6.2 苏联和俄罗斯联邦(3天)
章节大纲
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Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Define the main tenets of a socialist economy.
::界定社会主义经济的主要信条。 -
Describe some of the conditions of life in the Soviet Union.
::描述苏联的一些生活条件。 -
Briefly explain why the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) collapsed.
::简要解释苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟(苏联)为何崩溃。 -
Describe the post-Soviet economic and political situation.
::描述苏联解体后的经济和政治状况。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional Unit 6: Russia, the Caucasus and Central Asia; Chapter 6.2 The USSR and the Russian Federation
::TEKS 区域股6:俄罗斯、高加索和中亚;第6.2章:苏联和俄罗斯联邦WG.1A Analyze the effects of physical and human geographic patterns and processes on the past and describe their impact on the present, including significant physical features and environmental conditions that influenced migration patterns and shaped the distribution of culture groups today.
::WG.1A 分析物理和人类地理模式和过程对过去的影响,并描述其对目前的影响,包括影响移徙模式并影响当今文化群体分布的重要物理特征和环境条件。WG.7B Explain how political, economic, social, and environmental push and pull factors and physical geography affect the routes and flows of human migration.
::WG.7B 解释政治、经济、社会和环境推动因素和拉动因素以及地理地理状况如何影响人类移徙的路线和流动。WG.13A Interpret maps to explain the division of land, including man-made and natural borders, into separate political units such as cities, states, or countries.
::WG.13A 解释地图,解释土地划分,包括人造边界和自然边界,分为不同的政治单位,如城市、州或国家。WG.14A Analyze current events to infer the physical and human processes that lead to the formation of boundaries and other political divisions.
::WG.14A 分析当前事件,以推断导致形成边界和其他政治分裂的物质和人类过程。WG.14B Compare how democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, republic, theocracy, and totalitarian systems operate in specific countries.
::比较民主、独裁、君主制、共和国、专制和极权制度在特定国家的运作方式。WG.14C Analyze the human and physical factors that influence the power to control territory and resources, create conflict/war, and impact international political relations of sovereign nations such as China, the United States, Japan, and Russia and organized nation groups such as the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU).
::WG.14C 分析影响控制领土和资源的权力、制造冲突/战争、影响中国、美国、日本和俄罗斯等主权国家的国际政治关系以及影响联合国(联合国)和欧洲联盟(欧盟)等有组织国家集团的国际政治关系的人力和物质因素。WG.15A Identify and give examples of different points of view that influence the development of public policies and decision-making processes on local, state, national, and international levels
::WG.15A 查明并举例说明影响地方、国家、国家和国际各级公共政策和决策进程的制定的不同观点和决策过程的不同观点WG.16A Describe distinctive cultural patterns and landscapes associated with different places in Texas, the United States, and other regions of the world and how these patterns influenced the processes of innovation and diffusion.
::WG.16A 描述与得克萨斯州、美国和世界其他地区不同地方有关的独特文化模式和景观,以及这些模式如何影响创新和传播进程。WG.17A Describe and Compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that make specific regions of the world distinctive.
::WG.17A 描述和比较使世界特定区域具有独特性的语言、宗教、土地使用、教育和习俗等文化模式。WG,18A Analyze cultural changes in specific regions caused by migration, war, trade, innovations, and diffusion.
::18A 分析移徙、战争、贸易、创新和传播在特定区域造成的文化变化。WG.19C Examine the environmental, economic, and social impacts of advances in technology on agriculture and natural resources.
::WG.19C 审查技术进步对环境、经济和社会对农业和自然资源的影响。WG.21C Create and Interpret different types of maps to answer geographic questions, infer relationships, and analyze change.
::WG.21C 创建和解释不同类型的地图,以回答地理问题、推断关系和分析变化。WG.22A Design and Draw appropriate graphics such as maps, diagrams, tables, and graphs to communicate geographic features, distributions, and relationships.
::WG.22A 设计和绘制适当的图形,如地图、图表、表格和图表,以交流地理特征、分布和关系。WG.22B Generate summaries, generalizations, and thesis statements supported by evidence.
::WG.22B 编写摘要、概述和有证据佐证的论文陈述。WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。The USSR and the Russian Federation
::苏联和俄罗斯联邦As we learned in "Introducing the Realm", the Russian Empire was built by the czars over the course of a few hundred years. However, the economic and political systems of the Russian Empire were not sustainable in the modern era. The vast majority of the population was poor, and most were landless peasant farmers. In a place with short growing seasons, farming was not an easy path to riches.
::正如我们在“引入王国”中学到的,俄罗斯帝国是由沙皇们在几百年的时间里建造的。 然而,俄罗斯帝国的经济和政治制度在现代是不可持续的。 绝大多数人口是穷人,大部分是无地农民。 在生长季节较短的地方,耕作不是通往财富的捷径。Political decisions were made by a small elite group. At the dawn of the 20th century, 100 years after the Industrial Revolution swept through Great Britain and Western Europe, Russia remained an agricultural country and had not yet begun large-scale industrialization. Outside of the aristocracy, few supported the status quo in Russia, and there was widespread desire for a new political system and government.
