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  • 俄罗斯:物理特征(2天)

      Chapter Challenges
    ::章次 挑战

    1. Identify Russia’s climatic influences and physical regions.
      ::确定俄罗斯的气候影响和物理区域。
    2. Determine how the czars expanded their territorial power to create the Russian Empire.
      ::确定沙皇如何扩大领土权力 来建立俄罗斯帝国
    3. Contrast the ways that the governments of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union dealt with the issue of diverse nationalities within their countries.
      ::与俄罗斯帝国和苏联政府处理其国内不同国籍问题的方式相反。
    4. Describe some of the environmental problems facing the Russian republics today.
      ::描述一下俄罗斯各共和国今天面临的一些环境问题。

    Student Learning Objectives
    ::学生学习目标

        TEKS Regional Unit 06: Russia, the Caucasus and Central Asia; Chapter 6.1 Physical Characteristics.
    ::TEKS区域股06:俄罗斯、高加索和中亚;第6.1章物理特征。

    WG.1A Describe the forces that determine the distribution of goods and services in free enterprise, socialist, and communist economic systems.
    ::WG.1A 描述决定自由企业、社会主义和共产主义经济体系中货物和服务分配的各种力量。

    WG.10B Classify where specific countries fall along the economic spectrum between free enterprise and communism.
    ::WG.10B 将特定国家属于自由企业和共产主义之间经济范畴的领域分类。

    WG.10C Compare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as subsistence agriculture versus commercial agriculture or cottage industries versus commercial industries.
    ::WG.10C 比较人们通过生产商品和服务满足其基本需要的方式,如自给农业,而不是商业农业或家庭手工业,而不是商业工业。

    WG.12A Analyze how the creation, distribution, and management of key natural resources affects the location and patterns of movement of products, money, and people.
    ::WG.12A 分析关键自然资源的创造、分配和管理如何影响产品、货币和人员流动的地点和模式。

    WG.13A Interpret maps to explain the division of land, including man-made and natural borders, into separate political units such as cities, states, or countries.
    ::WG.13A 解释地图,解释土地划分,包括人造边界和自然边界,分为不同的政治单位,如城市、州或国家。

    WG.14A Analyze current events to infer the physical and human processes that lead to the formation of boundaries and other political divisions.
    ::WG.14A 分析当前事件,以推断导致形成边界和其他政治分裂的物质和人类过程。

    WG.17A Describe and Compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that make specific regions of  the world distinctive.
    ::WG.17A 描述和比较使世界特定区域具有独特性的语言、宗教、土地使用、教育和习俗等文化模式。

    WG.18A Analyze cultural changes in specific regions caused by migration, war, trade, innovations, and diffusion.
    ::WG.18A 分析移徙、战争、贸易、创新和传播在特定区域造成的文化变化。

    WG.19C Examine the environmental, economic, and social impacts of advances in technology on agriculture and natural resources.
    ::WG.19C 审查技术进步对环境、经济和社会对农业和自然资源的影响。

    WG.21C Create and Interpret different types of maps to answer geographic questions, infer relationships, and analyze change.
    ::WG.21C 创建和解释不同类型的地图,以回答地理问题、推断关系和分析变化。

    WG.22B Generate summaries, generalizations, and thesis statements supported by evidence.
    ::WG.22B 编写摘要、概述和有证据佐证的论文陈述。

    WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
    ::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。

    WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
    ::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。

    Physical Characteristics of Russia
    ::俄罗斯的生理特征


    The massive expanse of Russia exhibits a variety of physical environments, such as tundras, steppes, mountains, and birch forests. Type D (continental) climates dominate most of the country and characterize large landmasses such as Eurasia and North America. Land in the center of a large continent, far from the moderating effects of oceans, tends to heat up rapidly in the summer and cool down rapidly in the winter. These areas are known for hot summers and cold, harsh winters.
    ::俄罗斯的幅员辽阔,展示了各种自然环境,如Tundras、草原、山岳、和Birch森林。 D型(大陆)气候在俄罗斯大部分地区占据主导地位,并具有欧亚和北美等大型陆地的特征。 大陆中心的土地远离海洋的温和效应,往往在夏季迅速发热,冬季则迅速降温。 这些地区以炎热的夏季和寒冷严寒的冬季闻名。

