7.3 以色列及其邻居(2天)
章节大纲
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Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Summarize how the region of Palestine has evolved into the current Jewish State of Israel. Identify and locate the territories that have been annexed to Israel over the years.
::概述巴勒斯坦地区如何演变成目前的犹太以色列国,查明和确定多年来被以色列吞并的领土。 -
Understand the division between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and the Jewish State of Israel. Outline the complications of the one-state and two-state solutions to this division.
::了解西岸与加沙地带与犹太国以色列之间的划分,概述这一划分的一州和两国解决办法的复杂性。 -
Describe the differences between the governments of Jordan and Syria.
::说明约旦和叙利亚政府之间的差异。 -
Outline the political arrangements of the government leadership positions in Lebanon.
::概述黎巴嫩政府领导职位的政治安排。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional Unit 7: Southwest Asia; Chapter 7.3 Israel and Its Neighbors
::TERS 区域股7:西南亚;第7.3章 以色列及其邻国WG.5A Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.
::WG.5A 分析一个地方的特性如何与其政治、经济、社会和文化因素相关。WG.6A Locate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.
::WG.6A 确定并描述影响定居点规模和分布的人文和物理特征。WG.7B Explain how political, economic, social, and environmental push and pull factors and physical geography affect the routes and flows of human migration.
::WG.7B 解释政治、经济、社会和环境推动因素和拉动因素以及地理地理状况如何影响人类移徙的路线和流动。WG.9A Identify physical and/or human factors such as climate, vegetation, language, trade networks, political units, river systems, and religion that constitute a region.
::WG.9A 查明构成区域的自然和/或人类因素,如气候、植被、语言、贸易网络、政治单位、河流系统和宗教。WG.13A Interpret maps to explain the division of land, including man-made and natural borders, into separate political units such as cities, states, or countries.
::WG.13A 解释地图,解释土地划分,包括人造边界和自然边界,分为不同的政治单位,如城市、州或国家。WG.16D Compare life in a variety of urban and rural areas in the world to evaluate political, economic, social, and environmental changes.
::WG.16D 比较世界不同城市和农村地区的生活,以评价政治、经济、社会和环境变化。WG.17A Describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that make specific regions of the world distinctive.
::WG.17A 描述和比较使世界特定区域具有独特性的语言、宗教、土地使用、教育和习俗等文化模式。WG.17C Compare economic, political, or social opportunities in different cultures for women, ethnic and religious minorities, and other underrepresented populations.
::WG.17C 比较妇女、族裔和宗教少数群体以及其他代表人数不足的人口在不同文化中的经济、政治或社会机会。WG.18A Analyze cultural changes in specific regions caused by migration, war, trade, innovations, and diffusion.
::WG.18A 分析移徙、战争、贸易、创新和传播在特定区域造成的文化变化。WG.18B Assess causes, effects, and perceptions of conflicts between groups of people, including modern genocides and terrorism.
::WG.18B 评估各群体之间冲突的原因、影响和看法,包括现代种族灭绝和恐怖主义。WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。Israel and Its Neighbors
::以色列及其邻国的居民,Israel
::以色列 以色列At the center of the Middle East, on the shores of the Mediterranean in the Levant (the area bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea), lies the country of . Israel is bordered by Lebanon to the north, Syria and Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the south. Covering an area of only 8,522 square miles, Israel is smaller than the US state of Massachusetts and only one-fifth the size of the state of Kentucky. The coastal region, which has a moderate type C climate, receives more rainfall than the dry interior and the Negev Desert in the south, both of which have arid type B climates.
::位于中东中部的黎凡特地中海海岸(东地中海接壤地区)是以色列的国家。以色列北部与黎巴嫩接壤,东部与叙利亚和约旦接壤,南部与埃及相邻。 覆盖面积只有8 522平方英里,以色列比美国马萨诸塞州小,只有肯塔基州面积的五分之一。 沿海地区的C型气候温和,降雨量比干旱的内地和南部的内盖夫沙漠还要多,两者都具有干旱的B型气候。The Sea of Galilee, also called Lake Kinneret or the Sea of Tiberias, is a major fresh water supply. The Jordan River flows from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea is 1,300 feet below sea level, so it has no outlet. Over time, salts and minerals have built up, creating an environment that does not aquatic life. South of the Negev Desert is the Gulf of Aqaba, which provides access to the Red Sea for both Israel and Jordan. Israel does not have substantial oil resources but has a potential for natural gas in offshore locations along the Mediterranean Sea.
::加利利海,也称为金内雷湖或泰贝里亚海,是主要的淡水供应,约旦河从加利利海流向死海,死海比海平面低1 300英尺,因此没有出海口,盐类和矿物质逐渐积聚,创造了一种非水生生物的环境,内盖夫沙漠以南是阿卡巴湾,为以色列和约旦提供了进入红海的通道,以色列没有丰富的石油资源,但有可能在地中海沿岸地区产生天然气。Although most of the Middle East follows the religion of Islam, Israel has a Jewish majority. Before Israel was established in 1948, it was called Palestine. Most people in Palestine were called Palestinians and consisted primarily of Arab Muslims, Samaritans, Bedouins, and Jews. The region went through a series of violent transitions before it became the nation of Israel.
::尽管中东大部分地区都信奉伊斯兰教,但以色列却占犹太人的多数。 在以色列1948年成立之前,以色列就被称为巴勒斯坦。 巴勒斯坦的大多数人被称为巴勒斯坦人,主要由阿拉伯穆斯林、撒玛利亚人、贝都因人和犹太人组成。 该地区在成为以色列国之前经历了一系列暴力过渡。The Division of Palestine
::巴勒斯坦司 巴勒斯坦司Palestine was a part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire before the end of World War I. Britain defeated Turkish forces in 1917 and occupied Palestine for the remainder of the war. The British government was granted control of Palestine by the mandate of the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919 at the end of World War I. Britain supported the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which favored a Jewish homeland. The British Mandate included Palestine and Transjordan, the area east of the Jordan River, which includes the current country of Jordan.
::英国在1917年击败土耳其军队,在战争的余下时期占领巴勒斯坦。 1919年第一次世界大战结束时,凡尔赛和平会议授权英国政府控制巴勒斯坦。 英国支持1917年的《巴尔福宣言》,该宣言主张建立一个犹太家园。 英国委任统治包括巴勒斯坦和横田,约旦河以东地区,包括约旦现今的国家。Between 1922 and 1947, during British control, most of the population of Palestine was ethnically Arab and followed Islam. In 1922, Jews made up less than 20 percent of the population. The Jewish settlements were mainly along the west coast and in the north. Jewish people from other countries—including Jews escaping German oppression in the 1930s—migrated to the Israeli settlements. Palestine was turned over to the control of the newly created United Nations (UN) in 1945 at the end of World War II.
