8.3 撒哈拉以南非洲人文地理(2天)
Section outline
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Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Summarize how the core-periphery spatial relationship applies to Sub-Saharan Africa. Analyze how the concept of rural-to-urban shift applies to the development pattern.
::总结核心周边空间关系如何适用于撒哈拉以南非洲。分析农村向城市的转变概念如何适用于发展模式。 -
Distinguish between the formal and informal sectors of the economy and understand how each would apply to the various core and peripheral regions of the realm.
::区分正规经济部门和非正规经济部门,了解各自如何适用于本领域的各个核心和外围区域。 -
Explain how countries fit into the index of economic development model and the relationship between family size, urbanization rates, and income levels.
::解释各国如何融入经济发展模式指数以及家庭规模、城市化率和收入水平之间的关系。 -
Understand the diversity of languages and religions in the realm. Develop a theory about why, with the increasing population, the number of languages spoken decreases. Explain why many former European colonies still retain the language of their colonizer as their lingua franca, or official language.
::理解王国语言和宗教的多样性。 发展一个理论,说明随着人口的增长,语言数量减少的原因。 解释为什么许多前欧洲殖民地仍然保留殖民者的语言为法语或官方语言。 -
Identify the various areas in Sub-Saharan Africa that have experienced devastating civil wars or political conflict in recent years.
::查明撒哈拉以南非洲近年来经历了毁灭性内战或政治冲突的不同地区。 -
Outline the general pattern of HIV infections in the realm. Understand why it is difficult to contain and prevent the spread of AIDS.
::概述该领域艾滋病毒感染的总体模式,了解为什么难以遏制和防止艾滋病的蔓延。 -
Explain why Sub-Saharan Africa has such great potential for economic development through tourism. Articulate the difficulties in creating a tourism market.
::解释为什么撒哈拉以南非洲通过旅游业有如此巨大的经济发展潜力,说明在建立旅游市场方面的困难。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional Unit 08; Africa; Chapter 8.3 Human Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa
::TEKS 区域股08:08;非洲;撒哈拉以南非洲人文地理第8.3章WG.5B Interpret political, economic, social, and demographic indicators (gross domestic product per capita, life expectancy, literacy, and infant mortality) to determine the level of development and standard of living in nations using the terms Human Development Index, less developed, newly industrialized, and more developed.
::WG.5B 解释政治、经济、社会和人口指标(人均国内生产总值、预期寿命、识字率和婴儿死亡率),以确定使用人类发展指数、欠发达、新兴工业化和较发达等术语的国家的发展水平和生活水平。WG.6B Locate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.
::WG.6B 确定并描述影响定居点规模和分布的人文和物理特征。WG.7A Construct and analyze population pyramids and use other data, graphics, and maps to describe the population characteristics of different societies and to predict future population trends.
::WG.7A 建立并分析人口金字塔,利用其他数据、图表和地图描述不同社会的人口特征,并预测未来人口趋势。WG.7B Construct and analyze population pyramids and use other data, graphics, and maps to describe the population characteristics of different societies and to predict future population trends.
::WG.7B 建立和分析人口金字塔,利用其他数据、图形和地图描述不同社会的人口特征,预测未来人口趋势。WG.7C Describe trends in world population growth and distribution.
::WG.7C 描述世界人口增长和分布的趋势。WG.7D Examine benefits and challenges of globalization, including connectivity, standard of living, pandemics, and loss of local culture.
::7D工作组审查全球化的好处和挑战,包括连通性、生活水平、流行病和当地文化的丧失。WG.9A Identify physical and/or human factors such as climate, vegetation, language, trade networks, political units, river systems, and religion that constitute a region.
::WG.9A 查明构成区域的自然和/或人类因素,如气候、植被、语言、贸易网络、政治单位、河流系统和宗教。WG.9B Describe different types of regions, including formal, functional, and perceptual regions.
::WG.9B 描述不同类型的区域,包括正式区域、功能区域和概念区域。WG.11B Identify the factors affecting the location of different types of economic activities, including subsistence and commercial agriculture, manufacturing, and service industries.
::WG.11B 查明影响不同类型经济活动地点的因素,包括生计和商业农业、制造业和服务业。WG.11C Assess how changes in climate, resources, and infrastructure (technology, transportation, and communication) affect the location and patterns of economic activities.