::在20世纪初,即工业革命席卷大不列颠和西欧100年后,俄罗斯仍然是一个农业国家,尚未开始大规模工业化。 在贵族统治之外,很少有人支持俄罗斯的现状,人们也普遍希望建立一个新的政治制度和政府。However, no one could agree on what a new government would look like. In the aftermath of World War I, a civil war erupted in Russia. During these chaotic times, the last czar, Nicholas II, was forced from office. He and his family were executed. The most powerful group battling for control of Russia was a Communist group called the Bolsheviks, which translates to the “larger group.” Other groups, including the “smaller group,” the Mensheviks, lost the civil war. The Bolshevik leader was Vladimir Lenin. In 1917, he and his supporters began the process of changing Russia into a Communist state.
::但是,没有人能够就新政府的长相达成一致。 在第一次世界大战之后,俄罗斯爆发了内战。在这混乱时期,最后的沙皇尼古拉二世被迫下台。他和他的家人被处决了。最有权势的反对俄罗斯控制权的集团是被称为布尔什维克的共产主义集团,这相当于“大集团 ” 。 包括“小集团 ” 在内的其他集团失去了内战。 布尔什维克的领导人是弗拉基米尔·列宁。 1917年,他和他的支持者开始了将俄罗斯变成共产国家的进程。The capital city was moved back to Moscow from St. Petersburg where it had been since the time of Czar Peter the Great in the 18th century. St. Petersburg’s name was changed to Petrograd and then Leningrad in honor of Vladimir Lenin. The entire territory of the Russian Empire was turned into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The Russian people traded a monarchy for a totalitarian state.
::首都被从圣彼得堡迁回莫斯科,从18世纪彼得大帝大帝彼得(Czar Peter the Great)时代起就一直如此。 圣彼得堡改名为彼得罗格勒(Petrograd),然后改名为列宁格勒(Leningrad),以纪念弗拉基米尔·列宁(Vladimir Lenin ) 。 俄罗斯帝国的整个领土都变成了苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟(USSR ) 。 俄罗斯人民以君主制换取极权国家。
Vladimir Lenin and Josef Stalin, 1922.
::弗拉基米尔·列宁和约瑟夫·斯大林 1922年
The Soviet Union lasted from 1922 to 1991. , the Soviet dictator who took over after Lenin was incapacitated in 1922 and died in 1924. Stalin was a ruthless leader who killed or exiled anyone who got in his way. Stalin is famous for initiating economic plans that helped move Russia from a poor, agrarian state to a large, industrial superpower. He pushed for rapid industrialization, the eradication of family farms in lieu of large communal farms, the end of personal ownership of land or businesses, and the dramatic weakening of organized religion. All these changes came at a great price.
::苏联从1922年持续到1991年,在列宁1922年丧失行为能力后接任的苏联独裁者于1922年去世,斯大林是无情的领袖,杀害或流放任何妨碍他的人。 斯大林以发起经济计划帮助俄罗斯从一个贫穷的农业国家向一个巨大的工业超级大国转变而闻名。 他推动快速工业化,根除家庭农场,取代大型社区农场,结束个人拥有土地或企业,以及彻底削弱有组织的宗教。 所有这些变化都付出了巨大的代价。During his reign of terror, an estimated 30 million people lost their lives. The forced collectivization of agriculture brought about a devastating famine in 1932–33, in which between six to eight million people starved to death. Stalin led periodic purges of his perceived political enemies. The largest of these is known as the Great Purge. At that time (1936–38), about one million people were executed. The full extent of Stalin’s purges may never be fully known. Stalin’s rule ended in 1953 when he reportedly died of natural causes.
::斯大林在其恐怖统治期间,估计有3000万人丧生。 1932-33年,农业被迫集体化导致了一场毁灭性的饥荒,其中六至八百万人饿死。 斯大林定期清洗他所认为的政治敌人,其中最大的是大清洗。 当时(1936-38年),大约一百万人被处决。 斯大林大清洗的全部规模可能永远无法完全知晓。 斯大林的统治于1953年结束,据报道他死于自然原因。Marxist-Leninist Central Planning
::马克思列列列中央规划The Soviet Union espoused the philosophies of Karl Marx, a 19th-century German theorist. Marx wrote that all political and economic life can be understood as a struggle between the various classes in society. People who adhere to Marx’s philosophy are called Marxists. The Soviet version of Marxism is called Marxism-Leninism. In Marxist thought, capitalism is an oppressive economic system in which the working class (the proletariat) is oppressed by the bourgeoisie (the wealthy middle class).
::苏联支持19世纪德国理论家卡尔·马克思(Karl Marx)的哲学。 马克思写道,所有政治和经济生活都可以被理解为社会各阶层之间的一场斗争。 坚持马克思哲学的人被称为马克思主义者。 苏联的马克思主义版本被称为马克思-列宁主义。 在马克思主义的思维中,资本主义是一种压迫性的经济体系,工人阶级(无产阶级)在其中受到资产阶级(富豪中产阶级)的压迫。Marxists believe that the proletariat should revolt, rise up against the bourgeoisie, take the property away from the rich, and give it to the government to control it for the benefit of the common people. Ultimately, a pure Communist system would result, with no social or economic classes, no private property, no rich people, and no poor people.