::1922年至1947年,在英国控制期间,巴勒斯坦的大部分人口是阿拉伯人,并跟随伊斯兰教,1922年,犹太人占人口的不到20%,犹太人定居点主要分布在西海岸和北部,来自其他国家的犹太人——包括1930年代逃离德国压迫的犹太人——移民到以色列定居点,1945年第二次世界大战结束时巴勒斯坦被移交给新成立的联合国(联合国)控制。The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) was created by the UN in 1947. To address the Palestine region, UNSCOP recommended that Palestine be divided into an Arab state, a Jewish state, and an international territory that included Jerusalem. Palestine was divided by the UN. About 44 percent of the territory was allocated to the Palestinians, who consisted of about 67 percent of the population, which was mainly Arab. Approximately 56 percent of the territory was allocated to the minority Jewish population, who only consisted of about 33 percent of the population.
::联合国巴勒斯坦问题特别委员会(联巴特别委员会)是联合国于1947年成立的,为了解决巴勒斯坦地区的问题,联巴协调处建议将巴勒斯坦分为一个阿拉伯国家、一个犹太国家和一个包括耶路撒冷在内的国际领土。巴勒斯坦被联合国分割。大约44%的领土分配给巴勒斯坦人,巴勒斯坦人约占人口的67%,主要是阿拉伯人。大约56%的领土分配给少数犹太人口,他们仅占人口的33%。The country of Jordan was created out of the region east of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea. The city of Jerusalem was to remain under the administrative control of the UN as an international city. The Jewish State of Israel was officially recognized in 1948. The Palestinians, who were a majority of Israel’s total population at the time and who owned about 90 percent of the land, denounced the agreement as unacceptable. One of the consequences of the territorial partition was that thousands of Palestinian Arabs were forced off the land that was allocated to the Jewish state. These Palestinians became refugees in the Palestinian portion or in neighboring countries.
::约旦国是在约旦河和死海以东的地区建立起来的,耶路撒冷城应作为一个国际城市继续处于联合国的行政控制之下。 以色列犹太国于1948年获得正式承认。 巴勒斯坦人当时占以色列总人口的多数,拥有大约90%的土地,他们谴责该协议是不可接受的。 领土分割的后果之一是数千名巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人被迫离开分配给犹太国家的土地。 这些巴勒斯坦人成为巴勒斯坦部分或邻国的难民。Palestine’s Arab neighbors—Syria, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Iraq, and Egypt—sided with the Arab Palestinians and declared war on Israel. The war did not end favorably for the Arabs. With support and aid from Britain and the United States, the Jewish State of Israel defeated the attacking Arab armies and took control of a larger portion of the land, including some of the land designated by the UN as a portion of the Arab half.
::巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯邻国 — — 叙利亚、沙特阿拉伯、黎巴嫩、伊拉克和埃及 — — 与阿拉伯巴勒斯坦人隔绝,向以色列宣战。 这场战争并没有给阿拉伯人带来有利的结果。 在英国和美国的支持和援助下,以色列犹太国击败了进攻的阿拉伯军队,控制了大片土地,包括联合国指定为阿拉伯一半的一部分的一些土地。
Satellite image of Palestine (left); 1948 UN Division of Palestine into half Jewish State and half Arab State (center); Political Map of Israel in 2011(right).
::巴勒斯坦(左)卫星图像;1948年联合国巴勒斯坦分部,成为犹太国家的一半,阿拉伯国家的一半(中点);2011年以色列政治地图(右)。
After the Arabs lost the first war against the Jewish State of Israel, the Palestinians’ problems increased. By 1950, more than 750,000 Palestinians living in the Jewish-controlled regions of Israel were forced out of their homes and into refugee camps. According to the UN in 2010, about one-third of the registered , more than 1.5 million, live in 58 recognized refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. Jordan has the highest number of Palestinian refugees, and they have allowed most of the refugees to receive Jordanian citizenship.
::在阿拉伯人失去了第一次针对以色列犹太国的战争之后,巴勒斯坦人的问题增加了。 到1950年,生活在以色列犹太控制区的75万多巴勒斯坦人被迫离开家园,进入难民营。 据2010年联合国统计,大约三分之一的登记难民(超过150万)生活在约旦、黎巴嫩、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、加沙地带和西岸(包括东耶路撒冷)的58个得到承认的难民营中。 约旦的巴勒斯坦难民数量最多,他们允许大多数难民获得约旦公民身份。By 1967, the Arab armies had regrouped and were willing to attack Israel again. The 1967 war lasted only about a week. The Arab armies were devastated once again, and Israel gained even more territory. Israel took the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip from Egypt, the Golan Heights from Syria, and the West Bank from Jordan. The entire city of Jerusalem came under Israeli control. The 1967 war solidified the control of the region of Palestine under the Israeli government and placed Israel at greater odds with its Arab neighbors. Syria wanted Israel to return the Golan Heights, which has a strategic military advantage in overlooking northern Israel, and Egypt wanted Israel to return control of the Sinai Peninsula.
::到1967年,阿拉伯军队已经重新集结并愿意再次攻击以色列,1967年的战争仅持续了一个星期,阿拉伯军队再次遭受破坏,以色列获得了更多的领土,以色列从埃及占领西奈半岛和加沙地带,从叙利亚占领戈兰高地,从约旦占领西岸,整个耶路撒冷城处于以色列控制之下,1967年战争巩固了以色列政府对巴勒斯坦地区的控制,使以色列与其阿拉伯邻国更加冲突。叙利亚希望以色列归还戈兰高地,戈兰高地具有战略军事优势,可以俯视以色列北部,埃及希望以色列恢复对西奈半岛的控制。Egypt and Syria attacked Israel again on October 6, 1973, which was Yom Kippur, the most solemn holiday in the Jewish religion. The Israeli army counterattacked, driving the Syrians out and the Egyptian army back across the Suez Canal. After a few weeks of conflict, a peace treaty was agreed upon. In 1977, Israeli President Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat were invited to Camp David, Maryland, by US President Jimmy Carter. Israel and Egypt signed the Camp David Accord, an agreement not to go to war again. Egypt agreed to officially recognize the State of Israel and to not invade Israel again. Israel agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, and it was returned in 1982. Each participant in the accord won the Nobel Peace Prize.
::1973年10月6日,埃及和叙利亚再次袭击以色列,这是犹太宗教中最庄严的节日,以色列军队反击,将叙利亚人和埃及军队驱赶出苏伊士运河,经过几个星期的冲突后,达成了一项和平条约。1977年,美国总统吉米·卡特邀请以色列总统梅纳谢姆·贝京和埃及总统安瓦尔·萨达特前往马里兰的戴维营。以色列和埃及签署了《戴维营协定》,这是不再开战的协议。埃及同意正式承认以色列国,不再入侵以色列。以色列同意将西奈半岛归还埃及,并于1982年返回。协定的每一位参与者都获得了诺贝尔和平奖。A remnant of the Jewish temple, built by Herod the Great and destroyed in 70 C.E. The Western Wall is the holiest place for the Jewish people. The Dome of the Rock mosque in the background is the third-holiest site for Muslims.