    Northern Russia borders the Arctic Ocean, and frigid air masses from the Arctic swoop south across Russia each winter. Moreover, Russia’s northerly latitude means that it experiences a short growing season and has never been an agricultural superpower. The country usually has to import grain to feed its people. Mountain ranges to the south block summer rains and warm air masses that would otherwise come from South and Central Asia, thus creating deserts and steppes in southern Russia.
    ::俄罗斯北部与北冰洋接壤,而北冰洋南面冷却的空气团则每年冬季横跨俄罗斯。 此外,俄罗斯的北纬意味着它经历了一个短短的生长季节,从来就不是一个农业超级大国。 俄罗斯通常必须进口粮食来养活人民。 山区分布在南端,夏季暴雨和暖气团来自南亚和中亚,从而在俄罗斯南部创造了沙漠和草原。

    Most of Russia’s population live in the European part of the country on the Eastern European Plain, also known as the Western Russian Plain or the Russian Plain. It is the most agriculturally productive land in Russia. The eastern edge of the plain is marked by the Ural Mountains, a low-lying mountain chain (about 6,000 feet) that crosses Russia from the Arctic Ocean to Kazakhstan. The mountains contain deposits of coal, iron ore, and precious and semiprecious stones and are considered the boundary between Europe and Asia.
    ::俄罗斯大部分人口生活在东欧平原的欧洲地区,也称为俄罗斯西部平原或俄罗斯平原。 平原是俄罗斯农业生产最丰富的土地。 平原东部以乌拉尔山脉为标志,乌拉尔山脉是从北冰洋跨过俄罗斯至哈萨克斯坦的低洼山脉(约6000英尺 ) 。 山脉中蕴藏着煤炭、铁矿石、珍贵和稀有的宝石,被视为欧洲与亚洲的边界。

    To the south of the Russian Plain is another mountain range, the Caucasus Mountains, which bridge the gap between the Caspian and Black Seas. East of the Urals are the West Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, the Yakutsk Basin, the Eastern Highlands, and the Central Asian Ranges. Russia has rich natural resources, such as petroleum, natural gas, and forest products.
    ::俄罗斯平原以南是另一个山脉,即高加索山脉,它弥合了里海和黑海之间的鸿沟。 乌拉尔岛以东是西伯利亚平原、中西伯利亚高原、雅库茨克盆地、东部高原和中亚山脉。 俄罗斯拥有丰富的自然资源,如石油、天然气和森林产品。

     

    lesson content

    This map illustrates the physical regions of Russia.
    ::该地图显示了俄罗斯的自然区域。

    Expansion of the Empire
    ::帝国扩张

    The territory that makes up the Russian Federation was gradually conquered by the Russian Empire as the country expanded from its political core around Moscow/St. Petersburg during the 16th through the 19th centuries. By the end of the 18th century, Czarina Catherine the Great had expanded Russia to include the area that is now Ukraine, the northern Caucasus Mountains, and Alaska.
    ::组成俄罗斯联邦的领土逐渐被俄罗斯帝国征服,俄罗斯在16世纪到19世纪从莫斯科/圣彼得堡周围的政治核心向外扩张。 到18世纪末,撒里娜·凯瑟琳大帝将俄罗斯扩大到包括现在的乌克兰、北高加索山脉和阿拉斯加地区。

    During the next century, the Russian Empire expanded eastward into Central Asia (what is now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and the other Central Asian republics), southward into the rest of the Caucasus region, and westward into Poland and Finland. In the 20th century, when the Russian Empire disintegrated and was replaced by the Soviet Union (the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR), the central government continued to expand and strengthen its control of the vast area from Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean.
    ::在下个世纪,俄罗斯帝国向东扩张到中亚(现在的哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和其他中亚共和国 ) , 向南扩张到高加索地区的其他地区,向西扩张到波兰和芬兰。 在20世纪,俄罗斯帝国解体,由苏联(苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟或苏联)取代,中央政府继续扩大并加强其对从东欧到太平洋广大地区的控制。