::马克思主义者认为,无产阶级应该反抗,反抗资产阶级,从富人手中夺去财产,让政府来控制财产,以造福普通人。 归根结底,纯粹的共产主义制度将产生结果,没有社会或经济阶级,没有私有财产,没有富人,没有穷人。As a socialist state, the Soviet Union did not include open markets. The Soviet Union was a command economy, in which economic decisions were made by the state and not left to the market to decide. During the Soviet era, for example, industrial production was planned by the central government. The government would decide what would be produced, where it would be produced, the quantity produced, the number of workers who would produce it, where the raw materials would come from, and how the final product would be distributed. By mobilizing the entire country to work toward common goals, the USSR was able to achieve rapid industrialization.
::作为社会主义国家,苏联并不包括开放的市场。 苏联是一个指挥经济,经济决策由国家做出,而不是由市场决定。 例如,在苏联时代,工业生产计划由中央政府规划。 政府将决定生产哪些产品,生产哪些产品,生产哪些数量,生产哪些工人将生产哪些产品,原材料来自何处,最后产品如何分配。 通过动员整个国家努力实现共同目标,苏联能够实现快速工业化。Another main economic feature of the Soviet Union was collectivized agriculture. The Soviet leaders did not want individual, capitalist farmers to become rich and threaten their economic system. Nor did they want thousands of small, inefficient farms when the country was perpetually unable to feed itself. Instead, they decided to streamline agricultural production into large farm factories.
::苏联的另一个主要经济特征是集体化农业。 苏联领导人不希望个人、资本主义农民富足并威胁其经济体系。 他们也不希望数千个小型低效农场,而当时国家永远无法养活自己。 相反,他们决定把农业生产简化为大型农场工厂。All the farmland in each area was consolidated into a government-owned collective operation. Some collective farms were run by the state, while others were run by private cooperatives. During the transition period to collective farming, individual farmers were forced to give up their land, animals, farm equipment, and farm buildings and donate them to the collective farm in their area.
::在向集体农耕过渡期间,农民个人被迫放弃自己的土地、动物、农具和农舍,将其捐给所在地区的集体农场。The state also demanded a high percentage of the crops produced. At times, the government collected the entire harvest, not even allowing seed crops to be held for the following season. This brought about widespread famine in 1932–33. Collectivized agriculture remained the norm in the Soviet Union until the country’s dissolution in 1991 and even afterward in some areas.
::国家也要求高比例的作物生产。 有时,政府收割整个收成,甚至不允许下一季保留种子作物。 这导致了1932-33年的大饥荒。 在1991年苏联解体之前,集体农业仍然是苏联的常态,在某些地区甚至后来也是如此。The Cold War
::冷战From the end of World War II in 1945 until the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the Soviet Union and the United States competed in the global community for the control of labor, resources, and world power. Each side attracted allies, and most countries were on the side of either the United States or the Soviet Union. This era, known as the Cold War, did not involve direct military armed conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, but it transformed the world into a political chessboard, with each side wanting to block the other side from gaining ground.
::从1945年第二次世界大战结束到苏联于1991年解体,苏联和美国在全球社会争夺劳动力、资源和世界力量的控制权。 每一方都吸引盟国,而大多数国家都站在美国或苏联一边。 这个被称为冷战的时代并不涉及美国和苏联之间的直接军事武装冲突,而是将世界变成一个政治棋盘,双方都想阻止对方获得立足之地。Whenever the Soviets would enter into an alliance with a certain country, the United States was right there to try to counter the move. Wars, armed conflicts, sabotage, spying, and covert activities were the methods of the Cold War. Both sides stockpiled as much deadly weaponry as possible, including nuclear warheads and missiles. They also competed in the race to put people in outer space.
::当苏联与某个国家结盟时,美国就在那里试图反击这一举动。 冷战的方法就是战争、武装冲突、破坏、间谍和秘密活动。 双方储存尽可能多的致命武器,包括核弹头和导弹。 它们在将人民送入外层空间的竞赛中也进行了竞争。
October revolution celebration 1983, Moscow, during the Cold War.
::1983年10月在莫斯科庆祝冷战期间的革命。
The Cold War led to wars fought in Vietnam, Korea, Grenada, Afghanistan, Angola, and the Middle East, with the Soviet Union funding one side and the United States the other. Covert wars or guerrilla wars with secret agents and political assassinations were fought in Cuba, Nicaragua, Chile, Guatemala, Mozambique, Laos, Cambodia, and a host of other third-world countries.
::冷战导致在越南、韩国、格林纳达、阿富汗、安哥拉和中东爆发战争,苏联为一方提供资金,美国为另一方提供资金。 古巴、尼加拉瓜、智利、危地马拉、莫桑比克、老挝、柬埔寨和其他第三世界国家都与秘密特工进行秘密战争或游击战争和政治暗杀。The Cold War divided the world into two main camps, each with a high number of nuclear weapons. Eastern Europe was sectioned off by the Iron Curtain, and the Berlin Wall divided the city of Berlin, Germany. These physical barriers divided the communist countries of Eastern Europe with the capitalist countries of Western Europe. Germany was divided into East and West.