::西墙是犹太人最神圣的地方,背景中的岩石清真寺穹顶是穆斯林第三最神圣的地点。In 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law, which stated that greater Jerusalem was Israeli territory and that Jerusalem was the eternal capital of the State of Israel. The UN rejected Israel’s claim on greater Jerusalem, and few, if any, countries have accepted it. Israel moved its capital from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem to solidify its claim on the city even though most of the world’s embassies remain in Tel Aviv. The move of the capital was designed to create a forward capital , the purpose of which is usually either to protect a nation’s territory or to spur the development of the country. In this case, it was to protect valuable territory.
::1980年,以色列通过了《耶路撒冷法》,其中指出大耶路撒冷是以色列领土,耶路撒冷是以色列国的永久首都;联合国拒绝了以色列对大耶路撒冷的要求,很少有国家接受。 以色列将首都从特拉维夫移到耶路撒冷,以巩固对耶路撒冷的主张,尽管世界上大多数大使馆都留在特拉维夫。 首都的移动旨在建立一个远方的首都,其目的通常是保护一个国家的领土或促进国家发展。 在这种情况下,它是为了保护宝贵的领土。Palestinians were left with only the regions of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, which is controlled by the Israeli government and is subject to Israel’s national jurisdiction. As of 2010, about 1.5 million Palestinians live in the Gaza Strip and 2.5 million live in the West Bank. A number of cities in the West Bank and Gaza Strip have been turned over to the Palestinian Authority (PA) for self-governing.
::巴勒斯坦人只留下加沙地带和西岸地区,这两个地区受以色列政府控制,并受以色列国家管辖;截至2010年,大约有150万巴勒斯坦人生活在加沙地带,250万巴勒斯坦人生活在西岸,西岸和加沙地带的一些城市已经移交给巴勒斯坦权力机构自治。The PA was established between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Israeli government to administer internal security and civil matters. The PLO and the PA are two separate entities. The PLO is the internationally recognized governing body of the Palestinian people. It is legitimately recognized by the UN to represent the area known as Palestine in political matters. There are two main political parties within the PLO: Hamas and Fatah. The Hamas party is the strongest in the region of the Gaza Strip, and the Fatah party is strongest in the West Bank.
::巴勒斯坦权力机构是在巴勒斯坦解放组织(巴解组织)和以色列政府之间建立的,目的是管理内部安全和民事事务,巴解组织和巴解组织是两个独立的实体,巴解组织是国际公认的巴勒斯坦人民理事机构,联合国合法承认在政治事务中代表被称为巴勒斯坦的地区,巴解组织有两个主要政党:哈马斯和法塔赫,哈马斯是加沙地带地区最强大的政党,法塔赫是西岸最强大的政党。The Palestinians, Israel, and Possible Solutions
::巴勒斯坦、以色列和可能的解决办法The future of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip has been the focus of talks and negotiation for decades. There are various ways to approach this issue. A one-state solution and a two-state solution have been proposed. The one-state solution proposes the creation of a fully democratic state of Israel and the integration of all the people within its borders into one country. Integration of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank into the Jewish State of Israel is part of this plan.
::数十年来,西岸和加沙地带的未来一直是谈判和谈判的焦点,有各种办法处理这一问题,提出了一个国家解决办法和两国解决办法,一个国家解决办法提议建立一个完全民主的以色列国家,把其边界内的所有人融入一个国家,加沙地带和西岸融入以色列犹太国是这项计划的一部分。Many Palestinians support the one-state solution, but most of the Jewish population does not. Family sizes are much larger on the Palestinian side, so it would be only a matter of time before the Jewish population would be a minority population and would not have full political control. To have the Jewish State of Israel, the Jewish population needs to keep its status as the majority.
::许多巴勒斯坦人支持一州解决方案,但大多数犹太人口并不支持。 巴勒斯坦一方的家庭规模要大得多,因此犹太人口要成为少数人口并没有充分的政治控制只是时间问题。 要拥有以色列犹太国,犹太人口必须保持其多数地位。In a two-state solution, Palestinians would have their own nation-state, which would include the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. The rest of former Palestine would be included in the Jewish State of Israel. The two-nation concept (Israel and a Palestinian state) has been proposed and supported by a number of foreign governments, including the United States. Implementation of a two-state solution is not without its problems, however.
::在两国解决方案中,巴勒斯坦人将拥有自己的民族国家,其中包括加沙地带和西岸,前巴勒斯坦的其余部分将被纳入以色列犹太国,两个国家的概念(以色列和巴勒斯坦国家)已经由包括美国在内的一些外国政府提出和支持,但两国解决方案的实施并非没有问题。At the present time, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are under the Jewish State of Israel without full political or economic autonomy. The two-state solution would buy more time for the Jewish population with smaller families to retain power as a majority political voting bloc.
::目前,西岸和加沙地带处于以色列犹太国的统治之下,没有完全的政治或经济自治,两国解决方案将为拥有较小家庭的犹太人口赢得更多的时间,作为多数政治投票集团保留权力。Parties to the negotiations have agreed that the most likely solution is to create a Palestinian state bordering Israel; but, it is not clear how to make this happen. Palestine is now divided between the Jewish State of Israel (with 7.3 million people) on one side and the Palestinians (with 4.0 million people) in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on the other side. About 75 percent of Israel’s population of 7.3 million people are Jewish, and about 25 percent are Arab.
::谈判各方一致认为,最有可能的解决方案是建立一个与以色列接壤的巴勒斯坦国;但是,如何实现这一点还不清楚。 巴勒斯坦现在分裂为以色列犹太国(730万人 ) , 与西岸和加沙地带的巴勒斯坦人(400万人 ) 。 以色列730万人口中约有75%是犹太人,25%是阿拉伯人。Travel between Israel and the Palestinian areas is heavily restricted and tightly controlled. A high concrete and barbed wire barrier separates the two sides for much of the border. The West Bank provides fresh water used on the Israeli side for agriculture and industrial processes. The industries also employ Palestinians and support them economically.
::以色列和巴勒斯坦地区之间的旅行受到严格限制和严格控制,一个高规格的水泥和有刺铁丝网屏障将双方隔开,隔开边界的大部分地区,西岸提供以色列一方用于农业和工业加工的淡水,这些工业还雇用巴勒斯坦人,并在经济上支持他们。Jewish people from various parts of the world continue to migrate to Israel, and the Israeli government continues to build housing settlements to accommodate them. Since the West Bank region is under the Israeli national jurisdiction, many of the new housing settlements have been built in the West Bank. The Palestinians who live there strongly oppose the settlements. In 1977, only about 5,000 Jews lived in the West Bank settlements. As of 2010, there were more than 200,000.
::世界各地的犹太人继续移民到以色列,以色列政府继续建造住房定居点以安置他们,由于西岸地区处于以色列国家管辖之下,许多新的住房定居点已经在西岸建造,居住在西岸的巴勒斯坦人强烈反对定居点,1977年,只有大约5,000犹太人居住在西岸定居点,截至2010年,有200,000多犹太人居住在西岸定居点。The Palestinians argue that if they were to have their own nation-state, then the Jewish settlements would be in their country and would have to be either resettled or absorbed. Israel maintains that the two-state solution is indefensible because the Jewish settlements in the West Bank cannot be protected if the West Bank is separated from Israel.
