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  • 西欧(2天)

      Chapter Challenges
    ::章次 挑战

    1. List and describe the various traditional regions of Western Europe.
      ::列出并描述西欧各传统区域的清单。
    2. Summarize how the physical geography varies from region to region.
      ::概括地说明地理地理情况因区域而异。
    3. Explain how each region has met the challenges of retaining its cultural identity or uniqueness.
      ::解释每个区域如何应对保持其文化特性或独特性的挑战。
    4. Describe how each region has developed an industrialized economy.
      ::说明每个区域是如何发展工业化经济的。

    Student Learning Objectives
    ::学生学习目标

       TEKS Regional World Geography Unit 05; Europe Chapter 5.4 Western Europe
    ::TEKS 区域世界地理股05;欧洲5.4章西欧

    WG.1B Trace the spatial diffusion of phenomena such as the Columbian Exchange or the diffusion of American popular culture and describe the effects on regions of contact.
    ::WG.1B 追踪哥伦比亚交流会等现象的空间扩散或美国流行文化的传播,并描述对接触区域的影响。

    WG.4A Explain how elevation, latitude, wind systems, ocean currents, position on a continent, and mountain barriers influence temperature, precipitation, and distribution of climate regions.
    ::WG.4A 解释高海拔、纬度、风力系统、洋流、大陆位置、山地屏障如何影响气候区域的温度、降水量和分布。

    WG.4C Explain the influence of climate on the distribution of biomes in different regions.
    ::WG.4C 解释气候对不同区域生物群落分布的影响。

    WG.5A Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.
    ::WG.5A 分析一个地方的特性如何与其政治、经济、社会和文化因素相关。

    WG.7A Construct and analyze population pyramids and use other data, graphics, and maps to describe the population characteristics of different societies and to predict future population trends.
    ::WG.7A 建立并分析人口金字塔,利用其他数据、图表和地图描述不同社会的人口特征,并预测未来人口趋势。

    WG.7C Describe trends in world population growth and distribution.
    ::WG.7C 描述世界人口增长和分布的趋势。

    WG.7D Examine benefits and challenges of globalization, including connectivity, standard of living, pandemics, and loss of local culture.
    ::7D工作组审查全球化的好处和挑战,包括连通性、生活水平、流行病和当地文化的丧失。

    WG.9A Identify physical and/or human factors such as climate, vegetation, language, trade networks, political units, river systems, and religion that constitute a region.
    ::WG.9A 查明构成区域的自然和/或人类因素,如气候、植被、语言、贸易网络、政治单位、河流系统和宗教。

    WG.9B Describe different types of regions, including formal, functional, and perceptual regions.
    ::WG.9B 描述不同类型的区域,包括正式区域、功能区域和概念区域。

    WG.14C Analyze current events to infer the physical and human processes that lead to the formation of boundaries and other political divisions.
    ::WG.14C 分析当前事件,以推断导致形成边界和其他政治分裂的物质和人类过程。

    WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
    ::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。

    WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
    ::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。

    Regions of Western Europe           
    ::西欧区域

    Europe has been traditionally divided into regions based on location according to the four points of the compass: Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe, and Northern Europe. The British Isles are often considered a separate region but can be included as a part of Western Europe. These regions are geographical regions that share similar physical geography or cultural traits.
    ::欧洲传统上按地点按罗盘的四点划分为区域:东欧、南欧、西欧和北欧,不列颠群岛通常被视为一个单独的区域,但可以作为西欧的一部分列入,这些区域是地理地理或文化特征相似的地理区域。

    For historical political purposes, Europe is divided into the two regions of Western Europe and Eastern Europe. In this case, the region of Western Europe includes the regions of northern Europe, southern Europe, Central Europe, and the British Isles. Eastern Europe is everything east of Germany, Austria, and Italy. These regional labels are used more for identification than for regional analysis. They serve as traditional labels of geographic location.
    ::为了历史的政治目的,欧洲分为西欧和东欧两个区域,西欧区域包括北欧、南欧、中欧和不列颠群岛等区域,东欧是德国、奥地利和意大利的东欧。这些区域标签更多地用于识别,而不是用于区域分析。它们是地理位置的传统标签。

     

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    This map illustrates the traditional regions of Europe.
    ::该地图说明了欧洲的传统区域。

    The traditional regions of Europe are not as relevant today as they have been historically since the creation of the . Economic and political relationships are more integrated than they were in past eras when nation-states and empires were more important. Economic conditions have often overridden cultural forces (heritage and traditions), which have traditionally supported nationalistic movements. Regional cultural differences remain the social fabric of local communities that support the uniqueness of identity. On the other hand, modern transportation and communication technology have blurred the lines of European identity.
    ::欧洲传统区域今天不如创立欧洲传统区域以来的历史上那么重要。经济和政治关系比过去更加一体化,过去民族国家和帝国更重要。经济状况往往压倒了文化力量(遗产和传统),这些文化力量历来支持民族主义运动。区域文化差异仍然是支持特性独特性的地方社区的社会结构。另一方面,现代交通和通信技术模糊了欧洲特性的界限。

    Northern Europe
    ::北欧

    Europe has many different cultural identities within its continent. Northern Europe has traditionally included Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. These countries are often referred to as the Nordic countries. All these countries were influenced by Viking heritage and expansion. Their capital cities are also major ports, and the largest cities of each country are their primate cities. 
    ::欧洲在其大陆内有许多不同的文化特性,北欧传统上包括冰岛、芬兰、挪威、瑞典和丹麦,这些国家通常被称为北欧国家,所有这些国家都受到维京传统和扩张的影响,它们的首都城市也是主要港口,每个国家最大的城市是它们的原始城市。

    Protestant Christianity has prevailed in northern Europe. The Lutheran Church has traditionally been the state church until recent years. These countries were kingdoms, and their royal families remain highly regarded members of society. The colder northern climate has helped shape the cultural activities and the winter sports that are part of the region’s heritage. Peripheral isolation from the rest of Europe because of their northern location and dividing bodies of water have allowed the northern culture to be preserved for centuries and shape the societies that now exist in northern Europe.
    ::新教在北欧盛行。直到最近几年,路德教会传统上一直是国教。 这些国家是王国,其皇室家族仍然是社会成员。 寒冷的北方气候帮助形成了文化活动和冬季运动,这些是该地区遗产的一部分。 周边与欧洲其他地区隔绝,因为它们位于北部,水体分化,使得北方文化得以保存几个世纪,并塑造了现在存在于北欧的社会。

     

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    Port in Stockholm, Sweden.
    ::瑞典斯德哥尔摩港。

     

    Human rights, education, and social concerns are high priorities for the governments of northern Europe. Standards of living are among the highest in Europe. Because North Europe is isolated from the rest of Europe, travel tends to be more expensive. However, solutions to this problem have been addressed.  For example, a modern bridge has been constructed across the Baltic Sea from Denmark to Sweden to increase the flow of people, goods, and materials between the Scandinavian Peninsula and mainland Europe.
    ::人权、教育和社会关注是北欧各国政府的高度优先事项。生活水平是欧洲最高的之一。由于北欧与欧洲其他地区隔绝,旅行费用往往更高。然而,这个问题的解决方案已经得到解决。 比如,从丹麦到瑞典,在波罗的海之间修建了一座现代桥梁,以增加斯堪的纳维亚半岛与欧洲大陆之间的人口、货物和物资流动。

    Iceland is the most remote of the Nordic countries. Its small population—less than a half million people—is connected to Europe by sea and air transportation and communication technologies. Almost all elementary school children in the Nordic countries are taught English as a second language. Potatoes, meat, and particularly fish are important food sources in this region. Northern Europe has worked very hard to integrate itself with the global community and yet maintain its cultural identity.
    ::冰岛是北欧国家中最偏远的国家,人口很少,不到50万人,通过海陆空运输和通讯技术与欧洲接通,几乎所有北欧国家的小学生都以英语作为第二语言学习,马铃薯、肉类,特别是鱼类是该地区重要的食物来源,北欧努力融入全球社会,并保持其文化特性。

    The northern European countries have profited from their natural resources. Sweden, northern Europe’s largest country, has used its natural iron ore supply to develop its manufacturing sector. Finland has vast timber resources and is one of Europe’s major sources of processed lumber. Norway has been benefiting from the enormous oil and natural gas reserves under the North Sea. Fishing and modest agricultural activities had been Norway’s traditional means of gaining wealth, but now it is the export of the much-in-demand energy resources. Because of its economic and energy independence, Norway has opted not to join the EU.
    ::北欧各国从其自然资源中获益。 北欧最大的国家瑞典利用其天然铁矿石供应发展其制造业。 芬兰拥有丰富的木材资源,是欧洲加工木材的主要来源之一。 挪威一直从北海巨大的石油和天然气储备中获益。 渔业和温和的农业活动一直是挪威获取财富的传统手段,但如今却是大量需求能源的出口。 挪威由于其经济和能源独立,选择不加入欧盟。

    The Vikings colonized , which is located next to Canada and is considered to be the world’s largest island. Danish colonization in the 18th century included Greenland and the   Faeroe Islands , which are located between Scotland and Iceland. Both are now under the rule of Denmark but retain a high level of autonomy. Greenland is not a member of the EU because of disputes about the rules of fishing. Fish is Greenland’s main export, but minerals, diamonds, and gold are also present in viable amounts. Although Greenland is almost three times the size of Texas, it has a population of a little more than 57,000. Citizens of Greenland mostly live on the Southwest coastline. The interior is uninhabitable as most of it is covered in permafrost. 
    ::被殖民的维京人位于加拿大附近,被认为是世界上最大的岛屿。 18世纪丹麦的殖民化包括格陵兰和法罗群岛,它们位于苏格兰和冰岛之间。 两者现在都属于丹麦的统治,但都保持高度自治。 格陵兰不是欧盟成员,因为捕鱼规则存在争议。 渔业是格陵兰的主要出口,但矿物、钻石和黄金也有可生存的数量。 尽管格陵兰几乎是得克萨斯岛的三倍,但人口却略多于57,000人。 格陵兰公民大多居住在西南海岸线。 内地不适于居住,因为大部分内地都位于永久冻土中。

    has a consumer economy with a high standard of living. This Scandinavian country is often ranked as the least corrupt country in the world and has the happiest people. The country has supported a positive environment and implemented strong measures to protect its natural areas. Denmark’s main exports are food products and energy. The country has sizeable oil resources in the North Sea but also receives over 15 percent of its electricity from wind turbines. In 2017, the population was estimated to be more than 500 million people.
    ::丹麦拥有高生活水平的消费经济。 这个斯堪的纳维亚国家常常是世界上腐败程度最低的国家,拥有最幸福的人民。 丹麦支持一个积极的环境,并采取了强有力的措施来保护自然区。 丹麦的主要出口是食品和能源。 丹麦在北海拥有可观的石油资源,但也从风力涡轮机获得超过15%的电力。 2017年,人口估计超过5亿。

    The Baltic states of , , and have often been included with northern Europe because of their northern location. Estonia has the strongest similarities in religion, traditions, and culture, and geographic literature often has included it as a part of northern Europe. The Baltic states have been associated with Eastern Europe through the Soviet era but, like their neighbors to the north, are becoming more economically integrated with Western Europe.
    ::爱沙尼亚在宗教、传统和文化方面有着最强烈的相似之处,而地理文献也常常把它作为北欧的一部分。 波罗的海国家通过苏联时代一直与东欧有联系,但与北方的邻国一样,与西欧经济融合程度也越来越高。

    Northern Europe is a peripheral region. Southern Sweden has an advanced industrial base and resembles a core area. Sweden’s northern portion and the main parts of the other Nordic countries act as sources of raw materials for Europe’s urban core industrial region. In the core-peripheral spatial relationship, northern Europe most resembles a semi-peripheral region that has qualities of both the urban core and the rural periphery.
    ::北欧是一个外围地区。 南瑞典有一个先进的工业基地,类似于一个核心地区。 瑞典北部和其他北欧国家的主要部分是欧洲城市核心工业区的原材料来源。 在核心周边空间关系中,北欧最像半外围地区,具有城市核心和农村外围的品质。