::冷战将世界分为两大阵营,每个阵营拥有大量核武器。 东欧被铁幕分割,柏林墙分割德国柏林市。 这些有形障碍将东欧共产主义国家和西欧资本主义国家分隔开来。 德国被划分为东西方。Various Soviet dictators came to power and died in office before the end of the Cold War. The last Soviet leader was Mikhail Gorbachev, who assumed power in 1985. The U.S. president at the time was Ronald Reagan. During the 1980s the United States was outspending the Soviets militarily, and its economy was growing at a much faster rate than that of the USSR. At the same time, the Soviets were engaged in a costly war in Afghanistan, and their economy was faltering and in danger of collapse.
::许多苏联独裁者上台后在冷战结束前当政。 上一位苏联领导人是1985年掌权的米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫。 当时的美国总统是罗纳德·里根。 20世纪80年代,美国在军事上压倒了苏联,其经济增长速度比苏联快得多。 与此同时,苏联在阿富汗发动了一场代价高昂的战争,其经济也处于摇摆和崩溃的危险之中。Gorbachev realized that reforms had to be implemented to modernize the Soviet system. Political life needed to be more open so that people would feel ownership of the country, and the economy needed to be restructured. Gorbachev implemented perestroika (restructuring of the economy with market-like reforms) and glasnost (openness and transparency of all government activities). The restructuring exposed fundamental problems in the economy, and by 1990 the Soviet economy was in worse shape than ever before.
::戈尔巴乔夫意识到改革必须实施,以使苏维埃制度现代化。 政治生活需要更加开放,这样人们才能感受到国家的所有权,而经济也需要重组。 戈尔巴乔夫实施了彻底改革(通过市场改革重组经济 ) , ( 政府所有活动的开放性和透明度 ) 。 重组暴露了经济的根本问题,到1990年,苏联经济比以往更糟糕。
The first McDonald’s restaurant in the former Soviet Union was in Moscow, Russia.
::前苏联第一家麦当劳餐厅位于俄罗斯莫斯科。
The end came in 1991. The Soviet Union collapsed when 14 of the Soviet republics broke away and declared their independence. At this point, the Soviet state was too weak to prevent it. All the republics, including Russia itself (now called the Russian Federation), became independent countries. The only territories that did not achieve independence were the smaller republics and autonomous regions that existed within the Russian Federation’s boundaries.
::1991年末末,苏联崩溃了,当时14个苏维埃共和国解体并宣布独立。 此时,苏联国家无力阻止独立。 所有共和国,包括俄罗斯本身(现称俄罗斯联邦 ) , 都成为独立国家。 唯一没有实现独立的领土是俄罗斯联邦边界内的较小共和国和自治区。The Iron Curtain was taken down seemingly overnight, and people were free to travel to and from the former Communist countries. The old Russian flag flew over the Kremlin—the seat of the Russian government—for the first time since Czar Nicholas II had been in power 73 years earlier. The Communist era of the Soviet Union and the Cold War were over.
::铁幕似乎在一夜之间被拆除,人们可以自由往返前共产主义国家。 旧的俄罗斯国旗飞越克里姆林宫 — — 俄罗斯政府所在地 — — 这是73年前尼古拉斯二世执政以来的第一次。 苏联共产时代和冷战已经结束。
Kremlin is a Russian word for a walled city. Inside Moscow’s Kremlin is the famous Red Square.
::克里姆林宫是一座被围墙隔绝的城市的俄语词。 在莫斯科的克里姆林宫内,有名的红广场。The post-Soviet transition was filled with political, economic, and social turmoil. Boris Yeltsin, the first president of the new Russian Federation, ushered in a series of economic reforms that privatized state-owned enterprises. Russian leaders tried to reverse socialism rapidly through what they called “shock therapy,” which they knew would be painful but hoped would be brief. These reforms created a new class of capitalist entrepreneurs.
::苏联解体后的转型充满了政治、经济和社会动荡。 新俄罗斯联邦首任总统叶利钦(Boris Yeltsin)启动了一系列将国有企业私有化的经济改革。 俄罗斯领导人试图通过他们所谓的“震荡疗法”迅速扭转社会主义,他们知道这种疗法会很痛苦,但希望是短暂的。 这些改革创造了一个新的资本主义企业家阶层。Wealth, once controlled by the political elite, was now being shifted to the business elite, a pattern found in most capitalist countries. Many ordinary workers faced unemployment for the first time as the new owners of various companies trimmed unnecessary staff. Private ownership forced housing costs to skyrocket, and while families were generally allowed to keep the homes they already lived in, purchasing houses or condominiums was too expensive for many people.