::巴勒斯坦人认为,如果他们拥有自己的民族国家,那么犹太定居点就会在他们的国家,必须重新定居或吸收。 以色列认为,两国解决方案是站不住脚的,因为如果西岸与以色列分离,西岸的犹太定居点就得不到保护。The political issues in Israel are complicated. After a series of wars and considerable negotiations, the central problems remain. Jews and Palestinians both want the same land, both groups want Jerusalem to be their capital city, and neither group can find a compromise. Support for the Jewish State of Israel has primarily come from the United States and from Jewish groups external to Israel. There are more Jews in the United States than there are in Israel, and the US Jewish lobby is powerful.
::以色列的政治问题是复杂的。 经过一系列战争和大量谈判后,中心问题依然存在。 犹太人和巴勒斯坦人都希望同一块土地,双方都希望耶路撒冷成为他们的首都,双方都无法达成妥协。 支持以色列犹太国主要来自美国和以色列以外的犹太团体。 美国犹太人比以色列还多,美国犹太人游说集团的力量也很大。Israel has been the top recipient of US foreign aid for most of the years since 1948. Through charitable donations, US groups provide Israel additional billions of dollars annually. Foreign aid has given the Jewish population in Israel a standard of living that is higher than the standard of living of many European countries.
::1948年以来的大部分时间里,以色列一直是美国外援的最大接受者。 通过慈善捐款,美国团体每年向以色列提供数十亿美元的额外援助。 外援使以色列犹太居民的生活水平高于许多欧洲国家的生活水平。In the past decade, most of the PLO’s operating budget has come from external sources. Arab neighbors provide millions of dollars annually. Though Iran is not Arab, they have provided aid to the Palestinian cause in support of fellow Muslims against the Jewish State of Israel. The PLO has received the bulk of its funding from the European Union. Russia has also provided millions of dollars in aid. The United States provides millions in direct or indirect aid to the Palestinians annually.
::在过去十年中,巴解组织的大部分业务预算来自外部来源。 阿拉伯邻国每年提供数百万美元。 尽管伊朗不是阿拉伯人,但他们向巴勒斯坦事业提供了援助,支持穆斯林同胞反对犹太国以色列。 巴解组织大部分资金来自欧盟。 俄罗斯也提供了数百万美元的援助。 美国每年向巴勒斯坦人提供数百万直接或间接援助。The Gaza Strip is one of the most densely populated regions on Earth, and it is located in a desert. There are few jobs and no real methods of gaining wealth. Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip or the West Bank need to rely on outside support to survive. The West Bank is only about 30 miles wide by 75 miles long, yet more than 2.7 million people call it home. The is a desert region about six miles wide by 23 miles long and is home to more than 1.7 million people.
::加沙地带是地球上人口最稠密的地区之一,它位于沙漠中,几乎没有工作,也没有真正的获取财富的方法,生活在加沙地带或西岸的巴勒斯坦人需要依靠外部支持才能生存,西岸只有约30英里宽75英里长,但有270多万人称之为家园,这是一个大约6英里宽23英里宽的沙漠地区,有170多万人居住。Unemployment rates averaged about and about . Underemployment is also a major issue in that there may be few employment opportunities for professionals with specialized skills or a university degree in a specific field of interest.
::就业不足也是一个重大问题,因为具有专业技能或大学学位的专业人员在某一具体感兴趣的领域就业机会可能很少。This photo shows a street in the west bank city of Nablus. Cell phones are commonplace in Nablus.
::这张照片展示了西岸城市纳布卢斯的一条街道,手机在纳布卢斯很常见。
In 2006, both Israel and the PLO held democratic elections for their leaders. A candidate from the Hamas party won the election for the leadership of the PLO, which concerned many of the PLO’s external financial supporters. The Israeli government characterizes Hamas as a terrorist organization that supports the destruction of the State of Israel. Hamas has advocated for suicide bombers to blow themselves up on busy Jewish streets.
::2006年,以色列和巴解组织都为其领导人举行了民主选举。 哈马斯党的一位候选人赢得了巴解组织领导人的选举,该选举涉及巴解组织的许多外部金融支持者。 以色列政府将哈马斯定性为支持摧毁以色列国的恐怖组织。 哈马斯主张自杀炸弹手在繁忙的犹太街道上自爆。The Jewish State of Israel has been fighting a low-level war against Palestinian resistance groups such as Hamas since 1948. In 2008, the leaders of the Fatah party, which are more prominent in the West Bank region, took matters to the PLO Central Council, which chose Mahmoud Abbas as president of the State of Palestine.
::自1948年以来,以色列犹太国一直在对哈马斯等巴勒斯坦抵抗团体进行低水平的战争。 2008年,在西岸地区更为突出的法塔赫党领导人向巴解组织中央委员会(巴解组织中央委员会)提出了问题,后者选择马哈茂德·阿巴斯为巴勒斯坦国主席。This photo shows the security wall between Israel and Palestine.
::这张照片显示了以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的安全墙。
The problems between Israel and Palestinians are far from settled. The region is interconnected with shared concerns. The biggest supporter of Israel, the United States, invaded Iraq in 2003. This invasion raised the concern level of Islamic groups in the Middle East, including the Islamic leaders that control the government of Iran. Israel has nuclear weapons, and Iran has worked at developing nuclear weapons. US involvement in the region has heightened tensions between Iran and Israel.
::以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的问题远未解决。 该地区与共同关心的问题相互关联。 以色列、美国的最大支持者2003年入侵了伊拉克。 这一入侵引起了中东伊斯兰团体,包括控制伊朗政府的伊斯兰领导人的关切。 以色列拥有核武器,伊朗也致力于发展核武器。 美国在该地区的参与加剧了伊朗和以色列之间的紧张局势。Oil revenues are driving the economies of most of the Arab countries that support the Palestinians. Oil is an important export of the region, with the United States as a major market. The difficulties between Israel and the Palestinians continue to fuel the conflict between Islamic fundamentalists and Islamic reformers. Some Islamic groups have accepted Israel’s status as a country and others have not. The Israel-Palestinian problem drives the geopolitics of the Middle East. The US war in Iraq has complicated the situation but has not superseded it. The situation in Palestine is predicted to continue long after the problems in Iraq have stabilized.
::石油收入正在驱动着大多数支持巴勒斯坦人的阿拉伯国家的经济。 石油是该地区的重要出口品,美国是主要市场。 以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的困难继续加剧伊斯兰原教旨主义者和伊斯兰改革者之间的冲突。 一些伊斯兰团体已经接受以色列作为一个国家的地位,而另一些则没有。 以巴问题是中东地缘政治的驱动因素。 美国在伊拉克的战争使局势复杂化了,但并没有取代它。 预计巴勒斯坦问题在伊拉克问题稳定很久之后将会持续下去。This map illustrates the West Bank settlements.