::WG.11C 评估气候、资源和基础设施(技术、运输和通信)的变化如何影响经济活动的地点和模式。WG.12A Analyze how the creation, distribution, and management of key natural resources affects the location and patterns of movement of products, money, and people.
::WG.12A 分析关键自然资源的创造、分配和管理如何影响产品、货币和人员流动的地点和模式。WG.13A Interpret maps to explain the division of land, including man-made and natural borders, into separate political units such as cities, states, or countries.
::WG.13A 解释地图,解释土地划分,包括人造边界和自然边界,分为不同的政治单位,如城市、州或国家。WG.16D Compare life in a variety of urban and rural areas in the world to evaluate political, economic, social, and environmental changes.
::WG.16D 比较世界不同城市和农村地区的生活,以评价政治、经济、社会和环境变化。WG.22B Generate summaries, generalizations, and thesis statements supported by evidence.
::WG.22B 编写摘要、概述和有证据佐证的论文陈述。WG.22A Design and draw appropriate graphics such as maps, diagrams, tables, and graphs to communicate geographic features, distributions, and relationships.
::WG.22A 设计和绘制适当的图形,如地图、图表、表格和图表,以交流地理特征、分布和关系。WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。Human Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa
::撒哈拉以南非洲人文地理Economic Geography
::经济地理地理The demographic data for each country in each region of Sub-Saharan Africa indicate the region’s human geography. Urban percentages, family size, income levels, and the other data that can indicate the lifestyle or development level are helpful in understanding the trends in Sub-Saharan Africa.
::撒哈拉以南非洲每个区域每个国家的人口数据都表明了该区域的人文地理分布。 城市比例、家庭规模、收入水平以及能够表明生活方式或发展水平的其他数据有助于了解撒哈拉以南非洲的趋势。The index of economic development illustrates the dynamics and conditions that exist in the realm. The data indicate the consistency of economic and development trends across Africa. The data does not, however, indicate differences in cultural dynamics and uniqueness in the ways that local people live.
::经济发展指数说明了该领域存在的动态和条件,数据表明了整个非洲经济和发展趋势的一致性,但数据并未表明当地人民生活方式的文化动态和独特性的差异。The interesting part of studying Sub-Saharan Africa is the many ethnic and cultural groups in each country that bring to the surface a wide array of global diversity in our human community. Within each and every country are microcosms of human societies that hold particular customs that may be thousands of years old.
::研究撒哈拉以南非洲的有趣部分是每个国家的许多种族和文化群体,它们给我们人类社会带来了广泛的全球多样性,在每一个国家里都是人类社会的缩影,这些社会有着可能数千年的习俗。Globalization and technological advancements challenge every cultural group to adapt and innovate to make a living yet provide continuity in their heritage. The remote cultural groups of Sub-Saharan Africa are most susceptible to the volatile nature of globalization, which threatens their current way of life.
::全球化和技术进步使每一个文化群体都难以适应和革新,以维持生活,同时又能保持其遗产的连续性,撒哈拉以南非洲偏远文化群体最容易受到全球化不稳定性的影响,而全球化威胁着他们目前的生活方式。Sub-Saharan Africa is a peripheral world region with neocolonial economic patterns. Peripheral regions usually supply raw materials, food, and cheap labor to the core industrial countries. Most of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa works in subsistence agriculture to make a living and feed their families as families are large. In recent decades, there has been enormous rural-to-urban migration to the major cities, which are extremely overcrowded. Sub-Saharan Africa has more than 750 million people, and most earn the US equivalent of only $1–3 per day.
::撒哈拉以南非洲是一个具有新殖民主义经济模式的世界边缘地区。 周边地区通常向核心工业国家提供原材料、食品和廉价劳动力。 撒哈拉以南非洲的大部分人口在自给农业中工作,以维持生计和养家糊口,因为家庭规模很大。 近几十年来,大量农村人口向城市迁移,这些城市过于拥挤。 撒哈拉以南非洲有超过7.5亿人口,大多数人口每天只挣1美元到3美元。There is no single major core economic area in Sub-Saharan Africa. This realm has many core cities and the rest is periphery. Many of the core cities are improving their technology and infrastructure and entering into the globalized economy. Even so, as much as 70 percent of the people still work in agriculture, leaving little time to develop a large educated group of professionals to assist with social services and administrative responsibilities.