    , , and are large in area but not as densely populated compared with other European nations. Sweden ranks as the fourth largest European country in physical area. Sweden is larger than the US state of California. However, in the 2017 census, it had less than 10 million people. In 2017, Finland, Norway, and Denmark all had less than six million people per country.
    ::瑞典是欧洲第四大国。 瑞典比美国加利福尼亚州大。 然而,在2017年人口普查中,瑞典人口不足1 000万。 在2017年,芬兰、挪威和丹麦人均人口不足600万。

    The cultures and societies of northern Europe have progressed along similar paths. They have advanced from once Viking-dominated lands into modern democratic and socially mature nations. Northern Europe is known for its concern for the social welfare of its citizens. Their strong egalitarian ideals have contributed to extensive advancements in free medical care, free education, and free social services for all, regardless of nationality or minority status. Civil rights for minorities, women, and other groups is assured and protected. 
    ::北欧的文化和社会也沿着类似的道路发展,从曾经由维京人控制的土地发展成为现代民主的社会成熟国家,以关注公民的社会福利著称北欧,其强大的平等理想促进了免费医疗、免费教育和全民免费社会服务方面的广泛进步,无论其国籍或少数民族地位如何。 少数民族、妇女和其他群体的公民权利得到保障和保护。

    Southern Europe
    ::南欧

    Southern Europe includes three large peninsulas that extend into the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The Iberian Peninsula consists of Spain and Portugal. The Pyrenees mountain range separates the Iberian Peninsula from France. Greece, the most southern country on the Balkan Peninsula, includes hundreds of surrounding islands and the large island of Crete. The Italian Peninsula is the shape of a boot with the Apennine Mountains running down its center. Italy also includes the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. The island country of Cyprus is also included in southern Europe.
    ::南欧包括三个延伸至地中海和大西洋的大半岛。伊比利亚半岛由西班牙和葡萄牙组成。比利牛斯山脉将伊比利亚半岛与法国隔开。巴尔干半岛上最南部的国家希腊包括数百个周围岛屿和大型克里特岛。意大利半岛是阿彭尼山脉向下延伸的山丘形状。意大利还包括西西里岛和萨尔迪尼亚岛。塞浦路斯岛国也包括南欧。

    There are five mini-states in this region. The small island of Malta is located to the south of Sicily and is an independent country. Monaco, San Marino, Andorra, and Vatican City are also independent states located within the region. Southern Europe’s type C climate, moderated by the water that surrounds it, is often referred to as a Mediterranean climate, which has mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers.
    ::该地区有五个微型国家。 马耳他的小岛屿位于西西里以南,是一个独立国家。 摩纳哥、圣马力诺、安道尔和梵蒂冈城也是区域内的独立国家。 南欧的C型气候由周围的海水调节,通常被称为地中海气候,冬季温和、湿润、夏季炎热、干燥。

    The rural-to-urban shift in southern Europe has not been as strong as that of Western Europe. Only about 50 percent of the people in Portugal are urban. In Spain and Greece, about 60 percent are urban. About 68 percent of the population in Italy is urbanized. Italy is also divided, with northern Italy being more industrialized than southern Italy. The southern regions of Italy, including the island of Sicily, are more rural with fewer industries.
    ::南欧的农村向城市的转变不像西欧那样强劲,葡萄牙只有大约50%的人口是城市人口。在西班牙和希腊,大约60%的人口是城市人口。意大利约有68%的人口城市化。意大利也存在分裂,意大利北部比意大利南部工业化程度更高。意大利南部地区,包括西西里岛,农村工业较少。

    Northern Italy has the metropolitan city of Milan as an anchor for its global industrial and financial sector in the Lombardy region, which includes the city of Turin and the port of Genoa. This northern region of Italy is becoming one of Europe’s leading manufacturing centers. The Ancona Line can be drawn across the middle of Italy from Ancona on the east coast to Rome on the west coast to separate the industrial north with the more agrarian south. The north also has the noted cultural cities of Venice, Florence, and Pisa.
    ::意大利北部的意大利大都会米兰(Milan)是其位于包括都灵市和热那亚港在内的伦巴迪地区全球工业和金融部门的首府。 意大利北部地区正在成为欧洲主要制造中心之一。 Ancona线可以横跨意大利中部,从东海岸的Ancona到西海岸的罗马,将北工业与较农业的南工业分隔开来。 北部还有著名的威尼斯、佛罗伦萨和比萨等文化城市。

    A similar situation exists in Spain. The urbanized Catalonia region around Barcelona in the northeast has high-tech industries and a high standard of living. Southern Spain has large rural areas with economies heavily based on agricultural production. Portugal and Greece are not as industrialized and do not have the same economic opportunities. Historically, southern Europe, Portugal, and Greece in particular each have had a much lower gross domestic product (GDP) per capita than northern or Central Europe. Their economies have been much more aligned with the economic periphery than with the industrial core region of Europe. Greece has had serious economic difficulty in the past few years.
    ::西班牙也存在类似的情况:在东北部巴塞罗那周围的加泰罗尼亚城市化地区有高科技工业和高生活水平;西班牙南部有大量农村地区,经济主要依靠农业生产;葡萄牙和希腊没有工业化,没有同样的经济机会;历史上,南欧、葡萄牙,特别是希腊的人均国内生产总值(GDP)都比北欧或中欧低得多;它们的经济比欧洲的工业核心地区更接近经济边缘;希腊在过去几年中经历了严重的经济困难。

    Southern European countries have much larger populations than their northern European counterparts. Italy has a population of about 62 million people and Spain has about 49 million. Both Portugal and Greece have more than ten million. Cultural factors are also different in this region than in northern Europe. The culture of southern Europe has been built around agriculture.
    ::南欧国家的人口比北欧国家要多得多,意大利人口约为6 200万,西班牙人口约为4 900万,葡萄牙和希腊人口都超过1 000万,该地区文化因素也不同于北欧,南欧文化以农业为中心。

    Traditional cuisine is based on locally grown fresh food and wine. Olive oil and wine have been major agricultural exports. The main languages of Iberia and Italy are based on the Romance language group, and Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. The most dominant religious affiliation in the south is Roman Catholicism, except in Greece, where the Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Church is prominent.
    ::传统烹饪以当地种植的新鲜食品和葡萄酒为基础,橄榄油和葡萄酒是主要农产品出口,伊伯里亚语和意大利语的主要语言以罗姆语群体为基础,希腊语是印欧语家庭的一个独立分支,南方最主要宗教派别是罗马天主教,希腊除外,希腊东部(希腊)东正教教会在希腊很突出。 

     

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    Because of its diversity, Spain is not categorized as a nation-state.
    ::由于西班牙的多样性,它没有被归类为一个民族国家。

     

    Spain is the most diverse nation in southern Europe with a number of distinct ethnic groups. The Basques in the north along the French border would like to separate and create their own nation-state. The region of Galicia in northwest Spain is an autonomous region and was once its own kingdom. There are many other independent communities in Spain, each with its own distinct heritage and culture.
    ::西班牙是南欧最多样化的国家,有许多不同的种族群体,北部沿法国边界的巴斯克人希望分裂和建立自己的民族国家,西北部的加利西亚地区是一个自治区,曾经是自己的王国,西班牙还有其他许多独立的社区,每个社区都有独特的遗产和文化。

    Farther east in the Mediterranean is the island state of Cyprus, which is divided by Greek and Turkish ethnic groups. The southern part of the island is dominated by Greek heritage and culture, and the northern part of the island is dominated by Turkish culture and traditions. Islam is the main religion of the Turkish north. The people of southern Europe are diverse and hold to many different traditions but are tied together by the sea and the land, which creates similar lifestyles and economic activities.
    ::地中海最东端是塞浦路斯岛国,由希腊族和土耳其族分裂,南部以希腊传统和文化为主,北部以土耳其文化和传统为主,伊斯兰是土耳其北部的主要宗教,南欧人民多种多样,信奉许多不同的传统,但与海洋和土地联系在一起,形成类似的生活方式和经济活动。 

     

      The Cities of Italy
    ::意大利城市

    Italy has a population of about 60 million people, with about 68 percent living in cities. Italian culture balances the food and lifestyle of the rural countryside with the history and heritage of the cities. Cultural regions such as Tuscany, along the northwest coast, or Sicily, the island to the south, evoke thoughts of Italian heritage and culture. The large cities of Italy each have their own draw and persona that emulates the nation’s heritage and history. Italy has four cities with population estimates of over one million people each, and a number of others are major cultural centers. The metropolitan areas around these cities can be extensive.
    ::意大利有大约6 000万人口,约68%的人口生活在城市中。意大利文化平衡农村的食品和生活方式与城市的历史和遗产。西西里岛等文化区域,如西北海岸的托斯卡纳(Toscany),或南西西里岛(西西里岛)等文化区域,唤起意大利传统和文化的思潮。意大利的大城市都有自己的画和人迹,这些城市都与意大利的遗产和历史相似。意大利有四个城市,每个城市的人口估计超过100万人,还有一些城市是主要的文化中心。这些城市周围的都市地区可能很广。

    Rome, Italy’s capital and its largest city, was at the center of the Roman Empire and has a significant historical connection to the culture and heritage of Italy. Rome is also home to Vatican City, which holds a separate political identity. The Vatican City is home to the pope, who is the head of the Roman Catholic Church. Rome provides a historical and political center for the nation of Italy and is located along the Ancona Line, which distinguishes northern Italy from southern Italy.
    ::意大利首都罗马及其最大的城市位于罗马帝国的中心,与意大利的文化和遗产有着重要的历史联系。 罗马也是梵蒂冈城的所在地,该城拥有单独的政治身份。 梵蒂冈城是教皇的所在地,教皇是罗马天主教会的领袖。 罗马为意大利国家提供了一个历史和政治中心,并位于亚科纳线上,该线将意大利北部与意大利南部区分开来。

    The northern city of Milan is a core industrial center for the nation and for Europe. With a large metropolitan area, the city of Milan has a long history as a center of industry and power. The city continues to hold its powerful status and has expanded its international reach into the world of high-end fashion and the arts.
    ::北米兰市是国家和欧洲的核心工业中心。 米兰市是一个大都市地区,有着悠久的历史,是工业和权力的中心。 米兰市继续拥有强大的地位,并将国际影响力扩大到高端时尚和艺术世界。

    Naples is located along the west coast to the south of Rome. Founded by the Greeks as a colony, Naples was transferred to the Roman Empire. This historic city is home to many artistic, musical, and cultural activities that emulate the heritage of the Italian people from the time of the Renaissance.
    ::那不勒斯位于罗马以南的西海岸,由希腊人作为殖民地创立,那不勒斯被转移到罗马帝国。 这个历史城市是许多艺术、音乐和文化活动的所在地,从文艺复兴时期起就模仿意大利人民的遗产。

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    The central part of the city of Naples, Italy, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Italy is densely populated with many historical cities emulating the culture and traditions of each part of the country.
    ::意大利那不勒斯市的中心部分是教科文组织的世界遗产遗址,意大利人口稠密,有许多历史城市在模仿该国每个地区的文化和传统。

    The industrial city of Turin (Torino) is located in northwest Italy in the Alpine region on the banks of the Po River. Turin is second only to Milan in its industrial capacity within Italy. Automobile manufacturing as well as prestigious universities, art galleries, and cultural centers can be found here. The hosting of the 2006 Winter Olympics gave witness to Turin’s capacity and success.
    ::都灵(Torino)工业城市位于意大利西北部,位于波河沿岸的阿尔卑斯山地区。 都灵在意大利的工业地位仅次于米兰。 这里可以找到汽车制造业以及著名大学、美术馆和文化中心。 2006年冬季奥运会的主办证明了都灵的能力和成功。

    Palermo is located on the island of Sicily. Founded by the Phoenicians, this city became the capital of the kingdom of Sicily. Palermo is the center of culture and cuisine for Sicily and has been a destination for tourists from around the world. Italy’s mild Mediterranean climate has enhanced tourism opportunities for many Italian cities such as Palermo.
    ::巴勒莫位于西西里岛,由皮奥尼基人创立,成为西西里王国的首都。 巴勒莫是西西里文化和烹饪中心,也是世界各地游客的目的地。 意大利温和的地中海气候增加了巴勒莫等许多意大利城市的旅游机会。

    Florence and Venice each have their own unique characteristics. Traditionally, Florence has been a city of commerce, trade, and the arts. Located in the Tuscany region, it is often referred to as the birthplace of the Renaissance. Florence is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is noted for its art and architecture. Venice is located on the northeast coast of Italy at the edge of the Adriatic Sea. The city was a powerful trade and commerce center in the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance. Often referred to with romantic overtones, the city is built on 117 small islands using canals as streets. The uniqueness of the landscape, arts, food, and architecture make this city one of the major tourist destinations in Italy.
    ::佛罗伦萨和威尼斯各有其独特的特点。 传统上,佛罗伦萨是一个商业、贸易和艺术的城市。 位于托斯卡尼地区,常常被称为文艺复兴的诞生地。佛罗伦萨是教科文组织的世界遗产,因其艺术和建筑而得到注意。 威尼斯位于意大利东北海岸亚得里亚海边缘。 这座城市是中世纪和文艺复兴时期的一个强大的贸易和商业中心。 常常被说成是浪漫的色彩,这座城市建在117个小岛上,用运河作为街道。 地貌、艺术、食品和建筑的独特性使这座城市成为意大利的主要旅游目的地之一。

    Major Cities in Italy
    ::意大利主要城市

    Rank by Population Population Estimate
    1. Rome (capital) 3.357 million
    2. Milan 2.962 million
    3. Naples 2.27 million
    4. Turin (Torino) 1.662 million
    5. Palermo 872,000
    8. Florence 381,762
    13. Venice 297,743
    Population is for city only and not for metropolitan area.

