. In the gaming industry, for example, casinos do not have a large wealth-generating potential for the country unless they can either attract gamblers from other countries or provide for other wealth-generating services. Gambling shifts wealth from one person to another and provides little national income. A benefit of the gambling industry is that it creates service jobs.
    ::然而,服务部门没有传统上由制造业部门提供的高增值利润,例如,在赌博业中,赌场没有为国家创造巨大财富的潜力,除非赌场能够吸引其他国家的赌徒或提供其他创造财富的服务;赌博将财富从一个人转移到另一个人,很少提供国民收入;赌博业的一个好处是创造服务业就业机会。

    National Debt
    ::国债 国债

    Countries with few opportunities to gain wealth to support their governments often borrow money to provide services for their people. The national debt is a major problem for national governments. National income can be consolidated into the hands of a minority of the population at the top of the socioeconomic strata. These social elites have the ability to dominate the politics of their countries or regions.
    ::很少机会获得财富来支持其政府的国家往往借钱为人民提供服务。 国民债务是国家政府的一个主要问题。 国民收入可以归结为社会经济阶层最高层少数人口手中。 这些社会精英有能力支配其国家或地区的政治。

    The elites may hold most of a country’s wealth, while at the same time their government might not always have enough revenue to pay for public services. To pay for public services, the government might need to borrow money, which then increases that country’s national debt. The government could have a high national debt even when the country is home to a large number of wealthy citizens or a growing economy.
    ::精英可能拥有一个国家的大部分财富,而与此同时,他们的政府可能并不总是有足够的收入来支付公共服务。 为了支付公共服务,政府可能需要借钱,从而增加该国的国民债务。 即使国家是大量富裕公民或不断增长的经济体的家园,政府也可能拥有高额的国民债务。

    Taxes are a standard method for governments to collect revenue. If economic conditions decline, the amount of taxes collected can also decline, which could leave the government in a shortfall. Again, the government might borrow money to continue operating and to provide the same level of services. Political corruption and the mismanagement of funds can also cause a country’s government to lack revenue to pay for the services it needs to provide its citizens.
    ::税收是政府收税的标准方法。 如果经济条件恶化,税收数额也会下降,这可能导致政府陷入赤字。 政府可能再次借钱继续运作并提供同样水平的服务。 政治腐败和资金管理不善也可能导致一国政府缺乏收入来支付其公民所需的服务。

    The national debt, defined as the total amount of money a government owes, is a growing concern across the globe. Many governments have problems paying their national debt or even the interest on their national debt. Governments whose debt has surpassed their ability to pay have often inflated their currency to increase the amount of money in circulation, a practice that can lead to hyperinflation and eventually the collapse of the government’s currency, which could have serious negative effects on the country’s economy. In contrast to the national debt, the term budget deficit refers to the annual cycle of accounting of a government’s excess spending over the amount of revenue it takes in during a given fiscal year.
    ::国民债务被定义为政府所欠的货币总额,在全球各地日益引起人们的关注。 许多政府都难以偿付国家债务,甚至无法偿还其国家债务的利息。 债务已超过其支付能力的政府常常夸大其货币,以增加流通货币的数额。 这种做法可能导致过度膨胀,并最终导致政府货币崩溃,从而可能对国家经济产生严重的负面影响。 与国民债务相反,长期预算赤字指的是政府相对于特定财政年度收入数额的过度支出的年度会计周期。

    Development and Demographics
    ::发展与人口统计的发展和人口统计

    The Industrial Revolution, which prompted the shift in population from rural to urban, also encouraged market economies, which have evolved into modern consumer societies. Various theories and models have been developed over the years to help explain these changes. For example, in 1929, the American demographer Warren Thompson developed the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) to explain population growth based on an interpretation of demographic history. A revised version of Thomson’s model outlines five stages of demographic transition, from traditional rural societies to modern urban societies:
    ::工业革命引发了人口从农村向城市的转变,也鼓励了市场经济,而市场经济已经演变为现代消费社会。 多年来,已经发展了各种理论和模型来解释这些变化。 比如,1929年,美国人口学家沃伦·汤普森(Warren Thompson)根据对人口史的解释制定了人口过渡模型(DTM ) , 以解释人口增长。 汤姆森模型的修订版本概述了人口转型的五个阶段,从传统的农村社会到现代城市社会:

    • Stage 1: High birth and death rates; rural pre-industrial society
      ::第一阶段:出生和死亡率高;农村工业前社会
    • Stage 2: Declining death rate; developing country
      ::第二阶段:死亡率下降;发展中国家
    • Stage 3: Declining birth rate; high urbanization rate
      ::第三阶段:出生率下降;高城市化率
    • Stage 4: Low birth and death rates; stabilized population
      ::第四阶段:低出生率和死亡率;稳定人口
    • Stage 5: Declining population; urban post-industrial society
      ::第五阶段:人口下降;城市后工业社会

     

    By Max Roser [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

    This diagram of the Five Stages of the Demographic Transition Model traces the development from rural, pre-industrial society to urban, post-industrial society.
    ::人口过渡模式五个阶段的图示记录了从农村、工业前社会到城市、工业后社会的发展。

     

    In the 1960s, economist outlined a pattern of economic development that has become one model for growth in a global economy. Rostow’s model outlined the in the economic modernization of a country. In this model, a society begins at stage 1 called "traditional society" and moves up the ladder until becoming a stage 5 "age of high mass consumption" society.
    ::20世纪60年代,经济学家概述了经济发展模式,它已经成为全球经济增长的典范。 罗斯托的模式概括了一个国家的经济现代化。 在这个模式中,一个社会从第一阶段开始,称为“传统社会 ” , 向上攀升,直到“高消费”社会进入第五阶段。

    • Stage 1: Traditional society
      ::第一阶段:传统社会
    • Stage 2: Preconditions for take-off
      ::第二阶段:起飞的先决条件
    • Stage 3: Take-off
      ::第3阶段:起飞
    • Stage 4: Drive to maturity
      ::第4阶段:向成熟期过渡
    • Stage 5: Age of high mass consumption           
      ::第五阶段:高质量消费年龄

    The Human Development Index (HDI) was developed in 1990 and used by the United Nations Development Programme to measure a standard of human development. Human development refers to the widening opportunities available to individuals for education, health care, income, and employment. The HDI incorporates variables such as standards of living, literacy rate, and life expectancy to indicate a measure of well-being or the quality of life for a specific country. The HDI is an indicator of a country’s economic and technological development.
    ::人的发展指数(HDI)是1990年制定的,联合国开发计划署用它来衡量人的发展的标准;人的发展是指扩大个人在教育、保健、收入和就业方面的机会;人的发展指数包括诸如生活水平、识字率和预期寿命等变量,以表明某一具体国家的福利或生活质量;人的发展指数是一个国家经济和技术发展的指标。

    The basic principles of Rostow’s DTM and the HDI can be illustrated in a general index for understanding development. Two variables of the DTM’s correlating five stages are family size and economic income, which illustrates the population pattern or development potential. All countries of the world are at one of the five stages. The general index addresses how population growth rates relate to rural-to-urban shift, which has traditionally been a result of industrialization. By tracking both family size and economic conditions, a pattern of population growth and economic development can be illustrated and more clearly understood.
    ::Rostow的DTM和人类发展指数的基本原则可以用理解发展的一般指数来说明,DTM五个阶段相关的两个变量是家庭规模和经济收入,这说明了人口模式或发展潜力。 全世界所有国家都处于五个阶段之一。 总体指数涉及人口增长率与农村向城市的转变的关系,这在传统上是工业化的结果。 通过跟踪家庭规模和经济条件,可以说明并更清楚地理解人口增长和经济发展的模式。

    The number of children born to a woman in her lifetime is the fertility rate. Fertility rate may (or may not) vary from family size, which is an indication of the number of living children raised by a parent or parents in the same household. A high infant mortality rate may account for a fertility rate that is greater than family size. To simplify the understanding, family size is used in this textbook to illustrate economic dynamics. Though the statistical data may vary slightly between the two terms, this should not present any problem in understanding basic patterns of development.
    ::妇女一生中所生子女的数目是生育率,生育率可能(或可能不)与家庭规模不同,这说明父母或父母在同一家庭中抚养的活子女的数目,高婴儿死亡率可能说明生育率大于家庭规模,为简化理解,本教科书使用家庭规模来说明经济动态,虽然两个术语之间的统计数据可能略有不同,但这不应在理解基本发展模式方面造成任何问题。