::撒哈拉以南非洲没有单一的主要核心经济地区,这个地区有许多核心城市,其余则处于边缘。 许多核心城市正在改善技术和基础设施,并进入全球化经济。 即使如此,仍有70%的人口在农业领域工作,没有多少时间发展一支受过教育的专业人员队伍来帮助社会服务和行政责任。The realm depends heavily on outside support for technical and financial assistance. Computers, medical equipment, and other high-tech goods are all imported. African states have formed trade agreements and have joined the African Union to assist each other in economic development and trade.
::该地区严重依赖外部对技术和财政援助的支持。 计算机、医疗设备和其他高科技产品都是进口的。 非洲国家已经缔结贸易协定,并加入了非洲联盟,在经济发展和贸易方面相互帮助。Informal and Formal Sectors
::非正式和正规部门The Zimbabwe Harare Eastgate Shopping Mall is part of the formal economy.
::津巴布韦哈拉雷Eastgate East Gate购物中心是正规经济的一部分。
Roadside vendors of cowpea (shelled and whole pods), near Thies, Senegal are part of the informal economy.
::塞内加尔Thies附近的牛角(壳和整个舱)路边销售商是非正规经济的一部分。
Sub-Saharan Africa has nearly 40 urban areas of more than one million people. At the center of the central business districts (CBDs) are modern high-rise business offices well connected to the global economy. Outside the CBD are slums with no services and unsanitary conditions. The informal sector of the economy—that which is not regulated, controlled, or taxed—has become the primary system of doing business in most of the cities. The informal sector comprises trading, street markets, and any other business without financial records for cash transactions.
::撒哈拉以南非洲有近40个城市地区,人口超过100万,在中央商业区(CBDs)的中心是现代化的高层商业办事处,与全球经济有着密切的联系;在CBD以外,有贫民窟,没有服务,条件不卫生;非正式经济部门(不受管制、控制或征税的非正规部门)已成为大多数城市的主要经营系统;非正式部门包括贸易、街头市场和没有现金交易财务记录的任何其他企业。The lack of government regulation and control prevents taxes from being assessed or collected, which in turn hinders public services and infrastructure. The formal sector of the economy—that which the government can regulate, control, and tax—must pay to operate the government and support public services such as education, security, and transportation. In spite of the unhealthy conditions of the slums where millions of people already live, more migrants from the countryside continue to shift to the city in search of jobs and opportunities. African cities are growing rapidly, many without organized planning.
::由于缺乏政府规章和管制,税收无法评估或征收,这反过来又阻碍公共服务和基础设施,正规经济部门——政府能够管理、控制和税收的部门——必须付费才能运作政府并支持公共服务,如教育、安全和交通等。尽管数百万人已经居住的贫民窟条件不健康,但更多的农村移民继续转向城市寻找工作和机会。非洲城市正在迅速增长,其中许多没有有组织的规划。If the index of economic development were applied to Sub-Saharan Africa, a clear pattern would emerge. Rural areas would be in the lower stages of development, and only a few developing areas would be higher than stage 3. A large percentage of this realm would be in stage 1 or 2 of this model. Countries with higher standards of living, such as South Africa or Botswana, would be working through stage 3 or 4. This region has one of the fastest-growing populations of the world and economically lags behind countries in the Northern Hemisphere, which have transitioned into the higher stages of the index of economic development.
::如果将经济发展指数应用于撒哈拉以南非洲,就会出现一个明确的格局;农村地区将处于较低发展阶段,只有少数发展中地区将高于第3阶段;这个领域的很大一部分将处于第1阶段或第2阶段;生活水平较高的国家,如南非或博茨瓦纳,将进入第3阶段或第4阶段。 这个区域是世界上增长最快的人口之一,在经济上落后于北半球国家,这些国家已进入经济发展指数的较高阶段。Incomes, Urbanization, and Family Size
::收入、城市化和家庭规模The socioeconomic data illustrate the conditions for people in Africa in comparison to the rest of the world. African countries are at the lowest end of the statistics for development prospects. However, the larger cities are showing promise for advancement into the higher stages of development. Family sizes in the rural countries are some of the largest in the world. The average fertility rate for much of Africa is about 5. In Mali and Niger, the rate is higher than 7. One-third to one-half of the populations of these countries are under the age of 15. Children make up most of the population in many areas. Heavier burdens are placed on women, meaning that women are not easily able to get an education or work outside the home.