     

    Central Europe
    ::中欧 中欧 中欧

    The specific states located in the western part of the European mainland are often referred to as Central Europe. The term  Western Europe  is also applicable to this region when discussing regional variations within the realm outside of Eastern Europe. Germany and France are the two dominant states, with Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg making up the Benelux countries. Switzerland and Austria border the Alpine region.
    ::位于欧洲大陆西部的具体国家通常被称为中欧,西欧一词在讨论东欧以外的区域差异时也适用于该区域,德国和法国是两个主要国家,比利时、荷兰和卢森堡是比荷卢国家,瑞士和奥地利与阿尔卑斯地区接壤。

    The mini-state of Liechtenstein is located on the border between Switzerland and Austria. France is the only country with coastlines on both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. These countries are located in the core economic region of Europe and have stable democratic governments and a relatively high standard of living by world comparisons.
    ::列支敦士登的微型国家位于瑞士和奥地利之间的边界上,法国是唯一拥有大西洋和地中海海岸线的国家,这些国家位于欧洲核心经济区域,拥有稳定的民主政府和相对较高的生活水平。

     

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    Barges transport goods along the beautiful Rhine River in Germany, where historic towns share the landscape.
    ::德国美丽的莱茵河沿岸的Barges运输货物,在那里,历史城镇共同拥有地貌。

    Central Europe is a powerhouse of global economics. The Rhine River is a pathway for industrial activity from southern Germany to Europe’s busiest port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands. Western France has the political capital of the EU along the Rhine at Strasbourg. To the south is France’s 2nd largest city, Lyon, which is a major industrial center for modern technology.
    ::中欧是全球经济的发源地。 莱茵河是从德国南部到欧洲荷兰最繁忙的鹿特丹港的工业活动通道。 西法国在斯特拉斯堡的莱茵河沿线拥有欧盟的政治资本。 南法国是法国第二大城市里昂,它是现代技术的主要工业中心。

    Germany has the historical Ruhr industrial complex along the Rhine with the high-tech industries in southern Germany in the cities of Stuttgart, Mannheim, and Munich. Germany is the most populous country in Europe, with over 80 million people in 2017. Germany is also Europe’s largest economy and has the largest GDP overall as a country. Belgium has major business centers in Brussels and Antwerp.
    ::德国拥有历史悠久的鲁尔工业综合体,沿莱茵河与德国南部斯图加特、曼海姆和慕尼黑等城市的高科技工业相邻。 德国是欧洲人口最多的国家,2017年人口超过8000万。 德国也是欧洲最大的经济体,其国内生产总值也比德国大。 比利时在布鲁塞尔和安特卫普设有主要商业中心。 德国是欧洲最大的经济体,也是欧洲最大的经济体。

    Switzerland is noted for its banking and financial markets. Luxembourg has one of the highest GDP per capita in all of Europe. Austria is noted for its high level of cultural activities in Vienna and Salzburg. All these countries complement each other in creating one of the dominant economic core areas in the world.
    ::卢森堡是欧洲人均国内生产总值最高的国家之一,奥地利在维也纳和萨尔茨堡的文化活动水平很高,所有这些国家在创造世界上占主导地位的经济核心领域方面相互补充。

    In the first half of the 20th century, the political geography of Central Europe was not conducive to the high level of economic cooperation that now exists. In World War II, Germany and France were on opposite sides, and the Benelux countries were caught in the middle. The cultural differences between the Germans and the French start with the differences in language and religious affiliation.
    ::在20世纪上半叶,中欧的政治地理不利于目前存在的高水平经济合作。 在二战期间,德国和法国是对立的,比荷卢国家处于中间。 德国和法国的文化差异始于语言和宗教信仰的差异。

    Germany was divided after World War II into East Germany and West Germany, separated by the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall. East Germany was under a Communist government, and West Germany was a capitalist democracy. They were reunited in 1990 when the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall came down. The two countries merged under one government. Europe is gradually being united economically, but each country or region still retains its cultural uniqueness.
    ::二战后,德国被分裂为东德和西德,被铁幕和柏林墙分隔。 东德被共产主义政府所统治,西德是资本主义民主国家。 1990年,铁幕和柏林墙倒塌时,它们重新统一。 两国合并为单一政府。 欧洲正在逐渐实现经济统一,但每个国家或地区仍然保留其文化独特性。

    The Benelux Countries
    ::比荷卢国家

    The Benelux countries have a great deal in common historically. Before the economic union that created the term  Benelux , these countries were collectively referred to as the Low Countries because of their relative position to sea level. The Benelux countries are some of the most densely populated countries. They have managed to work together toward a common economic objective in spite of their cultural differences.
    ::比荷卢国家历史上有很多共同点。 在建立比荷卢经济联盟之前,这些国家因其与海平面的相对地位而被统称为低国家。 比荷卢国家是人口最稠密的国家之一。 尽管它们有着不同的文化差异,但它们还是努力为共同的经济目标而共同努力。

    The capital and largest city in Belgium is Brussels, with the other urban areas being the ports of Antwerp and Ghent. is split into three large geographic areas. The dominant language in the northern region of Flanders is Dutch (Flemish), and the people are known as Flemings. In the southern region of Wallonia, most people speak French and are known as Walloons. German is the third official language and is spoken along the eastern border.
    ::比利时首都和最大的城市是布鲁塞尔,其他城市地区是安特卫普港和根特港,分为三大地理区域,佛兰德北部地区的主要语言是荷兰语(弗莱米什语),人们被称为弗莱明语,在瓦隆南部地区,大多数人讲法语,瓦隆语是瓦隆语,德语是第三官方语言,在东部边境使用。

    When the Industrial Revolution spread across the English Channel and arrived in Europe, Belgium was one of the early countries to adapt to the technological developments. Belgium remains heavily industrialized and is a major exporter of products, including finished diamonds, food products, metals, technology, petroleum products, and plastics. In general, Belgium imports the raw materials to manufacture these goods for export.
    ::当工业革命遍及英吉利海峡并抵达欧洲时,比利时是适应技术发展的早期国家之一,比利时仍然高度工业化,是制成品钻石、食品、金属、技术、石油产品和塑料等产品的主要出口国,一般而言,比利时进口原材料制造这些产品出口。

    Belgium also has a significant services sector. The services sector, including real estate, hotels, restaurants, and entertainment, thrives in part because Brussels is the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and components of the EU. Many countries and organizations maintain offices in Brussels to have easy access to these headquarters. Therefore, Brussels is the temporary home to many diplomats and foreign business people.
    ::比利时还拥有重要的服务部门,包括房地产、旅馆、餐馆和娱乐业在内的服务部门蓬勃发展,部分原因是布鲁塞尔是北大西洋公约组织(北约)的总部和欧盟的组成部分,许多国家和组织在布鲁塞尔设有办事处,方便进入这些总部,因此布鲁塞尔是许多外交官和外国商人的临时住所。 

     

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    Brussels is connected to other European cities through high-speed rail networks.
    ::布鲁塞尔通过高速铁路网与其他欧洲城市连接。

     

    The European country of the Netherlands also includes the colonies of the Netherlands Antilles in the Caribbean. The Netherlands, sometimes called Holland , is actually the name of two provinces (North Holland and South Holland) in the northwest part of the country. The largest city is Amsterdam. The Hague is the seat of government and is home to the .
    ::荷兰的欧洲国家还包括加勒比的荷属安的列斯群岛殖民地,荷兰(有时称为荷兰)实际上是该国西北部的两个省(北荷兰和南荷兰)的名称,最大的城市是阿姆斯特丹,海牙是政府所在地,也是政府所在地。

    Rotterdam is located at the mouth of the Rhine River and is one of the busiest ports on the continent. The country is famous for its Zuider Zee, which is the large inland region below sea level that has been drained of water and surrounded with an extensive dike protecting it from the North Sea. Reclaiming land from the sea in areas called polders   has provided this densely populated country with more land area for its people.
    ::鹿特丹位于莱茵河口,是该大陆最繁忙的港口之一,以Zuider Zee闻名,Zuider Zee是海平面以下的大内陆地区,它被排水量所淹没,周围是保护北海的大型堤坝。

    For a small country with few natural resources, the has an impressive . The Dutch have made good use of their location on the North Sea and of the location of several large navigable rivers. This has facilitated massive exports to the inland parts of Europe. The major industries include food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. The Netherlands is a top exporter of agricultural products, which contribute substantially to its economy. Dutch agricultural exports consist of fresh-cut plants, flowers, and bulbs as well as tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers.
    ::荷兰对一个自然资源稀少的小国来说,它是一个令人印象深刻的国家。荷兰人很好地利用了他们在北海的位置和几条大通航河流的位置。这促进了向欧洲内陆地区的大规模出口。主要产业包括食品加工、化学品、石油提炼和电气机械。荷兰是农产品的最大出口国,为本国经济作出了巨大贡献。荷兰农业出口包括新鲜植物、鲜花和灯泡以及西红柿、辣椒和黄瓜。

    is a small, landlocked country. The main languages spoken are French, German, and Luxembourgish. Luxembourg’s one major city is Luxembourg City. Luxembourg has an enviable economic situation with a stable and prosperous economy, low unemployment, and low inflation. Thanks to rich iron-ore deposits, this country was able to develop a robust steel industry, which was the cornerstone of the nation’s prosperity until the 1970s. As steel declined, Luxembourg remade itself as an important world financial center. Luxembourg leads Europe as the center for private banking and insurance industries and is second only to the United States in terms of being an investment fund center.
    ::卢森堡是一个小的内陆国,主要语言为法语、德语和卢森堡语。卢森堡的一个主要城市是卢森堡城。卢森堡经济形势令人羡慕,经济稳定繁荣,失业率低,通货膨胀率低。 由于铁矿储量丰富,卢森堡得以发展一个强大的钢铁工业,钢铁工业是国家繁荣的基石,直到1970年代。 随着钢铁的衰落,卢森堡重新成为一个重要的世界金融中心。 卢森堡作为私营银行和保险业的中心,在成为投资基金中心方面仅次于美国。

    France
    ::法国 法国 法国 法国 法国 法国

    covers 211,209 square miles and is the 2nd largest European country. The physical landscapes of France vary widely from the northern low-lying coastal plains to the Alpine ranges of the east. Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in the Alpine range at 15,782 feet, is located in France near the Italian border. In the far south, the Pyrenees run along the border with Spain. The south-central region of the country is home to the Massif Central, which is a plateau and highland region made up of a large stretch of extinct volcanoes.
    ::法国的自然景观从北部低洼沿海平原到东部的阿尔卑斯山脉差别很大,阿尔卑斯山是阿尔卑斯山最高山脉,面积15 782英尺,位于法国境内意大利边界附近,远在南部,比利牛斯人沿西班牙边界运行,该国中南部地区是马西夫中部的家园,该中部是高原和高原地区,由大量火山灭绝组成。