     

    By Rcragun [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], from Wikimedia Commons

    This graphic illustrates the total fertility rate worldwide from 1950 until 2050.
    ::这一图示显示了1950年至2050年全世界总生育率。

     

    As a general trend, when a country experiences increasing levels of industrial activity and greater urban growth, the outcome is usually a higher standard of living for its people. Additionally, a rural-to-urban shift takes place, driven by the pull of opportunities and advantages in the industrializing and urbanizing areas. Though there are exceptions, a decrease in family size usually coincides with a higher level of urbanization. There are cases in which only core regions within a country transition through the five development stages without the peripheral regions experiencing the coinciding levels of economic benefit. The five stages of the index of economic development assist in illustrating these general patterns.
    ::总体趋势是,当一个国家的工业活动水平不断提高,城市增长更大时,结果通常是人民生活水平提高;此外,由于工业化和城市化地区机会和优势的拉动,农村向城市的转变也随之发生;尽管存在例外情况,但家庭规模的缩小通常与城市化程度的提高相吻合;在有些情况下,只有一国核心区域在五个发展阶段进入过渡期,而周边区域没有同时获得经济效益的水平;经济发展指数的五个阶段有助于说明这些总体模式。

    Stage 1 indicates traditional rural societies, which are usually based on agriculture and not as dependent on the outside world. Stage 1 families are larger, their income levels are low, and their advantages and economic development opportunities are low. Health care, education, and social services are in short supply or nonexistent. High birth and death rates maintain a high fertility rate/family size and a low population-growth status. Populations in stage 1 development have a stationary population pyramid. Although there may be regions of the world that exhibit stage 1 development patterns, few if any entire countries fall into this category as of the year 2000.
    ::第一阶段表明传统的农村社会,这些社会通常以农业为基础,而不是依赖外部世界;第一阶段家庭较大,收入水平低,优势和经济发展机会低;保健、教育和社会服务短缺或根本不存在;高出生率/家庭规模和低人口增长率;第一阶段发展阶段的人口有一个固定的人口金字塔;尽管世界上可能有些区域出现第1阶段发展模式,但截至2000年,属于这一类别的国家即使有,也很少。

    Stage 2 countries experience high population growth rates because family size remains high but modern medicine or improved nutrition allows people to live longer, which lowers the death rate. The population is exploding in countries in stage 2. During this stage, young people from rural areas often migrate to the cities looking for employment. Rural stage 2 regions are starting to urbanize and integrate their economic activities with the outside world. Regions in stage 2 often have a surplus of cheap labor. Income levels remain low and family size continues to be large. Countries in this stage often have a rapidly expanding population pyramid.
    ::第二阶段国家人口增长率较高,因为家庭规模仍然很高,但现代医学或营养改善使人口寿命延长,从而降低死亡率。第二阶段国家的人口正在激增。第二阶段国家的人口正在急剧增加。在这一阶段,农村地区的年轻人往往迁移到寻找就业的城市。第二阶段农村地区开始城市化并将其经济活动与外部世界融合起来。第二阶段区域往往有廉价劳动力过剩。第二阶段区域的收入水平仍然很低,家庭规模仍然很大。目前阶段的国家往往有迅速扩大的人口金字塔。

    Societies that have made business connections that provide for the manufacturing of products, industrial activities, or an increased service sector might progress to stage 3, the rural-to-urban shift stage. These regions are experiencing a high rate of rural-to-urban shift in their populations. These regions are often targeted by multinational corporations for their labor supply  As people migrate from rural areas to the cities looking for employment, urban populations grow and core or central cities experience high rates of self-constructed housing (slums). Income levels start to increase and family size starts to drop significantly. Stage 3 countries have an expanding population pyramid.
    ::已经建立商业联系,提供产品制造、工业活动或增加服务部门的社会可能进入第3阶段,即从农村向城市的转变阶段,这些地区的人口正经历着从农村向城市的高比率的转变,这些地区的劳动力供应往往成为跨国公司的目标,因为人们从农村地区向城市迁移以寻找就业,城市人口增长,核心或中央城市的自建住房(贫民窟)比率很高,收入水平开始上升,家庭规模开始大幅下降,第3阶段国家的人口金字塔正在扩大。