::该地图说明了西岸定居点。Jordan
::约旦 约旦 约旦 约旦 约旦North of the Arabian Peninsula are three Arab states that surround Israel: Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. Each country possesses its own unique physical and cultural geography. The country of was created through the British Mandate after World War I when Britain defeated the Turks in Palestine. The area east of the Jordan River became the modern country of Jordan in 1946.
::阿拉伯半岛以北是环绕以色列的三个阿拉伯国家:约旦、叙利亚和黎巴嫩。每个国家都拥有自己的独特的自然和文化地理。 英国在第一次世界大战后击败巴勒斯坦的土耳其,英国在第一次世界大战后根据英国委任统治创建了这个国家。 1946年,约旦河以东地区成为现代的约旦国家。From 1953 to 1999, during the most volatile period of the region, the country was ruled by King Hussein, who was able to skillfully negotiate his way through the difficult relationship with Israel and keep his country stable. When Palestine was divided by the UN to create the State of Israel, the region of Jordan received more than a million Palestinian refugees from the West Bank and Israel. Refugees make up a large portion of the more than six million people who live in Jordan today. About one-half million refugees from the US war in Iraq are included in that total.
::1953年至1999年,在该地区最动荡的时期,该国由侯赛因国王统治,侯赛因国王能够巧妙地谈判与以色列建立艰难的关系,并保持其国家的稳定。 当巴勒斯坦被联合国分裂以建立以色列国时,约旦地区接收了来自西岸和以色列的100多万巴勒斯坦难民。 难民占今天生活在约旦的600多万人的很大一部分。 大约150万来自美国伊拉克战争的难民也包括在总数中。Jordan is not large in physical area. Natural resources such as oil and water are not abundant here. The country often has to rely on international aid to support its economy. Inflation, poverty, and unemployment are basic issues. The government of Jordan is a constitutional monarchy. King Hussein’s son Abdullah II took power after the king’s death in 1999. Economic reforms were implemented by King Abdullah II to improve the long-term outlook of the country and raise the standard of living for his citizens. The king allowed municipal elections to be conducted, which allowed for 20 percent of the positions to be dedicated to women candidates. Parliamentary elections were held by a democratic vote.
::约旦的自然面积并不大,石油和水等自然资源在这里并不丰富。约旦经常依赖国际援助来支持其经济。通货膨胀、贫困和失业是基本问题。约旦政府是一个君主立宪制国家。 侯赛因国王的儿子阿卜杜拉二世在国王1999年去世后掌权。 阿卜杜拉二世国王实施了经济改革,以改善国家的长期前景,提高公民的生活水平。国王允许举行市政选举,允许20%的职位用于女性候选人。 议会选举是通过民主投票进行的。Jordan has had good political relations with the United States. King ‘Abdullah II has worked to maintain a stable government in Jordan and maintain civil stability in spite of Jordan’s lack of economic opportunities.
::约旦与美国有着良好的政治关系。 尽管约旦缺乏经济机会,但国王阿卜杜拉二世仍努力在约旦维持一个稳定的政府,并维持国内稳定。Map of Jordan
::约旦地图
Jordan has demonstrated how a country with few natural resources in a volatile region of the world can be progressive despite difficult circumstances. Jordan has developed a positive trade relationship with Europe and the United States while at the same time working with its Arab neighbors to access oil and to maintain a civil state of affairs. Jordan is not without its challenges but has managed to confront each issue and retain a sense of stability and nationalism.
::约旦展示了世界动荡地区自然资源稀少的国家如何在困难的情况下进步。 约旦与欧洲和美国发展了积极的贸易关系,同时与阿拉伯邻国合作获取石油和保持民政状态。 约旦并非没有挑战,而是设法解决了每一个问题并保持了稳定和民族主义感。Syria
::叙利亚 叙利亚The country of is at the center of the Middle East’s geopolitical issues. Syria gained its independence from the French Mandate in 1946, the same year as Jordan. Syria has strived to work out and stabilize its political foundation. In a move to create greater Arab unity in the realm, Egypt and Syria joined forces and created the United Arab Republic in 1958. This geopolitical arrangement lasted until 1961, when the partnership was dissolved. Syria returned to its own republic.
::叙利亚是中东地缘政治问题的核心。 叙利亚在1946年与约旦同年从法国委任统治下获得独立。 叙利亚努力寻求并稳定其政治基础。 埃及和叙利亚为了在沙特建立更大的阿拉伯统一,于1958年联合了力量并创建了阿拉伯联合共和国。 这一地缘政治安排一直持续到1961年,当时伙伴关系已经解体。 叙利亚回到了自己的共和国。The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party gained strength, and in 1970 Hafiz al-Assad, of the Alawite minority (an offshoot branch of Shia Islam making up about 10 percent of the Syrian population), took over leadership in a coup that stabilized the political scene. It was during this era that the Golan Heights was lost to Israel in the Arab-Israeli War of 1967. This strategic geographical location is a point of contention in the peace negotiations between Syria and Israel.
::阿拉伯社会复兴党(阿拉伯社会主义复兴党)在1970年赢得了力量,阿拉维派少数民族哈菲兹·阿萨德(占叙利亚人口10%左右的什叶派伊斯兰教分支)于1970年在一次政变中接掌了领导权,政变稳定了政治舞台。 正是在这个时代,戈兰高地在1967年阿拉伯-以色列战争中被以色列夺去。 这一战略地理位置是叙利亚和以色列和平谈判中的一个争议点。Hafiz al-Assad served as the leader of Syria for 29 years without having been democratically elected to the office by the people. His son, Bashar, became the leader after Hafiz died in 2000. The Alawite sect held power in Syria through the Assad family under military control. Syria has been accused of using its military power to influence conditions in Lebanon, where it brokered a peace deal in its civil war (1975–1990). Syria has also been accused of supporting the anti-Israel groups headquartered in Lebanon.
::哈菲兹·阿萨德曾担任叙利亚领导人29年,但没有经过人民民主选举担任总统。 他的儿子巴沙尔在哈菲兹于2000年去世后成为领导人。 阿拉维派通过在军事控制下的阿萨德家族在叙利亚掌权。 叙利亚被指控利用军事实力影响黎巴嫩局势,在内战(1975-1990年)中促成和平协议。 叙利亚还被指控支持总部设在黎巴嫩的反以色列团体。Syria is located in an ancient land with a long history of empires and peoples. The region of Syria was once part of the cradle of civilization that sprung up in Mesopotamia. Damascus claims to have been continually inhabited longer than any other capital city on Earth. The largest city and the center of industrial activity is Aleppo, which lies in the north of Syria.