    Both the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union were imperial powers. In other words, these governments ruled a large variety of ethnic groups in distant places. These places included people who spoke many languages, people who worshiped different gods in different ways, people who had various skin and hair colors, and people who did not consider themselves to be Russian. Russia had the largest empire in the world in terms of territory. Ruling this diverse, immense empire was an incredible challenge.
    ::俄罗斯帝国和苏联都是帝国列强。 换句话说,这些政府在遥远的地方统治着各种各样的种族群体。 这些地方包括讲多种语言的人、以不同方式崇拜不同神的人、有不同肤色和头发的人以及不认为自己是俄罗斯人的人。 俄罗斯在领土方面拥有世界上最大的帝国。 统治这个多样化的、庞大的帝国是一个令人难以置信的挑战。

    The czars ruled this empire with Russification and the sword. Russification refers to the attempt to minimize cultural differences and turn all Russian subjects into Russians, or at least to make them as Russian as possible. As they were all subject to the Russian czars, people were taught the Russian language and were encouraged to convert to Russian Orthodoxy. Russification was not very successful, and the farther people were from Moscow the less likely they were to be Russified. When the Soviets took over the Russian Empire, millions of Muslims still lived in Central Asia, on the Crimean peninsula of southern Ukraine, in the Caucasus Mountains, and elsewhere.
    ::沙皇们用鲁斯化和剑统治着这个帝国。 鲁斯化是指试图尽量减少文化差异,将所有俄罗斯臣民变成俄罗斯人,或至少使他们尽可能成为俄罗斯人。 由于他们都受俄罗斯沙皇的管辖,因此教他们俄语,鼓励他们改信俄罗斯东正教。 鲁斯化并不十分成功,离莫斯科越远,他们就越不可能被俄罗斯征服。 当苏联占领俄罗斯帝国时,数百万穆斯林仍然生活在中亚、乌克兰南部克里米亚半岛、高加索山脉和其他地方。

    The Soviets took a different approach when it came to unifying the diversity of the empire. Instead of emphasizing unity under the Russian czar, the Russian language, and the Russian Orthodox religion, the Soviets decided to organize the diversity of ethnic groups found in the Soviet Union. They chose some of the major groups and established Soviet Socialist Republics that corresponded to these major groups.
    ::在统一帝国多样性的问题上,苏联采取了不同的做法。 苏联不强调在俄罗斯沙皇、俄罗斯语言和俄罗斯东正教下的统一,而是决定组织在苏联发现的民族群体的多样性。 他们选择了一些主要团体,建立了与这些主要团体相对应的苏维埃社会主义共和国。

    The following are the groups that were created:
    ::所设立的团体如下:

    • Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR)
      ::乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国(乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国)
    • Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (Kazakh SSR)
      ::哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国(哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国)
    • Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR)
      ::乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国(乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国)
    • A different republic for each of the 14 ethnic groups
      ::14个族裔群体各有一个不同的共和国
    • Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 
      ::俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国

    About 85 other ethnic groups were not given their own republics, although some of them were allocated regions within the Russian Republic. In theory, each of the Soviet Socialist Republics was an independent state choosing to ally with the Soviet Union. In practice, these republics were part of a totalitarian, centrally ruled state with far fewer autonomous rights than states in the United States.
    ::在理论上,每个苏维埃社会主义共和国都是选择与苏联结盟的独立国家。 实际上,这些共和国是极权主义、中央统治国家的一部分,其自治权远低于美国各州。