::曾经由政治精英控制的财富现在被转移到商业精英手中,大多数资本主义国家都存在这种模式。 许多普通工人第一次面临失业,因为新拥有的各类公司都削减了不必要的员工。 私人所有权迫使住房成本飙升,而家庭通常被允许保留他们已经居住的房屋,购买房屋或公寓对许多人来说太昂贵了。The value of the ruble, Russia’s currency, declined rapidly, and older people watched as their life savings evaporated overnight. Western goods were more accessible, and consumer products became more available than they were during the Soviet era. Bread lines and empty store shelves became distant memories as the former Communist state shifted over to a type of capitalist democracy. Yeltsin became less popular as citizens became dissatisfied with corruption and the high social costs of the post-Soviet transition. He resigned in 1999 and was replaced by Vladimir Putin.
::俄罗斯货币卢布的价值迅速下降,老年人眼睁睁看着他们的生活储蓄在一夜之间蒸发。 西方商品更容易获得,消费产品比苏联时代更容易获得。 随着前共产主义国家转向某种资本主义民主,面包线和空货架成为遥远的记忆。 叶利钦随着公民对腐败和后苏维埃转型带来的高昂社会成本的不满而变得不那么受欢迎。 他于1999年辞职,被弗拉基米尔·普京取代。Outline of Russia's Historical Geography
::俄罗斯历史地理概况-
The Region’s Early Heritage
-
Vikings created fortified trading towns called gorods
::维京人创建了强化贸易城镇 叫做"大黑客" -
Genghis Khan’s Mongol Empire invaded (1240 C.E.)
::成吉思汗蒙古帝国入侵(中共1240) -
Feudal states arose around dominant trading centers
::联邦州围绕占支配地位的贸易中心形成
::该地区早期遗产维京人建立了加固的贸易城镇,称为Gorods Genghis Khan的蒙古帝国入侵(1240 C.E.),Feudal州围绕占支配地位的贸易中心兴起。 -
Vikings created fortified trading towns called gorods
-
Czarist Russia, 1547–1917
-
Czars unified empire by internal colonialism
::国内殖民主义使沙皇统一帝国 -
Forward capital of St. Petersburg created
::创建圣彼得堡前方首都 -
Pioneers pushed eastward to Siberia and North America
::先驱者向东向西伯利亚和北美推进
::俄罗斯沙皇,1547-1917年沙皇通过内部殖民主义统一帝国,1547-1917年沙皇 圣彼得堡首都圣彼得堡创建了先锋 向东向西伯利亚和北美推进 -
Czars unified empire by internal colonialism
-
Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–22
-
Czar Nicholas II and his family executed
::Czar Nicholas II和他的家人被处决 -
Russian Civil War fought
::俄罗斯内战 -
Vladimir Lenin created Communist imperial state
::弗拉基米尔列宁创建了共产帝国 -
The capital moved to Moscow; republics broke away
::首都迁至莫斯科;各共和国解体
::1917-22年布尔什维克革命,1917-22年 查尔尼古拉斯二世 和他的家人 被处决的俄国内战 -
Czar Nicholas II and his family executed
-
The Soviet Union (USSR), 1922–91
-
Czarist Empire became the Soviet Union
::沙皇帝国成为苏联 -
Central planning, collectivization, and the Cold War began
::中央规划、集体化和冷战开始 -
Republics kept together by military force
::由军队联合的共和国 -
External interaction of glasnost initiated (the 1980s)
::开始的格拉斯诺斯特的外部互动(1980年代) -
Economic restructuring and reforms of perestroika introduced (the 1980s)
::1980年代实行的经济结构调整和改革(1980年代)
::1922-91年苏联(苏联),1922-91年沙皇帝国成为苏联中央规划、集体化和冷战开始,各共和国开始由军事力量联合起来。 1980年代开始的(1980年代)经济结构调整和改革(1980年代) -
Czarist Empire became the Soviet Union
-
The Russian Republic, 1991–Present
-
Independent republics lost with internal unrest
::独立共和国因内乱而失去活力 -
Economics privatized
::经济私有化 -
Democracy introduced (the 1990s)
::实行民主(1990年代) -
Central state strengthened (21st century)
::中央国家得到加强(21世纪)
::俄罗斯联邦,1991年-因内乱而失去独立共和国的目前独立共和国 经济私有化 民主(1990年代) 中央国家(21世纪)得到加强 -
Independent republics lost with internal unrest
Behind the Borodinsky Bridge on the right are the government buildings of the Russian Federation.
::右侧的博罗丁斯基桥后面是俄罗斯联邦的政府大楼。Twenty-First-Century Russia
::俄罗斯第二十一届中心A Russian style of capitalism replaced the social, political, and economic system of the Communist era with a growing market economy. The export of Russia’s vast quantities of natural resources, such as oil, natural gas, and timber, to Europe and the rest of the world helped the country rebound from the economic collapse of the 1990s. Russia has benefited from the recent increase in energy prices, and oil, natural gas, metals, and timber account for more than 80 percent of exports and 30 percent of government revenues.