::叙利亚位于一个古老的土地上,有着悠久的帝国和民族历史。 叙利亚地区曾经是梅索不达米亚文明摇篮的一部分。 大马士革声称其持续居住时间比地球上任何其他首都都长。 最大的城市和工业活动中心是位于叙利亚北部的阿勒颇。Syria’s physical area is slightly larger than the US state of North Dakota. Overall, Syria’s climate is characterized as an arid type B climate. Some regions receive more rain than others. The western region, because it borders the Mediterranean Sea, is an area that receives more rainfall. The additional rainfall makes extensive agricultural production possible. The northeast area of Syria is also productive agriculturally through water resources provided where the Euphrates River cuts through the country.
::叙利亚的自然面积略高于美国北达科他州。 总体而言,叙利亚的气候被描述为干旱的B型气候。 一些地区的降雨量比其他地区多。 西部地区与地中海接壤,因为与地中海接壤,因此降雨量更大。 降雨量的增加使得大量农业生产成为可能。 叙利亚东北部地区也通过幼发拉底河通过该国切断的水资源进行农业生产。Oil and natural gas have been the country’s main exports. The petroleum reserves are being depleted, and few new fields are being developed. Eventually, the wealth generated by the sale of petroleum reserves is projected to diminish, even as the population continues to increase.
::石油和天然气是该国的主要出口品。 石油储备正在枯竭,几乎没有新的油田正在开发。 最终,石油储备销售产生的财富预计会减少,即使人口继续增加。The Syrian government has maintained strict control over the economy. However, the country will face serious economic issues in the future for various reasons: (1) There is a high rate of unemployment; (2) oil production has not been increasing, and the government has been forced to take on additional national debt; (3) the arid climate and the need to supplement agriculture production have placed additional pressure on freshwater supplies; (4) one-third of Syria’s population is under the age of 15, which indicates a rapid population growth pattern that will strain future resources at an increasing rate.
::叙利亚政府一直严格控制经济。 但是,叙利亚未来将面临严重的经济问题,原因有多种1) 失业率很高;(2) 石油生产没有增加,政府被迫承担额外的国家债务;(3) 干旱气候和补充农业生产的必要性对淡水供应造成额外压力;(4) 叙利亚三分之一的人口不到15岁,这表明人口快速增长模式将使未来资源承受越来越大的压力。
In 2017, Syria had a population of about 18 million people. The country holds political significance because its strategic location between Iraq and Israel makes it is a vital player in any solution for lasting peace in the Middle East.
::2017年,叙利亚拥有约1 800万人口。 叙利亚具有政治意义,因为它位于伊拉克和以色列之间的战略位置,使它成为任何中东持久和平解决方案的重要参与者。Map of Syria
::叙利亚地图
Syria has experienced protests and demonstrations similar to those that swept through North Africa in the Arab Spring of 2011. Citizens expressed dissatisfaction with the government because of the lack of democratic reforms, high unemployment, and the loss of civil rights. Civil rights had been taken away when the government declared a state of emergency in 1963.
::叙利亚经历了类似于2011年阿拉伯之春席卷北非的抗议和示威。 公民对政府表示不满,因为缺乏民主改革、高失业率和公民权利的丧失。 1963年政府宣布紧急状态时,公民权利被夺去。Student protests escalated to massive citizen demonstrations that emerged in various Syrian cities in the spring of 2011. The government cracked down on protesters, killing some. After extensive demonstrations on March 15, the government arrested more than 3,000 people. Hundreds have been killed in violent clashes between the people and government security forces.
::2011年春天,叙利亚各城市出现了大规模公民示威,学生抗议升级为大规模公民示威。 政府镇压了抗议者,杀害了一些人。 在3月15日大规模示威之后,政府逮捕了3000多人。 数以百计的人在人民与政府安全部队之间的暴力冲突中丧生。The lack of democratic processes by President Bashar al-Assad’s government has continued to prompt protests and demonstrations in Syria. The US government eventually placed sanctions against Assad and a number of high-level Syrian officials. A new cabinet was installed in Syria, and the decades-old state of emergency was rescinded. Unrest and protests by the people continue, and the government responds by cracking down on them with harsher methods. Syria’s neighbors and various European nations have increased sanctions and denounced the Assad regime, which has increased the pressure on Syria.
::巴沙尔·阿萨德总统政府缺乏民主进程,继续引发叙利亚的抗议和示威。 美国政府最终对阿萨德和一些叙利亚高级官员实施了制裁。 叙利亚成立了新内阁,废除了长达数十年的紧急状态。 人民的愤怒和抗议仍在继续,而政府则以更严厉的手段镇压他们。 叙利亚邻国和各个欧洲国家都加大了制裁力度并谴责了阿萨德政权,这增加了对叙利亚的压力。The uprising in Syria that started as a part of the wave of the Arab Spring continues. The Arab Spring protests and demonstrations in Syria have often been compared to those in Libya. Both Syria and Libya have had long-time leaders that ruled for decades without democratic reforms or wide-spread personal freedoms for their citizens. The difference is that in Syria, the Assad regime has held total control over a large military and political and economic activities. This is unlike Libya under Muammar Gadhafi, whose modest military forces included hired mercenaries from other countries and the government had a fragmented or weak political structure. Speculation regarding changes in the government and the future of Syria is more difficult.
::作为阿拉伯之春浪潮的一部分开始的叙利亚起义仍在继续。叙利亚的阿拉伯之春抗议和示威活动往往与利比亚的抗议和示威活动相比。叙利亚和利比亚都有长期的领导人,他们统治了数十年,没有民主改革,也没有公民获得广泛的个人自由。不同的是,在叙利亚,阿萨德政权完全控制了大规模军事和政治及经济活动。 这与穆阿迈尔·加扎菲统治下的利比亚不同,穆阿迈尔·加扎菲的温和军事力量包括从其他国家雇佣雇佣军,政府的政治结构支离破碎或薄弱。 对政府变革和叙利亚未来的猜测更加困难。Lebanon
::黎巴嫩 黎巴嫩 黎巴嫩 黎巴嫩 黎巴嫩 黎巴嫩The Phoenicians created an empire along the Mediterranean coast of present day 4,000 years ago. Many armies fought over the strategically located region. After the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the area became a European protectorate under the French Mandate. Independence was granted by the French in 1943.
::4000年前,波斯人沿地中海沿岸建立了帝国,许多军队争夺战略位置的地区,奥斯曼帝国解体后,该地区成为法国委任统治下的欧洲保护国,法国于1943年授予独立。Lebanon is smaller than the US state of Connecticut with a population of about four million. The country’s high central mountain chain, the Lebanon Mountains, reaches as much as 10,000 feet in elevation. At these elevations, precipitation turns to snow and allows the operation of ski resorts. To the east of the central range is the fertile Bekaa Valley, which plays a vital role in the country’s agriculture. On the eastern side of the Bekaa Valley is another shorter mountain range that borders Syria.
::黎巴嫩面积小于美国康涅狄格州,人口约400万。 黎巴嫩的中央山脉(黎巴嫩山脉)高达10,000英尺。 在这些高海拔地区,降水变成了雪,并允许滑雪胜地运作。 中部以东是肥沃的贝卡谷地,在叙利亚农业中发挥着至关重要的作用。 在贝卡谷地的东部,与叙利亚接壤的另一个较短的山脉是贝卡谷地。Lebanon (left); Majority Religious Factions in 2006 (right).