    During the colonial era, France was a major naval power and held colonies around the world. The French Empire was the second-largest at the time. The French language is still used for diplomacy in many countries. Though the French Empire no longer exists, France has progressed into a postindustrial country with one of the most developed economies in the world. It is a major player in European affairs, the EU, and the United Nations (UN). France is a democratic republic that boasts a high-quality public education system and long life expectancies.
    ::在殖民时代,法国曾是一个重要的海军强国,并在全世界拥有殖民地,当时法兰西帝国是第二大帝国,许多国家仍然使用法语进行外交。虽然法兰西帝国已经不复存在,但法国已经发展成为一个后工业国家,是世界上最发达的经济体之一。 法国在欧洲事务、欧盟和联合国(联合国)中扮演着重要角色。 法国是一个民主共和国,拥有高质量的公共教育制度和长期的预期寿命。

     

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    The Eiffel Tower, a symbol of the primate city of Paris, was built in 1889. The city of Paris started as a citadel on an island in the middle of the Seine River.
    ::1889年,巴黎作为灵长城巴黎的象征的埃菲尔铁塔建于1889年,巴黎作为塞内河中部一个岛上的城堡开始建于巴黎。

     

    In 2017, France's population was about 63 million, with almost 11 million living in France's primate city of Paris. The city of Paris is favorably situated with regard to its surrounding area. It is a major core area of France serving a large peripheral region of the country. The next largest city of Lyon, which is a major high-tech industrial center for Europe's economy, has a population of about 1.6 million. Even with a large population, the country is able to produce enough food for its domestic needs and for export profits. France leads Europe in agricultural production.
    ::2017年,法国人口约为6 300万,近1 100万,居住在法国的灵长城巴黎,巴黎市的周边地区比较好,是法国主要的核心地区,为法国的周边地区服务。第二大城市里昂是欧洲经济的主要高科技工业中心,人口约为160万。即使人口众多,法国也能够生产足够的粮食,满足国内需求和出口利润。法国在农业生产方面领先欧洲。

    France enjoys a robust economy and is one of the world’s leading industrial producers. Its industrial pursuits are diverse, including the manufacture of airplanes, trains, and automobiles, as well as textiles, telecommunications, food products, pharmaceuticals, construction and civil engineering, chemicals, and mechanical equipment and machine tools. Additionally, defense-related industries make up a significant sector of the economy. France’s production of military weapons is recognized worldwide. The country has been a leader in the use of nuclear energy to produce electricity. Nuclear energy supplies about 80 percent of the country’s electricity, which reduces the need for fossil fuels and imported oil.
    ::法国拥有强大的经济,并且是世界上领先的工业生产国之一。 法国的工业追求多种多样,包括飞机、火车和汽车的制造,以及纺织品、电信、食品、药品、建筑和土木工程、化学制品、机械设备和机械工具。 此外,国防相关产业构成了一个重要的经济部门。 法国的军用武器生产在全世界得到承认。 法国在利用核能生产电力方面一直处于领先地位。 核能供应约占法国电力的80%,这减少了对化石燃料和进口石油的需求。

    Agriculture is an important sector of the French economy and is tied to the food processing industry, which employs more people than any other part of the French manufacturing sector. Cheese and wine are two of its largest food processing endeavors, along with sugar beets, meats, and confectioneries. World-renowned wines are produced in abundance, sometimes in areas that bear their names, such as in Burgundy, around the city of Bordeaux, and in Champagne in the Loire Valley.
    ::法国农业是法国经济的一个重要部门,与食品加工业有关,食品加工业雇用的人比法国制造业任何其他部门都多。 奶酪和葡萄酒是法国最大的食品加工业中最大的两个,还有甜菜、肉类和甜食。 世界知名葡萄酒产量丰盛,有时产自勃伦迪、波尔多市周围的柏根迪和卢瓦尔谷的香槟。

    French cuisine and fashion have long been held in the highest esteem worldwide and are a source of national pride. Food and wine are important elements of the French way of life, and each region of France boasts a suite of famous dishes.
    ::法国美食和时尚长期以来一直受到全世界最崇高的尊敬,是民族自豪的源泉。 食品和葡萄酒是法国生活方式的重要元素,法国的每个地区都拥有一套著名的菜。

    Because of the climate and favorable soil conditions, agriculture is highly productive and profitable for France. France is second only to the United States in terms of agricultural exports. Exports mainly go to other EU countries, to the United States, and to some countries in Africa.
    ::由于气候和有利的土壤条件,农业对法国来说具有很高的生产力和利润,法国在农产品出口方面仅次于美国,出口主要流向其他欧盟国家、美国和一些非洲国家。

    The plains of northern France are excellent for wheat. Dairy products are a specialty in the western regions of France, which also produce pork, poultry, and apples. Cattle are raised in the central portion, where a cooler, wetter climate provides tracts of grasslands for grazing. Fruits (including wine grapes) and vegetables are grown in the central and southern regions. The region around the Mediterranean has a hot and dry weather climate, which is ideal for growing grapes and other fruits and vegetables.
    ::法国北部的平原非常适合小麦,乳制品是法国西部地区的特色产品,同时也生产猪肉、家禽和苹果,在中部饲养牛群,那里较凉爽、湿润的气候提供草地放牧,中部和南部地区种植水果(包括葡萄酒)和蔬菜,地中海周边地区气候炎热、干燥,种植葡萄和其他水果及蔬菜是理想的。 

     

      France's Home Front
    ::法国的祖国阵线

    French governments have been challenged by the country’s high unemployment rates. In response to decades of high unemployment, the French government has, over time, introduced legislation to try to distribute available work more evenly among the population. Long periods of unemployment and underemployment put France at risk of developing a permanent underclass. The unemployment rate tends to be higher for women, and women tend to have lower-paying jobs. Additionally, women are underrepresented in government.
    ::法国政府一直受到该国高失业率的挑战。 面对数十年的高失业率,法国政府随着时间推移制定了立法,试图在居民中更均衡地分配现有工作。 长期失业和就业不足使法国面临发展长期低阶层的风险。 妇女的失业率往往更高,妇女往往从事低薪工作。 此外,妇女在政府中的代表性不足。

    France has a significant immigrant population, which means that, as in many countries with newcomers, the settlement and integration of new arrivals is an issue. Some have blamed the high youth crime rate not just on unemployment but on governmental failure to fully integrate immigrants into French society. Another demographic matter is a strong rural-to-urban shift. As people move to the cities, rural areas are significantly depopulated. Though more than 70 languages are spoken in France due to its large immigrant population, French has been recognized as the official language by law.
    ::法国有大量的移民人口,这意味着,与许多新来者一样,新来者的安置和融合是一个问题,一些人将青年犯罪率高的原因不仅归咎于失业,还归咎于政府未能使移民充分融入法国社会;另一个人口问题是一个从农村向城市的强烈转变;随着人们迁往城市,农村地区人口大量减少;虽然由于移民人口众多,法国讲70多种语言,但法律承认法语为官方语言。

    Eighty percent of French people identify themselves as Roman Catholics, though the percentage of practicing Catholics is much lower and declining. Approximately one-third of Europe’s Jewish population resides in France. About five percent of the population identifies with Islam, which is a growing population because of immigrants from North Africa. Most of these immigrants target urban areas in search of employment and opportunity.
    ::80%的法国人自称罗马天主教徒,尽管信奉天主教者的比例要低得多,而且正在下降。 大约三分之一的欧洲犹太人口居住在法国。 大约5%的人口认同伊斯兰教,而伊斯兰教由于来自北非的移民而正在增长。 这些移民大多以城市地区为目标,寻找就业和机会。

    In 1995, France experienced three terrorist attacks, which killed eight people and wounded more than one hundred. The situation of unemployed, disenfranchised youth can provide the perfect setting from which to attract new terrorist recruits. After decades of dealing with this type of unrest, France passed laws in response to the 1995 Islamic terrorist bombings that some civil libertarians found unsettling.
    ::1995年,法国经历了三次恐怖袭击,导致八人死亡,一百多人受伤;失业、被剥夺公民权的青年的状况为吸引新的恐怖主义新兵提供了完美的环境。 在经历了数十年的动乱之后,法国通过了法律,以应对1995年伊斯兰恐怖爆炸,一些民间自由主义者发现这一爆炸令人不安。

    Many forms of surveillance are legal and routine, including forms of surveillance that violate private communications. France also passed a law prohibiting “association with wrong-doers involved in a terrorist enterprise.” This gives French authorities the right to arrest, detain, try, and convict anyone suspected of any crime that might be even remotely related to terrorist activity. Balancing civil liberties with the quashing of terrorist plans has become a constant challenge for many countries, including France.
    ::许多形式的监视是合法和例行的,包括违反私人通信的监视形式,法国还通过了一项法律,禁止“与参与恐怖主义事业的不法者交往”。 这使法国当局有权逮捕、拘留、审判和定罪任何涉嫌可能与恐怖活动甚至有远程关系的任何罪行的人。 将公民自由与取消恐怖主义计划相平衡已成为包括法国在内的许多国家的一项持续挑战。

    Germany
    ::德国 德国

    has been influenced by many cultures because of its central location in Europe. The present geopolitical configuration is young due to the recent reunification of East and West Germany in 1990. Germany was formed in 1871 during the leadership of Otto von Bismarck in an attempt to create a Germanic power base. World War I was fought during the last years of the German Empire. Germany, as part of the Central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria), was defeated by the Allies with much loss of life. The German Republic was created in 1918 when, having been defeated in World War I, Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
    ::目前的地缘政治格局之所以年轻,是因为最近1990年东德和西德统一了。 德国于1871年在奥托·冯·比斯马克(Otto von Bismarck)的领导期间成立,试图建立一个德意志权力基地。 第一次世界大战是在德国帝国最后几年中爆发的。 德国作为中央大国的一部分(德国、奥地利-匈牙利和保加利亚),被盟国击败,造成大量生命损失。 德意志共和国是在1918年成立的,当时德国在第一次世界大战中被击败,被迫签署《凡尔赛条约》。

    In 1933, with an environment of poverty, disenfranchisement of the people, and great instability in the government, Germany gave way to the appointment of Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany. Within a month of taking office, Hitler suspended normal rights and freedoms and assumed absolute power. A centralized totalitarian state quickly resulted. In a move to expand Germany, Hitler started to expand its borders. Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 kicked off what would become World War II. In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union and declared war on the United States.
    ::1933年,随着贫困、人民被剥夺权利和政府极不稳定的环境,德国让位给任命阿道夫·希特勒为德国议长。 在上任一个月后,希特勒中止了正常的权利和自由并获得了绝对权力。 中央集权国家迅速取得了结果。 在扩张德国的举动中,希特勒开始扩大其边界。 1939年德国入侵波兰后,就结束了第二次世界大战。 1941年,德国入侵苏联,向美国宣战。

    After Germany’s defeat, the country was divided into East Germany, controlled by the Soviet Union, and West Germany, controlled by the Allied powers. The Iron Curtain divided East and West Germany, with the Berlin Wall dividing the city of Berlin. The Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall were major symbols of the Cold War. In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down, and the country was united in 1990. Today, Germany is a vibrant country and an active EU member.
    ::在德国失败之后,德国被划分为东德,由苏联控制,西德,由盟国控制。 铁幕分裂了东德和西德,柏林墙分割了柏林城。 铁幕和柏林墙是冷战的主要象征。 1989年,柏林墙倒塌,1990年,德国统一了。 今天,德国是一个充满活力的国家,是活跃的欧盟成员国。

     

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    From this speech comes his famous quote, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.”
    ::这篇演讲引出了他的著名引言,即“戈尔巴乔夫先生,拆除这堵墙”。

     

     

    Germany is Europe’s largest economy, with strong exports of manufactured goods. To gain national income, Germany has promoted manufacturing as a major part of its economy. Most exports are in automobiles, machinery, metals, and chemical goods. Germany has positioned itself strategically to take advantage of the growing global awareness of environmental issues and problems by focusing on improvements and manufacturing of wind turbines and solar power technology.
    ::德国是欧洲最大的经济体,其制成品出口强劲。 为了获得国民收入,德国将制造业作为其经济的一个主要部分。 大部分出口都来自汽车、机械、金属和化学产品。 德国在战略上定位于利用全球对环境问题和问题的认识不断提高,重点是风力涡轮机和太阳能技术的改进和制造。