    Societies that have urbanized and industrialized and are members of the global marketplace might enter stage 4. Members of an urban workforce assist in building a networked economy. Family size is lower as urban women enter the workforce and have fewer children. Health care, education, and social services become more available, and income levels continue to rise. In stage 4, there is typically a high level of growth in the industrial and service sectors with a great need for infrastructure in the form of transportation, housing, and human services. Countries in stage 4 development have populations that resemble a stationary population pyramid.
    ::城市化和工业化的社会以及作为全球市场成员的社会可能进入第四阶段:城市劳动力成员协助建立网络经济;随着城市妇女加入劳动力队伍,子女减少,家庭规模较低;保健、教育和社会服务更加普及,收入水平继续提高;第四阶段:工业和服务部门增长普遍,非常需要运输、住房和人力服务等基础设施;第四阶段发展的国家人口与固定人口金字塔相似。

    As incomes increase and family size decreases, a consumer society emerges, creating stage 5, where high mass consumption can drive the economy. Many countries in stage 5 can eventually experience a negative population growth rate in which the fertility rate (family size) is below replacement levels (statistically around 2.1 children). With a low number of young people entering the workforce, stage 5 regions become an attractive magnet for people looking for opportunities and advantages in the job market. Illegal immigration might become an issue. Europe and the United States are now experiencing this condition. Japan has the same low family size, but because of their island location and strict laws, they have a different set of illegal immigration issues compared with Europe or the United States. Populations in stage 5 development have a contracting population pyramid.
    ::随着收入的增加和家庭规模的缩小,出现了消费社会,创造了第5阶段,在这个阶段,大众消费可以推动经济,许多处于第5阶段的国家最终会经历负人口增长率,生育率(家庭规模)低于更替水平(统计数字约为2.1名儿童);由于进入劳动力大军的青年人数较少,第5阶段对在就业市场寻找机会和优势的人来说具有吸引力;非法移民可能成为一个问题;欧洲和美国正在经历这种情况;日本的家庭规模同样低,但由于它们所处的岛屿位置和严格的法律,它们与欧洲或美国有着一套不同的非法移民问题。

    The four basic shapes of population pyramids parallel the various stages of a country’s economic development. Many of the concepts used in this textbook are interrelated. The various methods, models, or theories used in geography are often used by other disciplines as well. In this case, the stages of economic development and the population pyramids illustrate the contrast between rural and urban societies and the changes in family size during the industrialization process.
    ::人口金字塔的四个基本形状与一国经济发展的不同阶段相平行。 教科书中使用的许多概念是相互关联的。 地理学中使用的各种方法、模型或理论也经常被其他学科所使用。 在这种情况下,经济发展和人口金字塔的阶段说明了城乡社会之间的对比以及工业化过程中家庭规模的变化。

    Geography of Opportunity
    ::机会地理

    Highly industrialized countries in western Europe, eastern Asia, or North America can offer more economic opportunities compared with developing countries. The push-pull factors that push people out of poorer countries and pull them to an industrialized country are strong. Portions of the population of countries in the earlier stages of the index of economic development often migrate to countries in the latter stages of the index looking for work and other opportunities.
    ::与发展中国家相比,西欧、东亚或北美高度工业化国家可以提供更多经济机会。 将人们推出较贫穷国家并将他们拉到工业化国家的推拉因素十分强劲。 处于经济发展指数早期阶段的国家有部分人口往往迁移到指数后期的国家寻找工作和其他机会。

    This transition has created differences between people who have opportunities and advantages and those who do not. People who do not have opportunities and advantages often want to move to places that do have them so they can work to attain greater economic security for themselves and their families. The haves and have-nots are general categories of economic status and not necessarily cultural values.
    ::这种过渡在有机会和优势的人与没有机会和优势的人之间造成了差异,没有机会和优势的人往往想搬到有机会和优势的地方,以便他们能够为自己及其家庭争取更大的经济保障,富人和穷人是经济地位的一般类别,不一定是文化价值。