::黎巴嫩(左);2006年多数宗教派别(右)。
Following World War II, Beirut, the capital city of Lebanon, became known as the “Paris of the Middle East,” complete with Western-style night clubs and a jet-setting business class. In the past, Lebanon was called the “Switzerland of the Middle East” because of its capabilities in banking and finance, which were supported by a stable political climate. Unfortunately, stable and progressive conditions were not enough to keep the country from escalating into division and civil war in the 1970s.
::第二次世界大战后,黎巴嫩首都贝鲁特(贝鲁特)被称作“中东巴黎 ” , 由西方式夜总会和喷气式商务舱组成。 过去,黎巴嫩之所以被称为“中东瑞士 ” , 是因为其银行和金融能力得到了稳定的政治环境的支持。 不幸的是,稳定和进步的条件不足以阻止该国在1970年代升级为分裂和内战。In the latter half of the 20th century, internal tensions were building between religious and cultural factions competing for power in Lebanon. By the early 1970s, the minority Christian government clashed with a majority Muslim population. Many factions entered the arena on both the Christian and Muslim sides. On the Christian side are Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant factions. The Islamic side includes the Sunni, the Shia, and the Druze.
::20世纪后半叶,在黎巴嫩争夺权力的宗教和文化派别之间的内部紧张局势正在形成;到1970年代初,基督教少数派政府与占多数的穆斯林人口发生冲突;许多派别进入基督教和穆斯林两派的舞台;基督教一方是东正教、天主教和新教派别;伊斯兰一方包括逊尼派、什叶派和德鲁兹派。Lebanon was experiencing a full-scale civil war by 1975 that continued until 1990 when the Syrian military brokered a peace deal. By the time it ended, the bitter civil war had destroyed the infrastructure of the country. Only one-third of Beirut’s population remained. The former thriving city had been reduced to a collection of bullet-ridden empty buildings. It took more than a decade, but through the resiliency of the people, Beirut rebounded and continues to recover. A massive rebuilding program has resurrected the city of Beirut and stimulated the economy.
::到1975年,黎巴嫩正在经历一场全面的内战,这场内战持续到1990年,当时叙利亚军方通过调解达成了和平协议;到1990年,激烈的内战摧毁了黎巴嫩的基础设施;只有三分之一的贝鲁特人口留下;前繁荣的城市已经沦为一栋充斥着子弹的空楼;经过十多年的时间,但由于人民的恢复能力,贝鲁特反弹并继续恢复;一个大规模的重建计划重振了贝鲁特市,刺激了经济。Still, conflicts linger, and discord between Israel and Syria has violent results. Israel has taken military action against anti-Israel factions within Lebanon on a number of occasions. In 1982, Israel attacked PLO strongholds, which were operating out of Lebanon in the Bekaa Valley and West Beirut. In 1993, Israel conducted air raids and military strikes against guerrilla bases in Southern Lebanon.
::以色列多次对黎巴嫩境内反以色列派别采取军事行动,1982年以色列袭击了巴解组织据点,这些据点在黎巴嫩贝卡谷地和西贝鲁特活动,1993年以色列对黎巴嫩南部的游击队基地进行空袭和军事打击。Anti-Israel groups such as Hezbollah operate out of Lebanon and receive aid from other Arab states. This has caused Israel to confront Hezbollah on Lebanon’s territory. As a result, Lebanon has become a battleground on which factions try to work out their differences. Syria’s continual intervention in Lebanon has sometimes been unappreciated. In 2004, massive demonstrations demanded the removal of all Syrian troops. Syria withdrew its forces in 2005.
::真主党等反以色列团体在黎巴嫩境外活动,并接受其他阿拉伯国家的援助,这导致以色列在黎巴嫩领土上对抗真主党。 结果,黎巴嫩成为各派别试图解决分歧的战场。 叙利亚在黎巴嫩的持续干预有时不被人赞赏。 2004年,大规模示威要求撤走所有叙利亚军队。 2005年,叙利亚撤出了军队。There is no dominant majority political party in Lebanon. Lebanon consequently developed a unique parliamentary democratic system to relieve some of the tension between the various cultural-political factions. In this system, a number of positions in government are reserved for specific religious/political parties. The deputy prime minister position is reserved for an Orthodox Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, the speaker of the parliament is a Shia Muslim, and the president can only be a Maronite Catholic Christian.
::黎巴嫩没有占主导地位的多数政党,黎巴嫩因此发展了独特的议会民主制度,以缓解各种文化政治派别之间的某些紧张关系。 在这个制度中,政府中的一些职位保留给特定的宗教/政党。 副总理的职位保留给东正教基督徒,总理保留给逊尼派穆斯林,议会议长是什叶派穆斯林,总统只能是马龙派天主教徒。Lebanon’s cultural and religious factions within its small state clash with political fervor and conviction. At times this creates chaotic conditions that interrupt economic growth and discourage international investments. Add the dynamic cultural conditions to Lebanon’s astounding physical features—the Mediterranean coast, the interior mountains, and the cosmopolitan city of Beirut—and it is easy to see why Lebanon is such a fascinating geographic study. Lebanon holds a unique location and position in the Middle East that will remain a focus of interest to the rest of the world.
::黎巴嫩的文化和宗教派别在其小国家内部与政治热情和信念相冲突。 有时,这造成了扰乱经济增长、抑制国际投资的混乱状况。 加上黎巴嫩惊人的自然特征 — — 地中海海岸、内地山脉和贝鲁特大都市 — — 的动态文化条件,也很容易看出为什么黎巴嫩是这样一个令人着迷的地理研究。 黎巴嫩在中东拥有独特的位置和地位,它仍将是世界其他国家感兴趣的焦点。
Key Takeaways
::密钥外出-
The current Jewish State of Israel was recognized in 1948. Before this time, the region was called Palestine and the people who lived there were called Palestinians.
::目前的犹太以色列国于1948年得到承认,在此之前,该地区被称为巴勒斯坦,生活在那里的人民被称为巴勒斯坦人。 -
Victorious in the war against their Arab neighbors, Israel acquired the Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the city of Jerusalem. The West Bank and the Gaza Strip are considered Palestinian territory. Two plans have been proposed to address the division but have not been agreed upon.
::在对阿拉伯邻国的战争中,以色列战胜了他们的阿拉伯邻国,占领了戈兰高地、西岸、加沙地带和耶路撒冷市,西岸和加沙地带被视为巴勒斯坦领土,提出了解决分歧的两个计划,但尚未达成协议。 -
Jordan is a constitutional monarchy led by King Abdullah II, who has worked to implement reforms to maintain a country that has few natural resources.