::俄罗斯的资本主义模式以不断增长的市场经济取代了共产主义时代的社会、政治和经济体系。 俄罗斯向欧洲和世界其他地区出口大量自然资源,如石油、天然气和木材,帮助俄罗斯从1990年代经济崩溃中反弹。 俄罗斯从最近能源价格的上涨中获益,石油、天然气、金属和木材占出口的80%以上,占政府收入的30%。However, Russia still needs to modernize its dilapidated manufacturing base if it is to economically compete against the European Union, North America, or eastern Asia. During Vladimir Putin’s presidency, Russia witnessed substantial economic growth that inspired foreign investors to pump money into the Russian economy and catapulted Moscow into an investment haven and one of the richest cities in the world. Russia has become a major player in the global economy, although much of its population still suffer from poverty and social problems.
::但是,如果俄罗斯要与欧盟、北美或东亚进行经济竞争,它仍然需要使其破败的制造业基地现代化。 在普京担任总统期间,俄罗斯经历了巨大的经济增长,激励外国投资者将资金注入俄罗斯经济,并将莫斯科推向投资天堂和世界上最富裕的城市之一。 俄罗斯已经成为全球经济的主要参与者,尽管其大部分人口仍然遭受贫困和社会问题的困扰。Russia’s population grew steadily during the Soviet era, except during periods of famine or warfare. The country underwent a rural-to-urban shift as farm workers moved to cities to labor in factories. However, when the USSR collapsed, Russia’s population fell sharply from a peak of 149 million in 1991 to about 143 million in 2005. The trend of low birth rates actually began during the Soviet period.
::俄罗斯人口在苏联时代稳步增长,但饥荒或战争时期除外。 随着农业工人迁移到城市到工厂劳动,俄罗斯经历了从农村向城市的转变。 然而,当苏联崩溃时,俄罗斯人口从1991年的1.49亿峰值下降到2005年的1.43亿左右。 低出生率趋势实际上始于苏联时期。The population decline occurred because birth rates always decline during periods of economic and social crisis as people delay or decide against having children. In addition, the country experienced high death rates because of alcoholism, heart disease, and the collapse of the social safety net. Any time death rates surpass birth rates, a country’s population will decline unless the difference is offset by immigration.
::人口下降的原因是,在经济和社会危机期间,随着人们推迟或决定生孩子,出生率总是在下降。 此外,由于酗酒、心脏病和社会安全网的崩溃,国家也经历了高死亡率。 每当死亡率超过出生率时,除非移民抵消这一差距,否则一个国家的人口就会下降。Russia’s birth rate was also impacted by high rates of abortion. In 1992, for example, there were 221 abortions in Russia for every 100 live births. [1] Although Russia’s population has seemingly bottomed out, the only reason it is not continuing to decline is immigration from the former Soviet republics. Russia still has a negative rate of natural increase.
::俄罗斯的出生率也受到高堕胎率的影响。 比如,1992年,俄罗斯每100个活产儿中有221例堕胎。 [1] 尽管俄罗斯人口似乎已经彻底消失,但唯一没有持续下降的原因是前苏联各共和国的移民。 俄罗斯的自然增长率仍然为负。To put Russia’s demographic profile in context, its fertility rate was only about 1.5 in 2010, meaning that the average woman would have 1.5 children in her lifetime. This is below the 2.1 children each woman would need to have for the population to remain stable. The fertility rate in Russia is similar to that of countries in Europe (1.5) but lower than that of the United States (2.1). [2] Life expectancy for Russian men is variously reported as 60 years up to 63 years, while women can expect to live 73 to 75 years. In Western Europe, life expectancies are about 80 years.
::从俄罗斯的人口状况来看,2010年俄罗斯的生育率仅为1.5岁左右,这意味着平均妇女一生中将生育1.5个子女,低于每个妇女为保持人口稳定所需的2.1个子女。 俄罗斯的生育率与欧洲国家相似(1.5),但低于美国(2.1)。 [2]俄罗斯男性的预期寿命为60岁至63岁不等,而女性则有望活到73至75岁。 在西欧,预期寿命约为80岁。About 80 percent of Russia’s population is ethnically Russian. The next largest group is Tatar (3.8 percent), a group that traditionally has spoken the Tatar language and practiced Islam. More than 150 ethnic groups are represented in Russia, including indigenous people of the Arctic who herd reindeer for a living. Each of the nationalities of the former Soviet republics has a presence in Russia. Because of its relatively strong economy, Russia (especially Moscow) is an immigration magnet for residents of those countries. Most of these groups have their own language and cultural traditions.
::俄罗斯人口约80%是俄罗斯人,第二大群体是鞑靼人(3.8%),该群体传统上讲鞑靼语并信奉伊斯兰教。 150多个族裔群体在俄罗斯有代表,包括北极地区为谋生而放牧驯鹿的土著人。 前苏联各共和国的每个民族都在俄罗斯有代表。 俄罗斯(特别是莫斯科)经济相对强劲,因此对这些国家的居民来说,俄罗斯(特别是莫斯科)是移民的吸引。 其中大部分群体有自己的语言和文化传统。
The Cathedral of Intercession of the Virgin on the Moat, also known as the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed, on the Red Square, Moscow.