     

    lesson content

    This map illustrates the former Soviet Union.
    ::这张地图显示了前苏联。

    The creation of these republics strengthened certain ethnic/national identities and weakened others. There had not been a fully developed Uzbek national identity before the formation of the Uzbek SSR. The same was true for the Kazakh SSR, the Turkmen SSR, and others. Although people in a certain area might have spoken the same language, they did not think of themselves as belonging to a nation of fellow Uzbeks, Kazakhs, or Turkmen until they were put into one by the Soviet rulers. In 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, these Soviet Socialist Republics were able to declare their independence from Russia.
    ::这些共和国的建立加强了某些族裔/民族特征,削弱了其他共和国。在乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国成立之前,乌兹别克民族身份还没有完全发展,哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国、土库曼苏维埃社会主义共和国和其他共和国也是如此。 虽然某个地区的人民可能讲同样的语言,但他们并不认为自己属于乌兹别克、哈萨克或土库曼同胞的民族,直到苏联统治者将他们安置在一个民族国家。 1991年苏联解体时,这些苏维埃社会主义共和国得以宣布脱离俄罗斯独立。

    At the same time that the Soviets were organizing minority ethnic groups into republics, they were also sending ethnic Russians to live in non-Russian parts of the Soviet Union. Some were sent by force—such as Russians who were sent to prison camps in Siberia and stayed in the area after they were eventually freed. Other Russians were sent around the empire to work in factories, power plants, and other industries. Some were sent to help administer the government. By sending Russians to the far reaches of the Soviet Union, the Russian government hoped to consolidate its control over the various republics and to dilute the strength of the minority ethnicities.
    ::与此同时,苏联正在组织少数民族群体进入各共和国,他们也派遣俄罗斯人到苏联的非俄罗斯地区生活,有些是用武力派遣的,例如俄罗斯人被送往西伯利亚的监狱营,最终获释后留在该地区;其他俄罗斯人被派往帝国各地的工厂、发电厂和其他工业工作;有些被派来帮助管理政府;俄罗斯政府派遣俄罗斯人到苏联的很远的地方,希望巩固其对各共和国的控制,并削弱少数民族的力量。

    This policy also had unintended consequences. When the Soviet Union collapsed after 1991 and the various republics became independent countries, they each had to deal with sizable Russian minorities. For example, at the time of its independence, nearly as many ethnic Russians lived in Kazakhstan (38 percent) as ethnic Kazakhs (40 percent). In the 20 years since then, many Russians moved to Russia from the former Soviet republics. In 2010, Kazakhstan’s population was only about 24 percent ethnic Russian.
    ::这一政策也产生了意想不到的后果。 当苏联在1991年后崩溃,各共和国成为独立国家时,它们都不得不处理规模庞大的俄罗斯少数民族问题。 比如,在独立时,哈萨克斯坦的俄罗斯少数民族(38%)几乎与哈萨克族(40%)一样多。 此后的20年中,许多俄罗斯人从前苏联共和国移居到俄罗斯。 2010年,哈萨克斯坦人口只有24%左右。

     

    lesson content

    This map illustrates the new Russian federal districts.
    ::该地图说明了新的俄罗斯联邦地区。

    The Russian federation was created with 83 federal subjects:
    ::俄罗斯联邦创建了83个联邦主体:

    • 2 autonomous federal cities
      ::2个自治联邦城市
    • 46 provinces (oblasts)
      ::46个省(县)
    • 9 territories (krais) 
      ::9个地区(克拉)
    • 21 republics
      ::21个共和国
    • 4 autonomous districts (okrugs)
      ::4个自治区(okrugs)
    • 1 autonomous oblast
      ::1个自治州
    • Moscow and St. Petersburg are the two federal cities that function as their own units 
      ::莫斯科和圣彼得堡是两个联邦城市,作为各自的单位运作。

    The oblasts and krais each have a governor appointed by the central government and a locally elected legislature. The governorship was an elected position in the 1990s, but President Vladimir Putin changed the structure to strengthen the power of the central state.
    ::各州和克赖斯各有一个由中央政府任命的州长和一个地方选举产生的立法机构。 总督职位是1990年代的民选职位,但弗拉基米尔·普京总统改变了结构以加强中央国家的权力。