    The service sector also contributes heavily to the economy. holds the enviable position of being one of the most profitable companies on the  Fortune  500 list. Germany is also a major tourist destination. The Black Forest, Bavaria, the Alpine south, a variety of medieval castles, national parks, and a vibrant assortment of festivals such as Oktoberfest attract millions of tourists to Germany every year.
    ::服务业也为经济做出了巨大贡献。 服务业占据着令人羡慕的地位,成为《财富500》名单上最有利可图的公司之一。 德国也是主要的旅游目的地。 黑森林、巴伐利亚、阿尔卑斯南部、各种中世纪城堡、国家公园以及诸如Oktoberfest等充满活力的节日每年吸引数百万游客到德国。

    German reunification in 1990 posed some challenges for the economy. Notably, the East German infrastructure was far behind that of the West. In an effort to update transportation systems, telecommunications, and other areas needed to support industry and commerce, enormous amounts of money had to be poured into the system. While there has been considerable success in the renewal of infrastructure, unemployment in former East Germany is still significantly higher, and the necessary retraining of the workforce is ongoing and expensive.
    ::1990年的德国统一给经济带来了一些挑战,值得注意的是,东德的基础设施远远落后于西方,为了更新运输系统、电信以及支持工业和商业所需的其他领域,必须把大量资金注入这个系统,虽然在基础设施更新方面取得了相当大的成功,但前东德的失业率仍然要高得多,对劳动力进行必要的再培训是持续和昂贵的。

    Language, religion, and education have been strong cultural forces in Germany. German is the official language of the country and the one spoken by most of its people. More than 60 percent of Germans identify as Christian, and another 30 percent identify as agnostic or atheistic. During the Cold War, East Germany was under a Communist government that promoted a nonreligious ideology, resulting in a high percentage of people with agnostic or atheistic beliefs in that part of Germany.
    ::语言、宗教和教育是德国强大的文化力量。 德语是德国的官方语言,也是德国大多数人所讲的语言。 超过60%的德国人认同基督教,另有30%的人认同不可知论或无神论。 在冷战期间,东德处于共产主义政府统治之下,这个政府倡导非宗教意识形态,导致德国这一地区拥有不可知论或无神论信仰的人比例很高。

    Historically, there has been a strong connection between religious reformation and education. The early leaders of the Christian Reformation were mostly educated themselves and were strong advocates of education, which they viewed as a path to positive moral and social reform. The German tradition of excellence in education continues. Education is provided at no cost to students at all levels, including the university level, though some universities are beginning to charge modest amounts for tuition.
    ::历史上,宗教改革与教育之间有着紧密的联系。 基督教改革早期的领袖大多受过教育,是教育的有力倡导者,他们认为教育是走向积极的道德和社会改革的道路。 德国的卓越教育传统在继续。 尽管一些大学开始收取少量学费,但包括大学在内的各级学生都免费接受教育。

    The Alpine Center
    ::阿尔卑斯山中心

    Landlocked in the center of Europe are the two main states of and . Sandwiched on the border of these two states is the mini-state of . This region is dominated by the Alpine ranges. Switzerland is divided into 26 cantons (states). Because of its location and close ties with neighboring countries, four languages are spoken in Switzerland: German, French, Italian, and Romansh. Typically, one language predominates in any given canton. Berne is the country’s capital, and Geneva, Zurich, and Basel are the other major cities. As of 2017, Switzerland’s population was over eight million. Its land area is just slightly larger than the US state of Maryland.
    ::欧洲中部的内陆地区是这两个州的两大主要州和.在这两个州的边境上被拯救的两大州。这个地区以阿尔卑斯山脉为主。这个地区以阿尔卑斯山脉为主。瑞士被划分为26个州。由于地理位置和与邻国的密切关系,瑞士使用四种语言:德语、法语、意大利语和罗曼什语。 典型地说,在任何一个州,一种语言占多数。 伯尔尼是国家的首都,日内瓦、苏黎世和巴塞尔是其他主要城市。 截至2017年,瑞士的人口超过800万。 其国土面积略高于美国马里兰州。

    Internationally, Switzerland is well known for its political neutrality. The United Nations (UN) European offices, the Red Cross and the main offices of many international organizations are located in Switzerland. Switzerland joined the UN in 2002 and has applied for EU membership. Swiss culture is thought to have benefited from Switzerland’s neutrality. During times of war and political turmoil, many people found refuge within the Swiss borders. Swiss banking practices and policies are known throughout the world, and Swiss banks have benefited greatly from the country’s politically neutral status. Banking is one of the country’s top employers and sources of income. Swiss people enjoy a high standard of living.
    ::在国际上,瑞士因其政治中立而闻名于世,联合国欧洲办事处、红十字会和许多国际组织的主要办事处都设在瑞士。瑞士于2002年加入联合国并申请加入欧盟。瑞士文化被认为得益于瑞士的中立。在战争和政治动荡期间,许多人在瑞士境内避难。瑞士银行业务和政策在全世界广为人知,瑞士银行也从瑞士的政治中立地位中获益匪浅。 银行业是瑞士最大的雇主和收入来源之一。 瑞士人民享有高生活水平。

    Switzerland has also produced excellence in many sports, including hockey, skiing, and tennis. There is an emphasis on science in Swiss culture with good historical reason. The field of modern chemistry originated in Switzerland. The Bernoulli family, famed for their significant contributions to mathematics over many years are from Basel. The Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, one of the top-ranked universities in the world, has produced an unusually high number of Nobel Prize winners. Albert Einstein, though born in Germany, relocated to Switzerland and later became a Swiss citizen.
    ::瑞士在曲棍球、滑雪和网球等许多体育领域也取得了卓越的成绩,瑞士文化以科学为重点,具有良好的历史原因。现代化学领域起源于瑞士。贝努利家族因其多年来对数学的重大贡献而闻名于巴塞尔。苏黎世的联邦理工学院是世界顶级大学之一,它产生了非常高的诺贝尔奖获奖者。艾伯特·爱因斯坦虽然出生于德国,但后来移居瑞士,成为瑞士公民。

     

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    A Viennese specialty, it is a strong black coffee served in a glass and topped with whipped cream; it comes with powdered sugar, which is served separately.
    ::维也纳的一个特色是,咖啡是一种浓浓的黑咖啡,在玻璃杯中供应,盛满了奶油;它配有糖粉,单独供应。

     

     

    Austria is larger than its neighbor Switzerland and is similar in area to the US state of South Carolina. In 2017, the population was estimated at a little more than 8.7 million. Austria has various Alpine ranges, with the highest peak at 12,457 feet in elevation. Only about one-fourth of the land area is considered low lying for habitation. The Danube River flows through the country, including the capital city of Vienna. Austria has a well-developed social market economy and a high standard of living.
    ::2017年,奥地利人口估计略高于870万。 奥地利的阿尔卑斯山脉分布范围各异,最高峰值为高12 457英尺,只有约四分之一的土地面积被视为低居地。多瑙河流经美国,包括首都维也纳。奥地利社会市场经济发达,生活水平高。

    For more than 600 years, beginning just before the dawn of the 14th century, Austria was tightly associated with its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs. The Hapsburgs came to power in a new way with the formation of the Austrian Empire in 1804. In Germany’s rise to power before World War II, Hitler annexed his native Austria to Germany. Austria regained its independence a decade after the war ended and joined the EU in 1995. Austria is a German-speaking country, and nearly the entire population identifies as ethnic Austrian.
    ::从14世纪初刚刚开始的600多年中,奥地利一直与其执政的王朝哈布斯堡紧密相连。 1804年,随着奥地利帝国的形成,哈普斯堡以新的方式上台。 在二战前德国上台时,希特勒将其家乡的奥地利并入德国。 奥地利在战争结束十年后重新获得独立,并于1995年加入欧盟。 奥地利是一个德语国家,几乎全部人口被确定为奥地利人。

    Austria is predominantly Roman Catholic and was home to many monasteries in the Middle Ages, which influenced the Austrian literary tradition. Austria’s best-known cities are Vienna, Salzburg, and Innsbruck. Vienna was the center of the Habsburg and Austrian Empires and earned a place as one of the world’s great cities. It is famed for its baroque architecture, music, and theater. Music, drama, and art thrived for centuries in Austria because the Habsburgs were great patrons of the arts. The country has been home to many famous composers and musicians and is the setting for the story behind the movie  The Sound of Music .
    ::奥地利以罗马天主教为主,是中世纪许多寺院的所在地,这些寺院影响着奥地利文学传统。 奥地利最著名的城市是维也纳、萨尔茨堡和因斯布鲁克。 维也纳是哈布斯堡和奥地利帝国的中心,赢得了世界伟大城市之一的地位。 它以其巴洛克建筑、音乐和戏剧而闻名。 音乐、戏剧和艺术在奥地利繁荣了几个世纪,因为哈布斯堡是艺术的伟大赞助者。 这个国家是许多著名作曲家和音乐家的家园,也是电影《音乐之声》背后的故事的舞台。

    The British Isles
    ::不列颠群岛

    The British Isles are an archipelago (a group of islands) separated from the European mainland by the English Channel. The British Isles are often included in the region of Western Europe when discussing political geography; however, the fact that they are separated from the mainland of Europe by water provides them with a separate identity. The British Isles consists of two separate, independent countries: the and Great Britain.
    ::英属群岛(一组岛屿)与欧洲大陆被英属海峡分割开来,在讨论政治地理时,英属岛屿往往包括在西欧区域;然而,由于这些岛屿因水与欧洲大陆分隔开来,因此它们具有单独的特性,不列颠群岛由两个独立的独立国家组成:英国和英国。

    The (UK) of Great Britain consists of the regions of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. All four regions are now under the UK government. The Republic of Ireland is independent of the United Kingdom and does not include Northern Ireland. The primate city and UK capital is London, which is a financial center for Europe. The capital city of the Republic of Ireland is Dublin.
    ::大不列颠(英国)由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰等地区组成,所有四个地区现在都归联合王国政府管辖,爱尔兰共和国独立于联合王国,不包括北爱尔兰。英国的灵长城和首都是伦敦,这是欧洲的金融中心。爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林。 

     

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    This photograph of London on the Thames River depicts a thriving city.
    ::泰晤士河上的伦敦照片 描绘了一座繁荣的城市

      

     

    Influenced by the Gulf Stream, the climate of the British Isles is moderate, in spite of its northern latitude location. The UK and Ireland are located above the 50th degree of latitude, which is farther north than the US-Canadian border. The northern latitude would normally place this region into the type D climates, with harsher winters and more extreme seasonal temperatures. However, the surrounding water moderates temperature, creating the moderate type C climate that covers most of the British Isles. The Gulf Stream pulls warm water from the tropics and circulates it north, off the coast of Europe, to moderate the temperature of Western Europe.  
    ::英国和爱尔兰位于比美国-加拿大边境更北的50度纬度以上,北纬通常会将该地区置于D型气候中,冬季更严酷,季节性温度更极端,但周围的水温却较温和,造成覆盖大多数不列颠岛屿的中度C型气候,海湾溪流从热带地区抽取温暖水,向北流经欧洲海岸外的欧洲海岸,以缓和西欧的温度。

    The Western Highlands and the Northern Lowlands dominate the islands. Scotland, Wales, and parts of England have highland regions with short mountains and rugged terrain. The lowlands of southern England, Ireland, and central Scotland offer agricultural opportunities. The Pennines mountain chain runs through northern England and was the source of the coal, ores, and waterpower that fueled the Industrial Revolution. To the east of Britain is the North Sea, which provided an abundance of oil for energy and wealth.
    ::西高地和北低地占岛屿的多数,苏格兰、威尔士和英格兰部分地区有高地,山势短小,地形崎岖不平。英格兰南部、爱尔兰和苏格兰中部的低地提供了农业机会。 潘尼内斯山脉链横跨英格兰北部,是煤、矿石和水力的来源,推动了工业革命。 英国东部是北海,为能源和财富提供了丰富的石油。