::社会经济数据说明了非洲人民与世界其他地区人民相比的状况;非洲国家处于发展前景统计数据的最低端;但是,较大的城市显示有朝向进入更高发展阶段的希望;农村地区家庭规模是世界上最大的一些;非洲大部分地区的平均生育率约为5;在马里和尼日尔,这一比例高于7;在马里和尼日尔,15岁以下的人口占这些国家人口的三分之一至一半;在许多地区,儿童占人口的大多数;妇女承受着沉重的负担,这意味着妇女不容易接受教育或外出工作;在马里和尼日尔,平均生育率高于7;在马里和尼日尔,这一比例高于7;在马里和尼日尔,15岁以下的人口占这些国家人口的三分之一至一半;在许多地区,儿童占人口的大多数;妇女承受着沉重的负担,这意味着妇女不容易接受教育或外出外出工作。
Maasai woman and her child
::马赛妇女及其子女
The populations of West African countries are increasing rapidly and will double in about 30 years at the current rate. This trend places an extra burden on the economy and on the environment. It is fueling one of the fastest rural-to-urban shifts in the world. West Africa is now only about 32 percent urban, and Burkina Faso and Niger are less than 20 percent urban. These are clear indications that agriculture is the largest sector of their economies and that most of the people live in rural areas or small villages.
::西非国家的人口正在迅速增长,并将按目前的速度在大约30年内翻一番。这一趋势给经济和环境带来了额外的负担。它正在推动世界上农村向城市的快速转变。西非现在只有32%的城市,布基纳法索和尼日尔不到20%的城市。 这清楚地表明农业是其经济中最大的部门,而且大多数人生活在农村或小村庄。Personal income levels in West African countries are among the lowest in the world. As far as standard of living is concerned, these are poor countries. Few economic opportunities exist for the millions of young people entering the employment market.
::西非国家的个人收入水平是世界上最低的,就生活水平而言,这些国家是穷国,数百万青年进入就业市场几乎没有经济机会。The lists all but two of West African countries in the lowest category of development. is the lowest of the world. and Senegal were the two countries listed in the medium range. is the lowest country in the medium category, just barely rising above the lowest tier. A country listed in the lowest tier of the medium category translates into a region with low availability of opportunities and advantages for its people.
::除两个国家外,所有西非发展程度最低的国家名单都是世界最低的。 塞内加尔是中等国家名单所列的两个国家。 塞内加尔是中等国家名单中最低的国家,仅略高于最低一级。 中等国家名单中最低一级的国家意味着其人民的机会和优势很低的区域。As a peripheral world region, the economic base is structured around agriculture with supportive extractive activities. Agricultural activities are renewable, but agricultural profit margins are slim. These countries are in a subsistence mode with a rapidly expanding population and few industrial or postindustrial activities to gain income.
::作为一个边缘世界区域,经济基础以农业为中心,开展支持性采掘活动。 农业活动是可再生的,但农业利润率微乎其微。 这些国家处于生存模式,人口迅速增长,很少有工业或工业后活动赚取收入。No Sub-Saharan African nation is in stage 5 of the index of economic development. Nevertheless, there are rich cultural values and heritage of the realm. The energy of the people does not revolve around consumerism but is instead focused on the people themselves.
::撒哈拉以南非洲没有一个国家处于经济发展指数的第五阶段,尽管如此,该地区有着丰富的文化价值和遗产,人民的能量并不以消费主义为中心,而是以人民自己为中心。High levels of social interaction and community involvement bring about different cultural standards than those of a consumer society, which focuses more on the individual and less on community. Unless there is social unrest or open warfare, which does exist in various places, the people work hard to bring about a civil society based on family and tradition.