    The republics, designed to be home to certain ethnic minorities, are allowed to have their own constitutions and governments and to select an official language that will be used besides Russian. They are not considered independent countries with the right to secession.
    ::这些共和国是某些少数民族的家园,被允许拥有自己的宪法和政府,并选择除俄语以外的官方语言。 它们不被视为拥有分离权的独立国家。

    The autonomous districts were also formed for ethnic minorities and are administered either by the central state or by the province or territory in which they are located. The only autonomous oblast was created in the 1930s to be a home for Jews in the Russian Far East, but only about one percent of the population remains Jewish today.
    ::自治区也是为少数民族建立的,由中央国家或由他们所在的省或地区管理,1930年代创建的唯一自治州是俄罗斯远东犹太人的家园,但今天只有大约1%的人口仍然是犹太人。

    Regional Environmental Problems
    ::区域环境问题

    Each region of the Russian republic has its own environmental issues. The core region surrounding Moscow, with all its industrial activity and large urban expanses, introduces sewage and chemicals to the country’s waterways, contributing to serious water pollution. The same water pollution is found east of the Ural Mountains—and in the waterways in that region—because of the industrial cities found there.
    ::俄罗斯共和国的每个地区都有其自身的环境问题。 莫斯科周围的核心地区及其所有工业活动和大型城市扩张,将污水和化学物质引入国内水道,造成严重的水污染。 乌拉尔山脉以东以及该地区的水道也存在同样的水污染 — — 因为那里有工业城市。

    Moscow and the ring of industrial cities surrounding it have seen a dramatic increase in automobile use since 1991, contributing to air pollution. Russia has abundant natural resources, but significant environmental damage has been the price of exploiting and extracting those resources. Massive oil spills have occurred in the taiga and tundra areas, where the lack of safety management has increased environmental damage during oil exploration and development.
    ::自1991年以来,莫斯科及其周围的工业城市圈子的汽车使用量急剧增加,造成空气污染。 俄罗斯拥有丰富的自然资源,但开采和开采这些资源的价格造成了严重的环境破坏。 泰加和苔原地区发生了大规模石油溢漏,缺乏安全管理加剧了石油勘探和开发期间的环境破坏。

    The taiga is the large expanse of evergreen or boreal forests in the north just south of the tundra in North America, Europe, and Asia. The taiga is most common in type D climates and is one of the largest biomes on earth. The taiga is the largest biome in Russia. Mining and smelting processes in Siberian cities have added to the region’s air and water pollution. These ecosystems are fragile and will take years to recover from such damage.
    ::泰加是北美、欧洲和亚洲的苔原以南北北大片的常青林或北方森林。 泰加在D型气候中最为常见,也是地球上最大的生物群落之一。 泰加是俄罗斯最大的生物群落之一。 西伯利亚城市的采矿和熔炼过程加剧了该地区的空气和水污染。 这些生态系统十分脆弱,需要多年才能从这种破坏中恢复过来。

    Water pollution from the rivers extends into the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, and other bodies of water. Lake Baikal, described as the largest freshwater lake in the world, was at one time pristine, but pollutants have entered its waters from nearby industrial activity. Increased pollution in the Black and Caspian Seas, as well as overfishing, the lack of fishing regulations, and the lack of law enforcement have resulted in the devastation of fish populations such as the caviar-producing sturgeon.
    ::黑海、里海和其他水域的河流污染蔓延到黑海、里海和其他水域,被描述为世界上最大淡水湖的Baikal湖曾经是原始淡水湖,但污染物已经从附近的工业活动进入其水域,黑海和里海的污染增加,过度捕捞,缺乏捕鱼条例,执法不力,导致鱼子酱生产等鱼子酱种群受到破坏。