    Countries in stage 4 or 5 of the index of economic development are often attractive places for those seeking greater economic opportunities or advantages. Populations in these stages generally have fewer children, so the demand for entry-level workers is often higher. Immigrants with fewer skills take entry-level jobs to enter the workforce. An established country with a long history and culture does not always welcome the arrival of new immigrants.
    ::经济发展指数第4或5阶段的国家往往是那些寻求更多经济机会或优势的国家的有吸引力的地方,处于这些阶段的人口一般生育子女较少,因此对初级工人的需求往往更高,技能较弱的移民从事初级工作以进入劳动力队伍,具有悠久历史和文化的既定国家并不总是欢迎新移民的到来。

    An immigrant labor pool often includes individuals who hold different cultural traditions or customs than those of the mainstream society. Social tensions arise if different ethnic groups are competing for the same cultural spaces and opportunities such as are seen in Europe and the United States. The immigration issue is one that will continue to be debated for as long as we have people leaving their countries for better opportunities and advantages.
    ::移民劳工队伍通常包括拥有与主流社会不同的文化传统或习俗的个人。 如果不同的种族群体在竞争欧洲和美国等同样的文化空间和机会,那么社会紧张就会出现。 只要我们让人民离开祖国寻求更好的机会和优势,移民问题就将继续争论下去。

    Opportunities in Geography
    ::地理机会

    The following information on careers in geography is from the website of the  , which is a resource for those interested in pursuing employment in the field of geography. Many occupations require knowledge of and skills in geography. Geographers work in many different areas, such as environmental management, education, disaster response, city and county planning, community development, and more. Geography is an interdisciplinary field that offers diverse career opportunities. Many geographers pursue rewarding careers in business, local, state, or federal government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and schools. Geographers with graduate degrees may become educators in higher education such as community colleges and universities.
    ::有关地理职业的下列信息来自网站,该网站是有意在地理领域寻求就业的人的一个资源,许多职业需要地理知识和技能,地理学家在许多不同领域工作,如环境管理、教育、灾害应对、城市和县规划、社区发展等,地理是一个跨学科领域,提供多种职业机会,许多地理学家追求商业、地方、州或联邦政府机构、非营利组织和学校的有酬职业,具有研究生学位的地理学家可能成为社区学院和大学等高等教育的教育工作者。

    Using information from the , the AAG has compiled data on a broad list of occupations related to geography. Using this online career database, you can explore the diverse career opportunities available to geographers, as well as retrieve data on salaries, projected growth, demand for key skills, and much more to guide your career planning. Go to   to explore what kinds of jobs are available in the field of geology.
    ::AAG利用来自该数据库的信息,汇编了与地理有关的广泛职业清单的数据。使用这个在线职业数据库,您可以探索地理学家可利用的各种职业机会,并检索关于工资、预期增长、关键技能需求的数据,以及更多指导职业规划的数据。然后探索地质学领域可以提供何种工作。

      Key Takeaways
    ::密钥外出

    • The search for cheap labor and resources drives the need for profits by multinational corporations that fuel the global economy. This activity is creating a second major wave of globalization, often referred to as neocolonialism or corporate colonialism.
      ::寻找廉价劳动力和资源是刺激全球经济的跨国公司对利润的需求。 这一活动正在创造第二大全球化浪潮,通常被称为新殖民主义或公司殖民主义。
    • The concepts of opportunity and advantage provide a means to understand the attractiveness or unattractiveness of a place to immigrants or economic activities.
      ::机会和优势的概念为了解某一地点对移民或经济活动的吸引力或吸引力提供了手段。
    • Opportunities and advantages drive rural-to-urban shift, migration, and movement of corporate activity.
      ::机会和优势驱动着农村向城市的转变、移徙和公司活动的流动。
    • Core areas are usually urban with high levels of industrial and economic development.
      ::核心地区通常是工业和经济发展水平较高的城市。
    • Peripheral areas are typically suppliers of food and raw materials used in the core.
      ::周边地区通常是用于核心的粮食和原材料的供应者。
    • Political and economic power is held in the core, while the periphery suffers from lower incomes and brain drain.
      ::政治和经济权力处于核心地位,而边缘收入较低,人才外流。
    • National income methods are based on standard economic practices and value-added principles.
      ::国民收入方法以标准经济惯例和增值原则为基础。
    • Agricultural activities are renewable, but extractive activities are not.
      ::农业活动是可再生的,但采掘活动不是。
    • Manufacturing has historically provided the highest value-added profits and has been the main means of the core economic regions of the world to gain income.
      ::制造业历来提供最高增值利润,是世界核心经济区域赚取收入的主要手段。