    Though the heritage of the British Isles is unique to this region, the geographic dynamics are similar to Central Europe—smaller families, urbanization, industrialization, high incomes, and involvement with economic globalization. The EU has had an enormous influence on the British Isles. Ireland has embraced the EU’s economic connections, but the British people have been hesitant to give full autonomy to the EU. This reluctance can be noted in the fact that the United Kingdom kept the British pound sterling as their currency standard after the euro currency was implemented. However, the Republic of Ireland converted to the euro currency.
    ::尽管不列颠群岛的遗产是该地区独有的,但地理动态与中欧相似 — — 更小的家庭、城市化、工业化、高收入和参与经济全球化。 欧盟对不列颠群岛有着巨大影响。 爱尔兰接受欧盟的经济联系,但英国人民不愿给予欧盟充分自治权。 这一点可以从英国在欧元货币实施后将英镑作为货币标准这一事实中看出。 然而,爱尔兰共和国已经转换为欧元货币。

    The regions of the British Isles follow similar dynamics to those of other countries in Western Europe. Though some regions are not as wealthy as others, they all demonstrate a high level of industrialization, urbanization, and technology. These urban societies have smaller families and higher incomes and are heavy consumers of energy, goods, and services. Just as the Industrial Revolution attracted cheap labor, the aging workforce has enticed people from former British colonies to migrate to the United Kingdom in search of increased employment opportunities. The mix of immigrants with local culture creates a diverse community. London has diverse communities with many ethnic businesses and business owners.
    ::不列颠群岛地区的动态与西欧其他国家的动态相似,尽管有些地区不如其他地区富裕,但它们都表现出高度的工业化、城市化和技术水平。 这些城市社会的家庭较小,收入较高,能源、商品和服务的消费者也很多。 正如工业革命吸引廉价劳动力一样,老化的劳动力引诱前英国殖民地的人民移民到联合王国寻找更多的就业机会。 移民与当地文化的混合创造了一个多样化的社区。 伦敦拥有许多民族企业和企业主的多样化社区。

    Devolutionary forces are active in the United Kingdom. Scotland and Wales are already governing with their own local parliaments. Devolutionary cultural differences can be noted by studying the different cultures found in each region. Just as the Welsh language is still alive in Wales, Gaelic continues in Ireland and Scotland. Each region has made efforts to retain local heritage and rally support for its own nation-state.
    ::苏格兰和威尔士已经与自己的地方议会共同治理。通过研究每个地区发现的不同文化,可以发现不同的文化差异。正如威尔士的威尔士语言依然有效一样,盖尔语在爱尔兰和苏格兰继续存在。每个地区都努力保留地方遗产并争取支持自己的民族国家。

    Northern England
    ::北英格兰州 

     

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    The first iron bridge ever built (1879) was located in central England, home of the Industrial Revolution.
    ::第一座铁桥(1879年)建于中英格兰,是工业革命的家园。

    Major industrial cities such as Manchester and Birmingham brought together the labor, raw materials, and industry connections necessary to manufacture products during the Industrial Revolution. The port city of Liverpool gave access to the world markets established by Britain's extensive colonial empire. These colonies provided raw materials, new ideas, and cheap labor for the new industrial factories. Raw materials such as cotton, which did not grow well in Britain, became a major import that fueled the textile mills of the Industrial Revolution.
    ::曼彻斯特和伯明翰等主要工业城市汇集了工业革命期间制造产品所必需的劳动力、原材料和工业联系。 利物浦港口城市让英国庞大的殖民帝国建立了世界市场。 这些殖民地为新工业工厂提供了原材料、新想法和廉价劳动力。 棉花等在英国增长不佳的原材料成为工业革命纺织厂的主要进口商品。

    Industrialization caused a rural-to-urban shift in Britain. In 1800, only nine percent of the population lived in urban areas. By 1900, about 62 percent lived in cities and towns. As of 2010, over 90 percent of Britain’s population is composed of urban dwellers. The British colonial empire also caused a migration pattern whereby people moved from colonies to the home country, with the core area located in the Midlands of northern England.
    ::英国工业化导致了从农村向城市的转变。 在1800年,只有9%的人口生活在城市地区。 到1900年,大约62%的人口生活在城镇。 截至2010年,超过90%的英国人口由城市居民组成。 英国殖民帝国还造成了一种移民模式,人们从殖民地迁移到母国,核心地区位于英格兰北部的米德兰。

    Cheap immigrant labor and resources from the colonies provided the manufacturing enterprises of wealthy British industrialists with good fortunes. Raw cotton was brought in from the colonies of India and Egypt. Cheap labor, brought in from the Caribbean and South Asia, resulted in a more diverse population in the industrialized northern England.
    ::廉价的移民劳工和来自殖民地的资源为富有的英国工业家的制造业企业提供了好运气。 原棉从印度和埃及的殖民地引进。 廉价的劳动力从加勒比和南亚引进,导致英格兰北部工业化地区人口更加多样化。

    As the information-age developed, the industrial centers of northern England gave way to a post-industrialized southern England. The North’s heavy industries experienced a decline in demand. Factories closed, production became automated, and unemployment increased. The transition from the Industrial Revolution to a postindustrial society turned northern England into the Rust Belt of the British Isles. The port of Liverpool has been updated with modern and automated systems that do not require the high level of manual labor that was necessary during earlier industrial times. Rail service connects Liverpool with London, which is connected to Paris through a tunnel under the English Channel called the   Chunnel.
    ::随着信息时代的发展,英格兰北部的工业中心让位于一个工业化后南英格兰的工业中心。北方的重工业需求下降。工厂关闭,生产自动化,失业增加。从工业革命向工业后社会转型,英国北部变成了不列颠群岛的鲁斯特贝勒。利物浦港已经更新了现代自动化系统,不需要早先工业时代所需要的高水平的体力劳动。 铁路服务将利物浦与伦敦连接起来,伦敦通过英国海峡下的隧道“春内”连接到巴黎。

    The postindustrial economic activities have shifted the focus of employment away from manual labor to the service sector of information. Many places have looked to tourism to boost their economic situation. Northern England has many attractive physical environments that have been developed into major tourist attractions. The Lake District of northern England is a noted vacation destination, and short mountains and scenic landscapes attracted a number of England’s writers.
    ::后工业经济活动把就业重点从体力劳动转移到了信息服务行业。 许多地方都关注旅游业以提升其经济状况。 北英格兰有许多吸引人的物质环境已经发展成为主要旅游景点。 北英格兰湖区是一个值得注意的度假目的地,短山和风景吸引了许多英国作家。

    The city of Blackpool on the Irish Sea, just north of Liverpool, is a major vacation destination for the English. The dales and moors of northern England, complemented by the short Pennines, provide a sharp contrast to the urban metropolitan landscapes of London and southern England.
    ::爱尔兰海的布莱克普尔市就在利物浦以北,是英国人的主要度假目的地。 英格兰北部的草地和草地,加上短短的五牛顿,与伦敦和英格兰南部的城市都市地貌形成了鲜明对比。

    Southern England
    ::南英格兰

    Anchored by the primate city of London, southern England also is home to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. This is Great Britain’s most affluent region and is a center of postindustrial activity. Located on the Thames River, London is a central player in the world economic markets. Southern England also houses about one-third of the UK population. With immigration from the former colonies, this region is also becoming more diverse. This is an urbanized region, where the cost of living, transportation, and housing is high. For example, the price of gasoline in the United Kingdom might be two or three times that in the United States. Many city dwellers use public transportation because of the high cost of owning a vehicle.
    ::英国南部是英国最富裕的地区,也是工业后活动的中心。 位于泰晤士河,伦敦是世界经济市场的中心。 南英格兰也拥有大约三分之一的英国人口。 随着来自前殖民地的移民,这个地区也越来越多样化。 这是一个城市化地区,生活、交通和住房成本都很高。 比如,英国的汽油价格可能比美国高出两到三倍。 许多城市居民使用公共交通,因为拥有一辆汽车的成本很高。

    England is the most populous region of the United Kingdom with a density of about 1000 people per square mile. About one-half of the population increase is because of immigration. The UK population is declining as a result of smaller family sizes and a growing number of senior citizens. This trend is common in countries in stage 5 of the index of economic development. England's population is becoming more diverse as Immigrants from many parts of the world have targeted England as their new home. Many are from former British colonies in Asia and Africa. Islam is the fastest growing religion, even though Muslims make up less than 10 percent of the total population. London has a growing Sikh community as well.
    ::英国是英国人口最多的地区,人口密度约为每平方英里1,000人左右,人口增长的大约一半是由于移民。英国人口由于家庭规模缩小和老年公民人数增加而不断下降。这一趋势在经济发展指数第5阶段的国家十分普遍。英国人口日益多样化,因为来自世界许多地方的移民将英国作为他们的新家园。许多来自亚洲和非洲的前英国殖民地。伊斯兰教是增长最快的宗教,尽管穆斯林占总人口的比例不到10%。伦敦的锡克族社区也在增长。 

     

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    The clock tower of Big Ben is a local landmark.
    ::Big Ben的时钟塔是当地的一个地标

     

    London is not only the primate city and capital of the United Kingdom; it is the largest administrative municipality in the entire EU. Only Paris has a larger metropolitan area. London is a global center that holds prominence in world markets and the globalization process. About one-fifth of Europe’s largest corporations have their headquarters in London. The city’s cultural influence is felt around the world in the fashion industry, media, entertainment, and the arts. London is an international city that has a powerful draw for tourists. The core economic region of Europe is anchored by London’s international recognition.
    ::伦敦不仅是英国的灵长类城市和首府,也是整个欧盟最大的行政城市。 只有巴黎是大都市地区。 伦敦是全球中心,在世界市场和全球化进程中占据重要地位。 大约五分之一的欧洲最大公司总部设在伦敦。 伦敦的文化影响在时装工业、媒体、娱乐和艺术方面在全世界都能感受到。 伦敦是一个吸引游客的强大国际城市。 欧洲的核心经济区域以伦敦的国际承认为基础。

    Southern England is also home to Great Britain’s seat of government. The UK government is considered a constitutional monarchy with a king or queen as head of state. The parliament is the official legislative body with a prime minister as head of government. The parliament has two bodies: the House of Commons, whose members are elected, and the House of Lords, whose members are appointed for life. As head of state, the monarch is mainly a figurehead with little actual political power. A number of dependencies remain under the British Crown as far as sovereignty is concerned. Small islands such as Guernsey, Jersey, the Isle of Man, and various islands in the Caribbean and Atlantic and Pacific Oceans remain under the British government for administrative, economic, and defense purposes.
    ::南英格兰也是英国政府所在地的所在地。 英国政府被视为君主立宪政体,国王或女王为国家元首。 议会是官方立法机构,总理为政府首脑。 议会有两个机构:下议院,议员由选举产生,上议院,上议院,议员终身任命。 作为国家元首,君主主要是一个没有多少实际政治权力的人物。 就主权而言,英国王室仍然依附一些附属物。 诸如根西岛、泽西岛、马恩岛等小岛以及加勒比、大西洋和太平洋各岛屿仍然归英国政府管辖,以行政、经济和防卫为目的。

    Wales
    ::威尔士威尔士

    A highland region to the west of England, Wales has a Celtic heritage where the Welsh language and stories of coal mining can still be heard. However, the English language has become more dominant and tourism has replaced coal mining as the main economic activity. The decline in the use of coal depressed the economy but did not depress the culture and heritage of the Welsh people. The largest city and capital of Wales is Cardiff. In the early 20th century, the port of Cardiff handled the largest amount of coal in the world. The decline in coal mining has reduced the shipping activity in the port of Cardiff in the 21st century.
    ::威尔士位于英格兰以西的高原地区,威尔士拥有凯尔特遗产,仍然可以听到威尔士语言和煤矿开采的故事,但英语更加占主导地位,旅游业取代了煤矿开采作为主要经济活动,煤炭使用量的减少使经济萧条,但没有抑制威尔士人民的文化和遗产,威尔士最大的城市和首府是卡迪夫,在20世纪初,卡迪夫港处理了世界上最大的煤炭开采量,煤矿开采量的减少减少了21世纪卡迪夫港的航运活动。