    The Arctic waters of the Barents Sea off the northern coast of Russia have been a dumping ground for nuclear waste products and expended nuclear reactors from naval vessels. The consequences of this nuclear pollution are not widely known or studied. Many additional aging nuclear reactors from the Soviet era dot the landscape, and they will need to be decommissioned at some point, adding to the nuclear waste issues. Various regions in Siberia were used for nuclear testing and are also contaminated with nuclear radiation.
    ::俄罗斯北部海岸的巴伦支海北极水域一直是海军舰艇核废料和核反应堆的倾弃场,这种核污染的后果并不广为人知或研究。 苏联时代的许多其他老化核反应堆在地貌上留下阴影,它们需要在某个时候退役,这加剧了核废料问题。 西伯利亚的多个地区被用于核试验,也受到核辐射的污染。 

     

      Key Takeaways
    ::密钥外出

    • Russia’s climate is characterized by long, cold winters and short summers.
      ::俄罗斯气候的特点是漫长、寒冬和短夏。
    • Because of a short growing season, the country has such poor agriculture that usually it needs to import grain.
      ::由于生长季节短,该国农业欠佳,通常需要进口粮食。
    • The Russian Empire gradually expanded its territory to the east, west, and south of Moscow. By the end of the 19th century had accumulated a vast area of land and a great variety of people of many ethnicities, languages, and religions.
      ::俄罗斯帝国逐渐将其领土扩大到莫斯科的东部、西部和南部,到19世纪末,已经积累了广阔的国土和众多不同种族、语言和宗教的人。
    • The Soviets sent ethnic Russians across the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) to better control and govern the territory and its people.
      ::苏维埃派俄罗斯人穿越苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟(苏联),更好地控制和治理领土及其人民。
    • When the Soviet Union collapsed, its internal nationality-oriented republics declared independence, and the Russians who had been sent to live around the USSR were now living in non-Russian countries. While most of the ethnic Russians stayed in their current countries, many others returned to Russia after 1991.
      ::当苏联解体时,苏联内部以国籍为导向的共和国宣布独立,被派到苏联周围生活的俄罗斯人现在生活在非俄罗斯国家。 虽然大多数俄罗斯人留在他们现在的国家,但许多其他人是在1991年之后返回俄罗斯的。

    Vocabulary Terms
    ::词汇术语术语

       Chapter 6.1 Physical Characteristics
    ::第6.1章 物理特征

    chernozem  
    ::切诺泽姆

    black topsoil, one of the world's richest soils found in Ukraine and into Russia 
    ::黑表土 世界上最肥沃的土壤之一 位于乌克兰和俄罗斯

    continentality  
    ::大陆

    a region's distance from the moderating influence of the sea
    ::a 区域与海洋调节影响之间的距离

    Siberia  
    ::西伯利亚

    the Arctic and subarctic region of central Asia that extends from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean
    ::中亚从乌拉尔山脉延伸到太平洋的北极和亚北极区域

    taiga
    ::泰伊加

    a vast forest belt that covers about 40% of European Russia and extends into much of Siberia. It is the world's largest coniferous forest, containing about 50% of the world's softwood timber
    ::覆盖了约40%的欧洲俄罗斯 并延伸到西伯利亚大部分地区

    tundra  
    ::冻原

    a vast treeless plain in the arctic region of Russia between the ice cap and the tree line 
    ::在俄罗斯的北极地区 冰盖和树线之间的一片广阔的无树平原

    Ural Mountains  
    ::乌拉尔山

    the mountain ranges that separate the Northern European and West Siberian Plains and used as the dividing line between Europe and Asia 
    ::将北欧和西西西伯利亚平原分隔开来并用作欧洲与亚洲分界线的山脉

    Volga River  
    ::伏尔加河

    longest river in Europe and connects Moscow to the Caspian Sea
    ::欧洲最长的河流 连接莫斯科和里海

    Taiga
    ::塔伊加

    coniferous evergreen forest located in subarctic climate regions
    ::位于亚北极气候区域中的半绿色森林