    Vocabulary Terms
    ::词汇术语术语

       Chapter 2.2 Globalization and Development
    ::第2.2章 全球化与发展

    core country  
    ::核心国家

    More economically developed countries--ex. Germany, Japan, Canada
    ::德国、日本、加拿大

    d eveloped   c ountry  
    ::发达国家(发达国家)

    A country which has progressed adequately   with regard to   economic, mortality and demographic indicators
    ::在经济、死亡率和人口指标方面取得充分进展的国家

    d eveloping   c ountry  
    ::发展中国家

    A country which has not progressed adequately   with regard to   economic, mortality and demographic indicators
    ::在经济、死亡率和人口指标方面没有取得充分进展的国家

    fertility   r ate  
    ::生育率 生育率 生育率

    The number of children a woman of childbearing years will have in her lifetime
    ::育龄妇女在其一生中生育的子女数量

    gross d omestic   p roduct  
    ::国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值 国内生产总值

    The value of only goods and services produced in a country within a given time
    ::一国在给定时间内仅生产的货物和服务的价值

    g ross   n ational   i ncome  
    ::国民总收入的国民总收入

    A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GNI is the total income generated by a country in 12 months after expenses owing to   the i r   countries have been paid
    ::反映一国经济状况的措施。国民总收入是指一国在支付欠其国家的费用后12个月内产生的总收入。

    h uman   d evelopment   i ndex  
    ::人类发展指数

    A measure of human development which combines indicators of life expectancy, educational levels, and income
    ::将预期寿命、教育水平和收入指标结合起来的人类发展衡量指标

    i nfant   m ortality   r ate  
    ::婴儿死亡率

    The number of deaths   per 1000 between ages 0-1
    ::0-1岁每千人死亡人数

    mortality r ate  
    ::死亡率 死亡率

    The number of deaths per 1000 people in the p opulation
    ::人口每1 000人中死亡人数

    peripheral   country  
    ::外围国家

    A country that is considered less economically developed. Ex. m any countries found in   Sub-Saharan Africa    
    ::被认为是经济欠发达的国家,例如,许多撒哈拉以南非洲国家。

    population   p yramid  
    ::人口金字形人口金字形

    A graphic device that shows sex and age distribution of a population
    ::显示人口性别和年龄分布的图形设备

    rate of n a tural   i ncrease  
    ::自然增长率

    Determines if a country's population is increasing or decreasing. Subtract mortality rate from   birth rate
    ::确定一个国家的人口是否在增加或减少。

    semi -peripheral country  
    ::半半周边国家

    These countries fall between the core and periphery, most of them newly   industrialized--e x. Mexico,   India, Russia, Brazil
    ::这些国家介于核心和外围之间,其中大多数是新兴工业化的前列国家。

    s ustainability  
    ::可持续性

    Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
    ::满足当代人的需求而不损害后代人满足自身需求的能力