::在莫斯科红广场上的圣巴西尔教堂。
The Russian Orthodox Church is the dominant religious denomination in Russia. For generations, it was the country’s official religion, and Russian people were automatically considered to be Orthodox, no matter what their personal beliefs. During the Soviet era, the government did much to weaken the church, including killing thousands of priests, monks, and nuns and closing most churches.
::俄罗斯东正教是俄罗斯的主要宗教派别。 几代人以来,俄罗斯的官方宗教是俄罗斯的官方宗教,俄罗斯人民自动被视为东正教,不管他们的个人信仰如何。 在苏联时代,政府大大削弱了教会,包括杀害了数千名牧师、僧侣和修女,并关闭了大多数教堂。The much smaller church that survived was largely controlled by the state. Because of state-sanctioned atheism during the Soviet era, only 15 to 20 percent of Russia’s population today actively practices Orthodoxy, although a much greater number claim to be Russian Orthodox Christians. Another 15 percent of the country’s population practices Islam, especially in places such as the Caucasus region and the southern Ural Mountains. About two percent practice other forms of Christianity, such as Catholicism and Protestantism. [3] Even though Orthodoxy is practiced by a minority of Russia’s population, the church has increased its influence since 1991 and often acts as an official church. A small percentage of the population are Buddhists, and various ethnic groups in Siberia and the Far East practice tribal religions and pagan rites.
::幸存下来的更小的教堂基本上由国家控制。 由于苏联时代国家批准的无神论,如今只有15-20%的俄罗斯人口积极信奉东正教,尽管声称是俄罗斯东正教教徒的人数要多得多。 另有15%的人口信奉伊斯兰教,特别是在高加索地区和乌拉尔山南部等地区。 大约2%的人信奉其他基督教形式,如天主教和新教。 [3] 尽管东正教是俄罗斯少数人口所信奉的,但自1991年以来教会的影响力已经增加,并经常充当官方教会。 一小部分人口是佛教徒,西伯利亚和远东各族裔群体信奉部落宗教和宗教。The Russian Language
::俄语Like English, Russian is an Indo-European language. Russian is on the Slavic branch of the language tree, along with languages such as Polish, Ukrainian, and Serbo-Croatian. A relatively new language, it developed from a language called Old East Slavic that was spoken around 1100 C.E. Medieval Russian developed in the 13th century, and modern literary Russian is usually traced back to the early 19th century. Russian uses the Cyrillic alphabet, which was developed from Greek. The Russian language is the official language of the Russian republic. With over 100 languages used in the country, 27 of them are officially recognized in various regions within the republic.
::像英语一样,俄语是印度-欧洲语言。俄语与波兰语、乌克兰语和塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语等语言一道,在语言树的斯拉夫分支上。一种相对较新的语言,用一种名为旧东斯拉夫语的语言发展,在1100中世纪左右使用。中世纪俄语发展到13世纪,现代文学俄语通常追溯到19世纪初。俄语使用希腊语制作的西里尔字母。俄语是俄罗斯共和国的官方语言。国内使用100多种语言,其中27种在共和国各个地区得到正式承认。
Apple Keyboard for a Russian Computer.
::俄罗斯电脑的苹果键盘
Key Takeaways
::密钥外出-
The Communist state was created in 1917 as the result of a civil war, which evolved into the creation of the Soviet Union in 1922. During this era, the Russian people traded a monarchy for a Marxist totalitarian state.
::1917年,一场内战演变为1922年苏维埃联盟的建立,由此导致共产主义国家于1917年成立。 在此期间,俄罗斯人民以君主制换取马克思主义极权国家。 -
One of the primary goals of the new USSR was rapid industrialization, and this goal was achieved through central planning and the collectivization of agriculture. Inefficiencies in the system persisted throughout the Soviet era.
::新苏联的主要目标之一是快速工业化,而这一目标是通过农业的中央规划和集中化来实现的。 整个苏联时代,农业体系一直缺乏效率。 -
The Soviet Union’s Communist system was maintained at great cost: millions were killed by purges and in government-produced famines.
::苏联的共产主义制度以巨大的代价得以维持:数百万人死于清洗和政府制造的饥荒。 -
A weakened USSR tried to reform in the 1980s through Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost but instead collapsed in 1991.
::20世纪80年代,一个弱小的苏联试图通过米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫的普埃斯特罗尼卡和格拉斯诺斯特政策进行改革,但在1991年倒闭。 -
Early post-Soviet years were ones of democratization, rapid privatization, and the unraveling of the social safety net.
::苏联解体后的早期阶段是民主化、迅速私有化和社会安全网瓦解的早期年份。 -
The shift to capitalism restructured the Russian economy.
::向资本主义的转变改变了俄罗斯经济的结构。 -
The Russian economy strengthened after 2000, and Russian president Vladimir Putin strengthened the power of the central state.
::2000年之后,俄罗斯经济得到加强,俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京加强了中央国家的权力。 -
Russia has a low fertility rate and a negative rate of natural increase. High rates of abortions and alcoholism have been contributing factors.