    Permafrost
    ::永久冻冻土

    area of subsoil that remains frozen
    ::仍然冻结的底土区域

    Crossroads
    ::十字路口

    place where many migration routes intersect
    ::许多移徙路线交叉的地点

    Applying Knowledge
    ::应用知识

    Discussion and Study Questions
    ::讨论和研究问题

    1. What physical feature provides a divide between European and Asian Russia?
      ::哪些物理特征是欧洲与亚洲俄罗斯之间的分界线?
    2. What are Russia’s main physical regions?
      ::俄罗斯的主要物理区域是什么?
    3. In what ways was Russia a colonial empire?
      ::俄罗斯以什么方式成为殖民地帝国?
    4. What strategies did the Russian Empire use to govern a multiethnic state?
      ::俄罗斯帝国用什么战略来治理一个多民族国家?
    5. What were Soviet Socialist Republics, and why were they created?
      ::苏维埃社会主义共和国是什么,为什么它们被创建?
    6. What was a long-term consequence of the formation of Soviet Socialist Republics for the current geopolitical organization of this world region?
      ::苏维埃社会主义共和国的形成对这个世界区域目前的地缘政治组织有什么长期影响?
    7. What are some of the major environmental problems in Russia?
      ::俄罗斯的一些重大环境问题是什么?
    8. Why did so many of the Soviet republics separate and become independent in 1991?
      ::为什么如此多的苏维埃共和国在1991年分离并独立?
    9. Why wasn’t the Russian Orthodox Church more prominent or powerful during the Soviet era?
      ::为何苏联时代俄罗斯东正教教会没有更显眼、更强大?
    10. Why do more people live on the smaller European side of Russia than the larger Asian side?
      ::为什么俄罗斯欧洲方面较小的人比亚洲方面更大的人还要多呢?

    Real-World Geography Exercise
    ::现实世界地理演习

    1. Using , complete the following activities:
      1. Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
        ::在下面的子弹名单上 找到每个地方
      2. Find the nearest city with an international airport in proximity to each location on the bulleted list below.
        ::找到最近的城市,在下面子弹清单上每个地点附近有一个国际机场。
      3. Calculate the distance and travel time by plane to each city from the in Baltimore, Maryland.
        ::计算从马里兰州巴尔的摩 飞往每个城市的 飞机距离和旅行时间

      ::使用,完成以下活动: 定位以下圆点列表中的每个地点; 找到最近的城市, 在下面圆点列表中的每个地点附近有一个国际机场。 计算从马里兰州巴尔的摩飞往每个城市的飞机距离和飞行时间。
    2. Using , determine the latitude and longitude for each location on the bulleted list below.
      ::使用,确定以下子弹列表中每个位置的纬度和经度。
    3. Be prepared to share and discuss your answers.
      ::准备分享和讨论你的答案
    • Barents Sea
      ::巴伦支海
    • Black Sea
      ::黑海黑海黑海
    • Caspian Sea
      ::里里海
    • Caucasus Mountains
      ::高加索山脉
    • Central Asian Ranges
      ::中亚山脉
    • Central Siberian Plateau
      ::中中西伯利亚高原
    • Eastern Highlands
      ::东部高地
    • European Plain
      ::欧洲平原
    • Lake Baikal
      ::贝加尔湖
    • Ural Mountains
      ::乌拉尔山
    • West Siberian Plain
      ::西西伯利亚平原
    • Yakutsk Basin
      ::雅库茨克河流域

    Mapping Exercise
    ::绘图绘制作业

       ESRI GEO Inquiry
    ::ESRI GEGO调查

    : Discover when and how Russia acquired territory between 1553 and 1914 to become the largest country in the world. This mapping exercise uses online mapping software.

    Geographic Videos for Enrichment
    ::用于浓缩的地理录像

    Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
    ::地理研究有用网站

    is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge.  Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
    ::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。

    provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
    ::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。

    is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
    ::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。

    is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
    ::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。

    is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
    ::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。

      is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth. 
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。

    is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
    ::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。

    is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
    ::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。

      is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
    ::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。

      is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.  
    ::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。

    is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
    ::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。

      is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states. 
    ::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。

    is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
    ::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。

     is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more. 
    ::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。

    is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。

    is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
    ::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。

    is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
    ::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。

    is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
    ::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。

    Discover when and how Russia acquired territory between 1553 and 1914 to become the largest country in the world.