    Applying Knowledge
    ::应用知识

    Interactive Notebook Activities
    ::互动笔记活动

    1. Explain how the concepts of opportunity and advantage create a stronger rural-to-urban shift and fuel migration in various regions of the world.
      ::解释机会和优势的概念如何在世界各区域促成更强有力的农村向城市的转移和助长移徙。
    2. Describe the dynamics of the core-periphery spatial relationship and determine whether a country is a part of the core or periphery by its respective attributes.
      ::描述核心-周边空间关系的动态,并确定一个国家根据其各自的属性是核心还是边缘的一部分。
    3. Explain how countries gain national income and which activities are renewable or have value-added profits.
      ::解释各国如何获得国民收入以及哪些活动可以再生或具有增值利润。
    4. Illustrate in a chart or diagram the relationship between labor and resources in the economic situation for each country.
      ::以图表或图表说明每个国家经济形势下的劳动力和资源之间的关系。
    5. Describe the patterns illustrated in the index of economic development—especially in terms of how it illustrates a country’s development status about family size and economic indicators. 
      ::描述经济发展指数所显示的模式——特别是它如何说明一个国家的家庭规模和经济指标的发展状况。
    6. Define the concepts of rural-to-urban shift, core-periphery spatial relationships, opportunity and advantage, and haves and have-nots.
      ::界定农村向城市的转变、核心的周边空间关系、机会和优势以及财富和财富的概念。

    Discussion and Study Questions
    ::讨论和研究问题

    1. What prompted the first major wave of rural-to-urban migration in modern history?
      ::是什么促使现代历史上第一次出现农村向城市的大规模移徙浪潮?
    2. What human economic activities would you find in a core region? What human economic activities would you encounter in the periphery?
      ::你会在一个核心地区发现什么人类经济活动?你会在外围地区遇到什么人类经济活动?
    3. What does  opportunity  and  advantage  mean? How do these terms help us understand world geography?
      ::机会和优势意味着什么?这些术语如何帮助我们理解世界地理?
    4. What are the three main traditional methods through which a country can gain national income? Of the three, which has traditionally provided the highest value-added profits?
      ::一国获得国民收入的三种主要传统方法是什么? 在传统上提供最高增值利润的三种方法中,三种方法中有哪些?
    5. What are the three main economic core areas of the world that have dominated the global economy?
      ::世界主导全球经济的三个主要经济核心领域是什么?
    6. What are the main elements of business that global corporations seek in terms of a geographic location to make the highest profits?
      ::全球公司为了赚取最高利润,在地理位置方面寻求哪些主要商业要素?
    7. What is the main human migration pattern between the core and the periphery?
      ::核心人口与外围人口之间的主要移徙模式是什么?
    8. What does each stage of the index of economic development represent or illustrate?
      ::经济发展指数的每个阶段代表或说明什么?
    9. Would minimum wage tend to go up or down for countries moving from stage 4 to stage 5 of the index of economic development?
      ::对于从经济发展指数第4阶段向第5阶段过渡的国家来说,最低工资是否趋于上下?
    10. How is it that countries with strong or stable economies run up a high national debt?
      ::经济强劲或稳定的国家是如何承受高额国民债务的?

    Real-World Geography Exercise
    ::现实世界地理演习

    1. Using the Internet,  compare the main opportunities and advantages for the place you live with another place either in the same country or in another country with a similar population pyramid profile.
      ::使用互联网,比较您与同一国家或人口金字塔型相似的另一国家的另一地点居住的主要机会和优势。
    2. Research and  list the main economic activities for your city or country. Do any of the activities you found compare with what you learned in this textbook?
      ::研究并列出您所在城市或国家的主要经济活动。您发现的任何活动与您在这本教科书中所学到的东西相比吗?
    3. Research and  describe the main migration pattern for people moving into or out of your current location.
      ::研究并描述进出您目前所在地的人的主要移徙模式。

    Mapping Exercise
    ::绘图绘制作业

       Mapping Our World ESRI-ARGIS Online
    ::在线绘制我们世界的ESRI-ARGIS地图

    :  Students will investigate how connections are made across Earth, focusing on advancements in transportation and technology. The activity uses a web-based map.

    Videos for Geography Enrichment
    ::地理丰富视频

    Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
    ::地理研究有用网站

    is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge.  Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
    ::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。

    provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
    ::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。

    is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
    ::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。

    is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
    ::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。

    is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
    ::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。

      is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth. 
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。

    is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
    ::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。

    is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
    ::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。

      is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
    ::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。

      is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.  
    ::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。

    is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
    ::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。

      is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states. 
    ::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。

    is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
    ::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。

     is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more. 
    ::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。

    is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。

    is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
    ::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。

    is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
    ::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。

    is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
    ::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。

    Students will investigate how connections are made across Earth, focusing on advancements in transportation and technology. The activity uses a web-based map.