    Devolution is currently happening in Wales. Welsh nationalism prompted the declaration of a separate parliament in the capital of Cardiff. The break with London provided local autonomy, but Wales is still reliant on the United Kingdom in national and foreign affairs. Many of the young people in Wales emigrate to find work because of the depressed economy. Emigration has caused a leveling off of population growth, and the number of people who speak Welsh has diminished. Wales and England share a common Protestant Christian religion. Wales is turning to tourism as a means of economic income. The scenic landscape of the highland region with its many castles provides a pleasant experience for tourists.
    ::目前威尔士正在发生革命。威尔士民族主义促使在卡迪夫首都宣布成立一个单独的议会。与伦敦的决裂提供了地方自治,但威尔士在国内外事务上仍然依赖联合王国。威尔士的许多年轻人由于经济萧条而移居国外寻找工作。移民造成人口增长的停滞,讲威尔士语的人数减少。威尔士和英格兰共同信奉基督教。威尔士正转向旅游业作为经济收入的手段。高原地区的景色景色及其许多城堡为游客提供了愉快的经历。

    Scotland
    ::苏格兰苏格兰

    United with England in 1707, Scotland has integrated into the United Kingdom while keeping its separate heritage and culture. Scotland has strong centripetal forces uniting the Scottish people, including victories over the British by Scottish clans lead by William Wallace in 1297 and Robert the Bruce in 1314.  These events within Scotland have created a devolutionary split with the UK parliament.
    ::1707年苏格兰与英国联合,在保持其独立遗产和文化的同时,苏格兰融入了联合王国。 苏格兰拥有强大的子宫力量联合苏格兰人民,包括由威廉·华莱士(William Wallace)和布鲁斯(Robert the Bruce)于1297年和布鲁斯(Robert the Bruce)领导的苏格兰部族在英国取得胜利。 苏格兰境内的这些事件导致了与英国议会的分权。

    In the quest to become a nation-state, in 1997 Scotland received permission to create its own parliament to govern local affairs. Though Scotland would like to separate into an independent state, they do not wish to isolate themselves from the EU or greater Europe. This contradiction in which local states want self-rule but also want to remain within the larger regional community for economic and national security is common. The phrase “separate within the Union” is surfacing in Europe with stronger voices. For now, Scotland remains under the British Crown and shares a Protestant Christian heritage with the UK.
    ::1997年,苏格兰在争取成为一个民族国家的过程中,获得了建立自己的议会来管理地方事务的许可。 尽管苏格兰希望分裂为一个独立的国家,但他们不希望孤立于欧盟或大欧洲之外。 这种矛盾是常见的,即当地国家希望自治,但同时也希望留在更大的区域共同体内,以促进经济和国家安全。 “在欧盟内部分离”的短语在欧洲以更强烈的声音涌现。 如今,苏格兰仍然处于英国王室的统治之下,与英国分享基督教新教遗产。

    The Scottish Highlands provide for livestock production, and the central Scottish Lowlands are favorable for agriculture. The North Sea has extensive oil resources. With resources such as these, Scotland is in a position to gain wealth and support its small population of about five million people. As an early export product, scotch whiskey has profited many whiskey marketers and has become the largest export product of Scotland. Scotland benefited and gained wealth during the Industrial Revolution. As a part of an island, early shipbuilding produced ships that brought about trade and development that coincided with European colonialism.
    ::苏格兰高地提供畜牧生产,苏格兰中央低地有利于农业。北海拥有丰富的石油资源。有了这些资源,苏格兰能够获得财富并养活大约500万人口的小人口。苏格兰威士忌作为早期出口产品,已经使许多威士忌市场家受益,并成为苏格兰最大的出口产品。苏格兰在工业革命期间受益并获得财富。作为一个岛屿的一部分,早期造船造船造船带来了与欧洲殖民主义同时出现的贸易和发展。

    Postindustrial activities have become a focus of the current economy. High-tech computer industries have concentrated in Silicon Glen, an information-age industrial sector that lies between Scotland’s largest city, Glasgow, and its capital of Edinburgh. With natural resources and postindustrial opportunities, Scotland is in a good position to compete in the global economic community. Scottish banking firms reach around the globe through their investment holdings. Scotland attracts a healthy tourism market with its Highlands and many castles. Kilts and bagpipes are a part of Scottish history and often distinguish themselves as a part of the region’s heritage. The game of golf originated in Scotland and is still popular today.
    ::后工业活动已成为当前经济的焦点。 高科技计算机工业集中在硅格伦,这是一个信息时代的工业部门,位于苏格兰最大的城市格拉斯哥及其首府爱丁堡之间。 凭借自然资源和后工业机遇,苏格兰在全球经济界中处于良好的竞争地位。 苏格兰银行公司通过其投资持有量遍布全球。 苏格兰吸引了健康的旅游市场,拥有高地和许多城堡。 基尔茨和风笛是苏格兰历史的一部分,常常把自己区别为该地区遗产的一部分。 高尔夫球赛起源于苏格兰,今天仍然流行。

    Northern Ireland
    ::北爱尔兰北爱尔兰北爱尔兰

    Northern Ireland is a place in which strong cultural forces often erupt into violence. Officially part of the United Kingdom, this small region with about 1.7 million people has developed a unique set of cultural problems. Most people consider religious differences to be the main problem in Northern Ireland. People of Irish heritage are predominately Roman Catholic, and those of Scottish and English heritages are usually Protestant Christians.
    ::北爱尔兰是一个强大的文化力量经常爆发暴力的地方,在联合王国的一个官方区域,这个拥有170万人口的小地区形成了一套独特的文化问题,大多数人认为宗教差异是北爱尔兰的主要问题,爱尔兰人主要是罗马天主教徒,苏格兰人和英国人的遗产通常是新教基督徒。

    The core of the cultural problems in Northern Ireland is actually based on political affiliations. Most of the population in the region is not Irish. About 55 percent of the population is of Scottish or English descent, with only about 45 percent of Irish descent. The real problem centers on the governing of Ireland. The Irish would like to see Northern Ireland join with the Republic of Ireland, which received its independence from the British in 1921.
    ::北爱尔兰文化问题的核心实际上是基于政治派别。该地区大多数人口不是爱尔兰人。大约55%的人口是苏格兰人或英国人,只有大约45%的爱尔兰人后裔。真正的问题集中在爱尔兰的治理上。爱尔兰人希望看到北爱尔兰加入爱尔兰共和国,爱尔兰共和国于1921年从英国获得独立。

    The Irish do not want to be under the UK parliament with the Queen of England as head of state. They want total independence from the United Kingdom. The non-Irish population does not want to be a part of the Republic of Ireland and its Irish parliament and would rather remain under the British Crown. The people of Scottish descent would prefer total independence from all outside forces. English people want to remain with the UK parliament.
    ::爱尔兰人不想被英国议会管辖,英国女王是英国的国家元首。 他们希望完全独立于英国。 非爱尔兰人不想成为爱尔兰共和国及其爱尔兰议会的一部分,而宁愿留在英国王室之下。 苏格兰血统的人希望完全独立于所有外来势力之外。 英国人希望留在英国议会。 

     

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    Protestant group in a Belfast parade celebrating King William of Orange.
    ::新教团体在贝尔法斯特游行中 庆祝橙色威廉国王

      

     

    The troubles of Northern Ireland have diminished its economic and employment opportunities. Underground paramilitary groups such as the Irish Republican Army (IRA) have heightened tensions between the two groups for decades, with car bombings and other terrorist acts. As the younger generation seeks more opportunities and advantages, the issues that separate the two sides could diminish. The hatred that has been built up over the years could be eased with each new generation if centripetal forces work to bridge the differences and unite the social fabric. If the killing and hatred are passed down to successive generations, it will only take longer to recover.
    ::北爱尔兰的麻烦减少了其经济和就业机会,爱尔兰共和军(IRA)等地下准军事集团几十年来加剧了两个集团之间的紧张关系,包括汽车爆炸和其他恐怖行为。随着年轻一代寻求更多的机会和优势,将双方分开的问题可能会减少。如果百分百的力量努力弥合分歧,团结社会结构,那么多年来积累起来的仇恨就会随着每个新一代人而减轻。如果杀戮和仇恨传给后代,恢复的时间就会更长。

     In 1998, after a series of terrorist acts that were condemned on all sides, a movement took place to create the Northern Ireland Assembly with members of both sides of the division. Obstacles continue to surface to disrupt this calming process, but there is hope that in the future solutions can work toward producing a lasting peace. The devolutionary forces active in Wales and Scotland may act to create a more separate Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Assembly was only one step. Progress in Northern Ireland is an uphill battle with high unemployment, a poor resource base, and few economic opportunities. Only by working together will Northern Ireland become a stable, peaceful part of the British Isles.
    ::1998年,在一系列受到各方谴责的恐怖主义行动之后,发起了一场运动,以建立北爱尔兰议会,由两派组成,障碍继续出现,以破坏这一平静进程,但希望今后的解决办法能够有助于实现持久和平,在威尔士和苏格兰活动的权力下放部队可以采取行动,建立一个更加独立的北爱尔兰,北爱尔兰议会只是一个步骤,北爱尔兰的进展是高失业率、资源基础贫乏和经济机会少的艰苦战斗,只有共同努力,北爱尔兰才能成为不列颠群岛稳定、和平的一部分。

    The Republic of Ireland
    ::爱尔兰共和国 爱尔兰共和国

    The whole island of Ireland was under British control for centuries. In 1921, independence was gained from the British for all but Northern Ireland. This bitterly fought conflict has become well entrenched in Irish culture and literature. As an independent country separate from the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland has become a part of the global economic community. Because the climate is type C, there is adequate rainfall for crops and vegetation, and the green landscape gives it the title, “The Emerald Isle.” The island has few other natural resources. There are trees but no large forest reserves for commercial exploitation. Peat, which is an early version of coal, is cut from the bogs and burned as fuel.
    ::整个爱尔兰岛在英国控制之下已有几个世纪了。1921年,除北爱尔兰外,所有人都从英国获得独立。这场激烈的冲突在爱尔兰的文化和文学中根深蒂固。作为一个独立于联合王国的独立国家,爱尔兰共和国已成为全球经济共同体的一部分。由于气候是C型,有足够的降雨量种植作物和植被,而绿地环境赋予它“翡翠岛”这个称号。 该岛没有其他自然资源。有树木,但没有大面积的森林储备用于商业开发。 煤炭的早期版本是煤炭,从沼泽中切割出来,作为燃料燃烧。

    Ireland is not a large country. It is just a bit larger than the US state of West Virginia, with a population of about four million. There are no tall mountain ranges in Ireland. The soils are traditionally rocky with few nutrients. Before colonial times, traditional food crops included turnips and rutabagas. When the potato was imported from the Americas, it was well received in Ireland. The potato plant grew well and replaced traditional root crops as the main food source.
    ::爱尔兰不是一个大国。 它比美国西弗吉尼亚州(西弗吉尼亚州,人口约400万)还要大一点。 爱尔兰没有高山山脉。 传统上,土壤是岩石,养分很少。 在殖民时代之前,传统粮食作物包括萝卜和萝卜。 在从美洲进口马铃薯时,马铃薯在爱尔兰受到好评。 土豆厂生长良好,取代了传统根茎作物作为主要粮食来源。

    In the early 1800s, the population of the whole of Ireland (including what is now Northern Ireland) was as high as eight million. Starting in the 1840s, blight and rot destroyed much of the potato crop year after year, causing a serious famine in Ireland. More than one million people died, and another two million people left the island. The potato famine caused losses such as that of the Black Death, which had ravaged Europe centuries earlier.
    ::1800年代初,整个爱尔兰(包括现在的北爱尔兰)人口高达800万。 从1840年代开始,许多土豆作物年复一年被腐烂和腐烂摧毁,造成爱尔兰的严重饥荒。 超过100万人死亡,另有200万人离开该岛。 土豆饥荒造成了像黑人死亡这样的损失,而黑人死亡在几个世纪前蹂躏了欧洲。

    The history of the Black Death may have led to the term  Black Irish , which referred to people who fled Ireland during the potato famine and immigrated to the United States. They were often regarded as lower-class citizens and were discriminated against. Well-established Irish families having immigrated to the United States before the 1840s were not considered Black Irish and assimilated into mainstream American society more easily.
    ::黑死史可能已经导致黑死病爱尔兰人这一术语,它指的是在土豆饥荒期间逃离爱尔兰并移民到美国的人,他们常常被视为低等公民并受到歧视。 1840年代以前移民到美国的爱尔兰老百姓家庭不被视为黑人爱尔兰人,他们更容易融入美国主流社会。