::约旦是一个君主立宪制国家,由阿卜杜拉二世国王领导,他努力实施改革,以维持一个自然资源稀少的国家。 -
The government of Syria is led by Bashar al-Assad, a member of a minority ethnic group called the Alawites. Assad and his father have ruled Syria for more than 40 years under a state of emergency. Massive protests and demonstrations against the government have resulted in hundreds of deaths and thousands imprisoned.
::叙利亚政府由巴沙尔·阿萨德(Bashar al-Assad)领导,阿萨德是一个被称为阿拉维派的少数民族群体的成员。 阿萨德和他的父亲在紧急状态下统治叙利亚已超过40年了。 大规模抗议和示威活动导致数百人死亡,数千人被监禁。 -
Lebanon is a diverse country with a large number of religious groups that dominate the cultural and political scene. The physical geography includes the Lebanon Mountains, the Bekaa Valley, and the Mediterranean coast.
::黎巴嫩是一个多样化的国家,有许多宗教团体主宰文化和政治舞台,地理地理包括黎巴嫩山区、贝卡谷地和地中海海岸。
Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 7.3 Israel and Its Neighbors
::第7.3章 以色列及其邻国Abraham
::亚伯拉罕The founder of Judaism
::犹太教的创始人anti-Semitism
::反犹太主义、反犹太主义和反犹太主义Is hostility, prejudice, and/or discrimination directed against Jews as a group
::是针对犹太人群体的敌视、偏见和/或歧视aquifer
::含水层含水层An underground formation that contains groundwater
::含有地下水的地下结构autocracy
::独裁A form of government in which a single person holds unlimited political power
::一种政府形式,一个人拥有无限的政治权力Christianity
::基督教基督教Monotheistic faith originating in Israel, based on the teaching of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus Christ, including a belief that Jesus is the son of God and died for human salvation; holy text: the Bible (Old and New Testament)
::根据亚伯拉罕、摩西和耶稣基督的教义,包括耶稣是上帝之子并为人类救赎而死的信念,源于以色列的一神论信仰;圣经:圣经(旧约和新约)diaspora
::散散散散散散散居者The expulsion and dispersion of the Jews outside Israel
::将犹太人驱逐和驱散到以色列境外Fertile Crescent
::肥沃新月An arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea
::西南亚波斯湾与地中海之间的一连串丰富农田Gaza Strip
::加沙地带Land southwest of Israel which was won from Egypt in the Six-Day War; returned to Palestinians as part of Israel's "land for peace" strategy
::以色列西南的以色列西南土地在六日战争中从埃及赢得胜利;作为以色列“以土地换和平”战略的一部分,返回巴勒斯坦人手中Golan Heights
::戈兰高地A region that was formerly part of Southwest Syria that Israel has occupied since the war of 1967. It is a strategic military and agricultural area
::该地区曾是自1967年战争以来被以色列占领的叙利亚西南地区的一部分。Hamas
::哈马斯A militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon. Governs the Gaza Strip
::一个好战的伊斯兰原教旨主义政治运动,反对与以色列和平相处,将恐怖主义用作武器。Intifada
::起义An uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000
::巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人(加沙地带和西岸)在1980年代末和2000年对以色列发动起义Jerusalem
::耶路撒冷 耶路撒冷The current capital of Israel and an ancient city that is holy to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
::以色列目前的首都和犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教的神圣古城Judaism
::犹太教Founded by Abraham who, along with his followers migrated to the "Promised Land" in Canaan, with holy texts such as the Torah. It was established with a code of ethics and how to live a righteous life within a community.
::亚伯拉罕是亚伯拉罕的创始人,他和他的追随者一起移居到迦南的“神圣土地 ” , 拥有像《托拉》这样的圣经。 它由道德守则和如何在社区内过上正义生活所构成。mosque
::清真寺The Islamic place of worship for the Muslim people
::穆斯林人民的伊斯兰礼拜场所Palestinian
::巴勒斯坦 巴勒斯坦An ethnic group of Arabs formerly living in Palestine
::从前居住在巴勒斯坦的一个阿拉伯人族裔群体Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
::巴勒斯坦解放组织(巴解组织)Founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle
::1964年成立,目的是通过武装斗争“解放巴勒斯坦”West Bank
::西岸西岸In Israel, a strip of land on the west side of the Jordan River, originally controlled by Jordan, which is part of the land set aside for Arab Palestinians
::在以色列,约旦河西面的一块土地被约旦控制,约旦原来控制着约旦,约旦是划给阿拉伯巴勒斯坦人的土地的一部分。Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
How did the UN divide Palestine? Why was the division a problem for the Palestinians?
::联合国如何分裂巴勒斯坦?为什么分裂是巴勒斯坦人的问题? -
What happened to the Palestinians who lived in the Jewish-controlled areas after Israel was divided?
::在以色列分裂后生活在犹太人控制区的巴勒斯坦人呢? -
What was the Camp David Accord about? Which country’s leaders were involved?
::《戴维营协定》是关于什么的?哪个国家的领导人参与其中? -
What was so important about the Golan Heights? What is the issue with this territory?
::戈兰高地有什么重要之处? -
Why would Israel move its capital to Jerusalem and establish it as a forward capital?
::为什么以色列要将其首都迁至耶路撒冷,并把它建成一个前方的首都? -
How are the governments of Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon different?
::以色列、约旦、叙利亚和黎巴嫩等国政府有何不同? -
Why were there massive protests and demonstrations in Syria in 2011?
::为什么2011年叙利亚发生大规模抗议和示威? -
Why was the United Arab Republic created in 1958? Why was it dissolved?
::为什么阿拉伯联合共和国在1958年成立,为什么解散? -
Where was the “Paris of the Middle East”? What happened to the city in 1975?
::“中东巴黎”在哪里?1975年该城市发生了什么事? -
How has Lebanon attempted to satisfy all the political factions in their government?
::黎巴嫩是如何试图满足其政府中所有政治派别的要求的?
Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习Using , locate the places on the list below. Calculate the distance and how long it would take to travel from the to an airport in proximity to each one of the places below. Be prepared to share your answers.
::使用 , 定位下面列表中的位置。 计算从下面每个位置附近的机场到机场的距离和需要多长时间。 准备分享您的答复 。-
Allepo
::阿莱波 -
Bekaa Valley
::贝卡谷地 -
Dead Sea
::死海 -
Euphrates River
::幼发拉底河 -
Gaza Strip
::加沙地带 -
Golan Heights
::戈兰高地 -
Gulf of Aqaba
::阿卡巴湾 -
Jordan River
::约旦河 -
Lebanon Mountains
::黎巴嫩黎巴嫩山 -
Negev Desert
::内盖夫沙漠 -
Sea of Galilee
::加利利海 -
Sinai Peninsula
::西奈半岛 -
Tel Aviv
::特拉维夫 -
Transjordan
::外吉尔丹 -
West Bank
::西岸西岸
Current Events
::当前事件Scoop It
::翻翻 翻翻 翻翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻 翻Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。 -
Summarize how the region of Palestine has evolved into the current Jewish State of Israel. Identify and locate the territories that have been annexed to Israel over the years.