::俄罗斯的生育率低,自然增长率为负数,堕胎和酗酒率高是促成因素。 -
The Russian Orthodox Church is the dominant religious denomination in Russia.
::俄罗斯东正教是俄罗斯的主要宗教派别。
Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 6.2 The USSR and the Russian Federation
::第6.2章 苏联和俄罗斯联邦Caucasus
::高加索A region that crosses the Caucasus Mountains and stretches between the Black and Caspian Seas.
::一个横跨高加索山脉并在黑海和里海之间延伸的区域。Chernobyl
::切尔诺贝利City in the Ukraine where nuclear plant meltdown took place in 1986.
::1986年核电厂崩溃的乌克兰市。Communism
::共产主义A social and economic system in which most property is owned by the government and shared by the governed
::社会和经济制度,大多数财产归政府所有,由被管理者分享consumer goods
::消费品消费品Things that are grown or made by production used by people
::由人使用的生产而生长或制造的事物Czar (Tsar)
::沙皇( 沙皇)T itle given to the emperor of Russia prior to the Russian Revolution
::俄罗斯革命前授予俄罗斯皇帝头衔Glas nost
::冰川Reform policy which allowed for more openness by the government instituted by Mikhail Gorba chev.
::米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫提出的改革政策使政府更加开放。Joseph Stalin
::约瑟夫·斯大林Leader of the Soviet Union during World War II
::二战期间苏联领导人Karl Marx
::卡尔马克马克思NameGerman philosopher , famous for his ideas about the struggle between the rich and poor. He wrote the Communist Manifesto and is c onsidered the fat her of communism
::德国哲学家,以他关于富人与穷人之间斗争的思想而闻名。 他写了共产主义宣言,被认为是共产主义之父。Mikhail Gorbachev
::米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫Leader of the Soviet Union in the mid 1980s. He began a dramatic restructuring of Soviet political and economic policies
::20世纪80年代中期苏联领导人,他开始对苏联的政治和经济政策进行急剧改组。perestroika
::千人 千人 千人 千人The reform of government and economy in the former Soviet Union
::前苏联政府和经济的改革permafrost
::永久冻冻土Permanently frozen soil
::永久冻冻土壤Vladimir Lenin
::弗拉基米尔·列宁Leader of the communist revolution and first leader of the Soviet Union
::共产革命领导人和苏联第一领导人Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
By what process did the Russian Empire become the Soviet Union?
::俄罗斯帝国按照什么程序成为苏联? -
Who were the first two leaders of the USSR. What were some of their accomplishments? What were some of the human costs?
::苏联的前两位领导人是谁?他们取得的一些成就是什么?人的代价是什么? -
What were some of the main features of Karl Marx’s philosophy?
::卡尔·马克思哲学的一些主要特征是什么? -
What were two main economic policies of the Soviet Union?
::苏联的两大经济政策是什么? -
Who was fighting the Cold War? Where were major conflicts fought during this war?
::冷战期间谁在打仗? -
How did the Cold War end? What leaders were in power in the United States and the Soviet Union when it ended?
::冷战是如何结束的? 当冷战结束时,美国和苏联当权的领导人是谁? -
What two policies did the last Soviet leader implement to assist in reforming the USSR?
::最后一位苏维埃领导人为了协助改革苏联执行了哪些两项政策? -
What happened to the many external republics after 1991?
::1991年之后,许多共和国的外部情况如何? -
How did the economic system change for Russia after 1991?
::1991年之后,俄罗斯的经济体系是如何改变的? -
What are some reasons for Russia’s population decline?
::俄罗斯人口下降的原因何在?
Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习Using , locate the places below. Calculate the distance and how long it would take to fly in an airplane from your hometown to each city. Be prepared to share your answers.
::使用 , 定位下面的位置 。 计算从家乡飞到每个城市的飞机的距离和飞行时间。 准备分享您的答案 。-
Moscow
::莫斯科莫斯科 -
St. Petersburg
::圣彼得堡
Mapping Exercise
::绘图绘制作业ESRI GEOInquiry
::ESRI 地质调查: Students will use mapping software to analyze and explain the reasons for the development of the Cold War conflicts between the USSR and the USA after World War II.Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a U.S. government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the U.S. legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a U.S. government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::是一个美国政府机构网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a U.S. government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a U.S. government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on U.S. states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a U.S. government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::是一个美国政府机构,提供人口时钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻等等。is a U.S. government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a U.S. government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health; shapes the research agenda on health; and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::他们的网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。Footnotes
::脚注脚注[1] “Historical Abortion Statistics, Russia,” Johnston`s Archive, .
::[1] “俄罗斯历史上的堕胎统计”,Johnston's档案馆,......。[2] “The World Factbook,” Central Intelligence Agency, .
::[2] “世界概况”,中央情报局,......。[3] “The World Factbook,” Central Intelligence Agency, .
::[3] “世界概况”,中央情报局,......。Students will use mapping software to analyze and explain the reasons for the development of the Cold War conflicts between the USSR and the USA.
::学生们将使用绘图软件来分析和解释苏联和美国之间冷战冲突发展的原因。 -
Define the main tenets of a socialist economy.