    The lack of natural resources and the lack of opportunities and advantages held back the Republic of Ireland from developing a strong economy. It was not until the 1990's that conditions improved. With the creation of the EU and advancements in communication, Ireland became an ideal location for expanding North American corporations. The attractive elements included a mild climate, a similar English language, an educated workforce, and a low cost of living.
    ::缺乏自然资源和缺乏机会和优势阻碍了爱尔兰共和国发展强大的经济,直到1990年代,情况才有所改善。 随着欧盟的建立和通信的进步,爱尔兰成为了北美公司扩张的理想场所。 吸引人的因素包括温和的气候、类似的英语、受过教育的劳动力和低生活费用。

    Many high-tech computer firms, communication companies, and automated industries established their base of operations in Ireland—Dublin in particular. Because Ireland was a member of the EU, it was a convenient location between the United States and the European mainland. Business boomed in the 1990s, and incomes and the cost of living rose. Tourism also has become a growing sector of the economy. The economic growth in Ireland earned it the title Celtic Tiger to indicate its growing economic power.
    ::许多高科技计算机公司、通信公司和自动化工业在爱尔兰——特别是都柏林建立了业务基地,因为爱尔兰是欧盟成员,所以它是美国和欧洲大陆之间的一个方便地点,1990年代商业繁荣,收入和生活费用上涨,旅游业也成为经济增长的一个部门,爱尔兰的经济增长赢得了凯尔特虎的称号,以表明其经济实力的增长。

    The rapidly expanding economic conditions of the 1990s have not extended into the 21st century. Since 2007, the global depression has taken its toll on the Irish economy. Starting in 2008, the country witnessed a sharp increase in unemployment that coincided with serious banking scandals. Various banks have been targeted for bailout funds from the government, and the economy witnessed a sharp decline. Property values plummeted, and protesters staged demonstrations in the streets demanding the government address the economic situation.
    ::1990年代快速扩张的经济状况并没有延伸到21世纪。 自2007年以来,全球萧条已经给爱尔兰经济造成了损失。 从2008年开始,爱尔兰失业率急剧上升,同时出现了严重的银行丑闻。 各种银行都成为政府援助资金的目标,经济也急剧下降。 房地产价值暴跌,抗议者在街头示威,要求政府解决经济状况问题。

    Tourism has helped the situation by highlighting the Emerald Isle’s mild climate and green countryside. Cities such as Dublin are working with the growing pains of recovery in the economic recession. Unemployment remains a concern, as well as declining economic opportunities. Overall, Ireland is working to reposition itself for future economic growth. The country wants to maintain itself as an important link in the EU’s relationship with the United States. Ireland is bracing itself for a sluggish economic road ahead.
    ::旅游业通过强调翡翠岛温和的气候和绿色农村帮助了这一局面。 都柏林等城市正在应对经济衰退中不断增长的复苏痛苦。 失业问题仍然令人担忧,经济机会也不断减少。 总体而言,爱尔兰正在努力重新定位以适应未来的经济增长。 爱尔兰希望保持自己作为欧盟与美国关系中的重要环节。 爱尔兰正在迎来一条缓慢的经济道路。

      Key Takeaways
    ::密钥外出

    • Western Europe can be divided into a number of smaller geographic regions, including northern Europe, southern Europe, Central Europe, and the British Isles.
      ::西欧可以分为若干较小的地理区域,包括北欧、南欧、中欧和不列颠群岛。
    • The differences in climate, terrain, and natural resources provide for a diversity of economic activities that influence cultural development within the European community.
      ::气候、地形和自然资源的差异导致经济活动多样化,影响到欧洲共同体内部的文化发展。
    • The countries of Western Europe have high standards of living compared with world standards.
      ::与世界标准相比,西欧国家的生活水平很高。
    • The southern countries of Portugal, Greece, and southern Italy are more agrarian and have been struggling economically since the global recession began in 2007.
      ::自2007年全球衰退开始以来,葡萄牙、希腊和意大利南部等南部国家农业面积更大,在经济上一直挣扎。
    • The British Isles comprise the two independent countries of Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland.
      ::不列颠群岛由大不列颠和爱尔兰共和国这两个独立国家组成。
    • Great Britain is made up of five geographical regions, with Wales and Scotland having more autonomy to govern local affairs.
      ::大不列颠由五个地理区域组成,威尔士和苏格兰拥有管理地方事务的更大自主权。
    • Since World War II, the many states of Western Europe have been evolving into a more integrated realm.
      ::自第二次世界大战以来,西欧许多国家已发展成为一个更加一体化的领域。
    • Each nation has worked to develop its economy to take advantage of its physical geography and its cultural history and heritage.
      ::每个国家都努力发展其经济,以利用其地理、文化历史和遗产。
    • Devolutionary forces remain strong in many areas to counterbalance the forces of supranationalism.
      ::在许多领域,革命力量仍然强大,以抵消超国家主义的力量。

    Vocabulary Terms
    ::词汇术语术语

      Chapter 5.4 Western Europe
    ::第5.4章 西欧

    capitalism  
    ::资本主义资本主义

    An economic system based on private property and free enterprise
    ::以私有财产和自由企业为基础的经济体系

    chernozem  
    ::切诺泽姆

    the rich black topsoil found in the North European Plain, especially in Russia and Ukraine  
    ::在北欧平原发现的黑色厚厚表土 特别是在俄罗斯和乌克兰

    C hunnel  
    ::焦点球

    Underwater tunnel that links Great Britain and France
    ::连接大不列颠和法国的水下隧道

    Eastern Europe  
    ::东欧 东欧

    From Cold War point of view when the Soviet Union took control of the region after World War II (Russia, Poland, East Germany). Also known as "Eastern Bloc"  
    ::从冷战的角度来看,第二次世界大战后苏联控制了该地区(俄罗斯、波兰、东德)。

    Eurasia  
    ::欧亚

    A large land mass that includes the continents of Europe and Asia
    ::包括欧洲和亚洲大陆的大片陆地面积

    fjord  
    ::f交点

    A glacial valley or glacial trough found along the coast that is now filled with a mixture of fresh water and seawater
    ::在海岸一带发现的冰川谷或冰川谷干沟,现在充斥着淡水和海水的混合体。

    imperialism  
    ::帝国主义

    A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically
    ::一个强大的国家试图在政治、社会和经济上支配其他国家的政策

    Industrial Revolution  
    ::工业革命

    A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods--from 1750 to 1850
    ::工业技术的一系列改进改变了制成品生产过程 -- -- 从1750年到1850年

    North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)  
    ::北大西洋公约组织(北约)

    Created in 1949, an organization, all of whom agreed to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against all
    ::1949年创立了一个组织,所有组织都同意合并军事力量,把对一国的战争视为对一国的战争

    peninsula  
    ::半岛半岛半岛

    A piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides
    ::环绕着三面水的一片土地

    polder  
    ::弹发器

    An area of low-lying land that has been reclaimed from the sea
    ::地势低洼地区,已从海洋中收回

    Western Europe  
    ::西欧西欧

    The region comprising the westerly countries of Europe (Spain, Portugal, France, Great Britain)
    ::由欧洲西方国家(西班牙、葡萄牙、法国、大不列颠)组成的区域

    Applying Knowledge
    ::应用知识

    Interactive Notebook Activities
    ::互动笔记活动

    1. List and  describe  the various traditional regions of Western Europe.
      ::列出并描述西欧各传统区域的清单。
    2. Summarize  briefly how the physical geography varies from region to region.
      ::简要概述地理地理情况因区域而异的情况。
    3. Explain  how each region has met the challenges of retaining its cultural identity or uniqueness.
      ::解释每个区域如何应对保持其文化特性或独特性的挑战。
    4. Describe  how each region has developed an industrialized economy.
      ::说明每个区域是如何发展工业化经济的。

    Discussion and Study Questions
    ::讨论和研究问题

    1. Outline the main economic activities for each of the regions of Western Europe.
      ::概述西欧各区域的主要经济活动。
    2. How have strong egalitarian ideals shaped northern European countries?
      ::强大的平等理想如何塑造北欧各国?
    3. How are the differences between northern and southern Italy a reflection of southern Europe as a whole?
      ::意大利北部和南部之间的差别如何反映整个南欧?
    4. Outline where devolutionary forces are active in Western Europe.
      ::移交部队在西欧活跃的大纲。
    5. Which of the states of Western Europe most resembles a nation-state?
      ::西欧哪个国家最像民族国家?
    6. Why is there an increased level of cultural diversity in France and other parts of Western Europe?
      ::为什么法国和西欧其他地区的文化多样性水平在增加?
    7. How do the demographic dynamics differ between northern Europe and southern Europe?
      ::北欧和南欧的人口动态有何不同?
    8. How does agricultural production vary with physical geography in Western Europe?
      ::农业生产如何与西欧的地理地理条件不同?
    9. What are the key factors that make Western Europe an economic core area of the world?
      ::使西欧成为世界经济核心领域的关键因素是什么?
    10. How are the troubles in Northern Ireland similar to or different from the Basque situation?
      ::北爱尔兰的麻烦如何与巴斯克局势相似或不同?

    Real-World Geography Exercise
    ::现实世界地理演习

    1. Using , complete the following activities:
      1. Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
        ::在下面的子弹名单上 找到每个地方
      2. Find the nearest city with an international airport in proximity to each location on the bulleted list below.
        ::找到最近的城市,在下面子弹清单上每个地点附近有一个国际机场。
      3. Calculate the distance and travel time by plane to each city from the in Hartford, Connecticut.
        ::计算从康涅狄格州哈特福德 飞往每个城市的 飞机距离和旅行时间

      ::使用, 完成以下活动: 定位以下子弹列表中的每个地点; 找到最近的城市, 附近有一个国际机场, 在下面子弹列表中的每个地点。 计算从康涅狄格州哈特福德飞往每个城市的飞机距离和飞行时间。
    2. Using , determine the latitude and longitude for each location on the bulleted list below.
      ::使用,确定以下子弹列表中每个位置的纬度和经度。
    3. Be prepared to share and discuss your answers.
      ::准备分享和讨论你的答案
    • Baltic Sea
      ::波罗的海
    • Greenland
      ::格陵兰格陵兰语Name
    • Faeroe Islands
      ::法罗群岛
    • Balkan Peninsula
      ::巴尔干半岛

    Mapping Exercise
    ::绘图绘制作业

      Mapping Our World Module 6 Lesson 1
    ::绘制我们的世界单元6第1课

    : In this activity, students will use maps of percentages of GDP in the three sectors to explore patterns of development around the world. Students will also examine two other economic indicators — energy use and GDP per capita — and compare the maps of GDP in economic sectors to the maps of GDP per capita and energy use. Students will evaluate whether or not the economic sector criteria are good indicators of a country’s economic status.
    ::学生们将研究另外两个经济指标——能源使用和人均国内生产总值,并将经济部门国内生产总值的地图与人均国内生产总值和能源使用图作比较,学生们将评估经济部门标准是否是一国经济状况的良好指标。

    Videos for Geography Enrichment
    ::地理丰富视频

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
    ::地理研究有用网站

    is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge.  Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
    ::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。

    provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
    ::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。

    is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
    ::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。

    is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
    ::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。

    is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
    ::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。

      is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth. 
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。

    is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
    ::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。

    is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
    ::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。

      is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
    ::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。

      is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.  
    ::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。

    is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
    ::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。

      is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states. 
    ::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。

    is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
    ::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。

     is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more. 
    ::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。

    is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。

    is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
    ::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。

    is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
    ::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。

    is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
    ::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。

    In 2017, France’s population was about 63 million, with almost 11 million living in France’s primate city of Paris. The city of Paris is favorably situated with regard to its surrounding area. It is a major core area of France serving a large peripheral region of the country. The next largest city of Lyon, which is a major high-tech industrial center for Europe’s economy, has a population of about 1.6 million. Even with a large population, the country is able to produce enough food for its domestic needs and for export profits. France leads Europe in agricultural production.
    ::2017年,法国人口约为6,300万,其中近1,100万生活在法国的灵长城巴黎。 巴黎市的周边地区比较有利。 巴黎市是法国主要核心地区,为法国的外围地区服务。 下个最大的里昂市是欧洲经济的大型高科技工业中心,人口约为160万。 即使人口众多,法国也能够生产足够的粮食满足其国内需求和出口利润。 法国的农业生产领先于欧洲。