::与消费社会相比,社会互动和社区参与程度高,文化标准与消费社会不同,消费社会更注重个人,而较少注重社区,除非各地确实存在社会动乱或公开战争,否则人民将努力创造一个以家庭和传统为基础的民间社会。Population Pyramids of Three African Countries
::三个非洲国家的金字塔Age Structure of Niger: 0-14 years: 49.01 percent (male 4,757,806 / female 4,674,437); 15-24 years: 19.1 percent (male 1,815,689 / female 1,860,230); 25-54 years: 25.97 percent (male 2,495,927 / female 2,501,362); 55-64 years: 3.28 percent (male 328,082 / female 304,030); 65 years and over: 2.64 percent (male 259,046 / female 248,735) (2017 est.)
::尼日尔年龄结构:0-14岁:49.01%(男性4 757 806/女性4 674 437);15-24岁:19.1%(男性1 815 689/女性1 860 230);25-54岁:25.97%(2 495 927/女性2 501 362);55-64岁:3.28%(男性328 082/女性304 030);65岁及以上:2.64%(男性259 046/女性248 735)(2017年)。Age Structure of Tanzania: 0-14 years: 43.74 percent (male 11,921,393 / female 11,678,536); 15-24 years: 19.86 percent (male 5,361,747 / female 5,351,794); 25-54 years: 29.88 percent (male 8,098,183 / female 8,020,289); 55-64 years: 3.51 percent (male 836,313 / female 1,055,347); 65 years and over: 3.02 percent (male 687,118 / female 940,215) (2017 est.)
::坦桑尼亚年龄结构:0-14岁:43.74%(男性11 921 393人/女性11 678 536人);15-24岁:19.86%(男性5 361 747人/女性5 351 794人);25-54岁:29.88%(男性8 098 183人/女性8 020 289人);55-64岁:3.51%(男性836 313人/女性1 055 347人);65岁及以上:3.02%(男性687 118人/女性940 215人)(2017年)。Age Structure of South Africa: 0-14 years: 28.27 percent (male 7,768,960 / female 7,733,706); 15-24 years: 17.61 percent (male 4,776,096 / female 4,881,962); 25-54 years: 41.78 percent (male 11,589,099 / female 11,323,869); 55-64 years: 6.66 percent (male 1,694,904 / female 1,955,391); 65 years and over: 5.68 percent (male 1,309,597 / female 1,807,968) (2017 est.)
::南非年龄结构:0-14岁:28.27%(男性7 768 960/女性7 733 706);15-24岁:17.61%(男性4 776 096/女性4 881 962);25-54岁:41.78%(男性11 589 099/女性11 323 869);55-64岁:6.66%(男性1 694 904/女性1 955 391);65岁及以上:5.68%(1 309 597/女性1 807 968)(截至2017年)。The population pyramids of Niger, Tanzania, and South Africa illustrate the population growth dynamics of Sub-Saharan Africa. Niger's population pyramid illustrates a large family size and rapid population growth. Tanzania's pyramid is similar but shows signs of slowing population growth. South Africa, which is more urbanized and industrialized, shows signs of declining family sizes and fewer children.
::尼日尔、坦桑尼亚和南非的人口金字塔显示了撒哈拉以南非洲的人口增长动态,尼日尔的人口金字塔显示了家庭规模大和人口快速增长,坦桑尼亚的金字塔类似,但有减缓人口增长的迹象。 城市化程度和工业化程度较高的南非出现了家庭规模缩小和子女减少的迹象。Languages in Sub-Saharan Africa
::撒哈拉以南非洲语言语文Sub-Saharan Africa covers a large land area more than 2.3 times the size of the United States. Thousands of ethnic groups are scattered throughout the realm. There is immense diversity within the approximate population of 750 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. Within each country are cultural and ethnic groups with their own history, language, and religion. More than 2,000 separate and distinct languages are spoken in all of Africa. Forty are spoken by more than one million people.
::撒哈拉以南的非洲地区面积辽阔,面积比美国的面积大2.3倍以上,各地分布着数千个族裔群体,撒哈拉以南非洲大约7.5亿人口,人口种类繁多,在每一个国家内都有具有自己历史、语言和宗教的文化群体和族裔群体,非洲各地有2 000多种不同的语言,超过100万人讲40种语言。Many local languages are not written down and have no historical record or dictionary. Local languages without a written history are usually the first to be lost as globalization affects the realm. Nigeria, with more than 190 million people, is the most populous country in Africa. It is about the size of Texas and Oklahoma combined, and the African Transition Zone cuts through the country’s northern portion.
::许多当地语言没有被写下来,也没有历史记录或字典。 没有书面历史的当地语言通常是首当其冲的,因为全球化影响着整个国家。 尼日利亚拥有1.9亿人口,是非洲人口最多的国家。 它涉及得克萨斯州和俄克拉荷马州的总和,而非洲过渡区则缩小了该国北部。More than 500 separate languages are spoken in Nigeria alone. Three of the six dominant languages in Sub-Saharan Africa—spoken by at least 10 million people or more—are spoken in Nigeria: Hausa, Yoruba, and Ibo. The three remaining major languages of Sub-Saharan Africa are Swahili, Lingala, and Zulu.
::仅尼日利亚就有500多种不同的语言,撒哈拉以南非洲六种主要语言中有三种在尼日利亚至少有1 000万人或以上说:豪萨语、约鲁巴语和伊博语,撒哈拉以南非洲其余三种主要语言是斯瓦希里语、林加拉语和祖鲁语。Colonial activity changed much of how the African countries operated economically, socially, and politically. Language is one aspect of culture that indicates a colonial relationship. Many African countries today speak a European language as the official language. Mauritania is the only country that has Arabic as its official language. Nigeria has English plus other local languages. The official languages of most of West Africa are either French or English, and Guinea-Bissau’s official language is Portuguese.
::殖民活动在很大程度上改变了非洲国家的经济、社会和政治运作方式。语言是文化中表明殖民关系的一个方面。今天许多非洲国家的官方语言是欧洲语言。毛里塔尼亚是唯一将阿拉伯语作为官方语言的国家。尼日利亚有英语和其他当地语言。西非大部分国家的官方语言是法语或英语,几内亚比绍的官方语言是葡萄牙语。This vestige of colonial power would seem inconsistent with the desire to be free of foreign domination. However, because often dozens to hundreds of local languages are spoken within the country, choosing the colonial language as the official language produces less of an advantage for one group wishing to dominate the political arena with its own local language and heritage.
::殖民国的这一残余似乎与摆脱外国统治的愿望不符,然而,由于国内经常讲几十至数百种当地语言,选择殖民语言作为官方语言对希望以自己的当地语言和传统在政治舞台上占主导地位的集团来说,其优势不大。For example, a language problem arises when a government needs to print material for the country. What language do they use? In Nigeria, there would be more than 500 possible languages. What if the leadership used a language only spoken by a few people? The language of those in power would provide an advantage over those that could not understand it. What if there were more than 500 separate languages in Texas and Oklahoma? How would they function?
::例如,当政府需要为国家印刷材料时,就会出现语言问题。他们使用何种语言?在尼日利亚,可能使用500多种语言。如果领导人只使用少数人所讲的语言,会有什么问题?当权者的语言比那些不理解的语言更有利。如果得克萨斯州和俄克拉荷马州有500多种不同的语言呢?他们如何运作?This is why many African countries have chosen a colonial language as their country’s lingua franca, or national language. Ghana, which is the size of the US state of Minnesota, has more than 80 spoken languages. Ghana and Nigeria have both chosen English as their national language to provide a cohesive and inclusive method of addressing the language dilemma.
::正因为如此,许多非洲国家选择了殖民语言作为其本国的通俗语言或民族语言。 与美国明尼苏达州一样规模的加纳拥有80多种口语。 加纳和尼日利亚都选择英语作为本国语言,以提供解决语言困境的一致和包容性方法。A portion of the 2,000 languages spoken on the African continent will not survive. A large number of the languages are spoken by a small number of local groups that may or may not have a written text or alphabet. The influence of globalization causes the country’s lingua franca to overshadow local languages, which are relegated to the older generations that may not be fluent in the languages of global business and commerce.
::在非洲大陆讲的2,000种语言中,有一部分是无法生存下去的,很多语言是由少数可能没有书面文字或字母的地方群体讲的。 全球化的影响使得该国的通用语弗朗索瓦语给当地语言蒙上了阴影,而当地语言被排在了老一代人身上,而这些老一代人可能不会流利地使用全球商业和商业的语言。Young people often learn the lingua franca and may or may not pass their local language on to the next generation. This is how languages become extinct. Similar dynamics can be applied to local religious beliefs. Outside influence can often erode local beliefs and cause an evolution of religious tenets that eventually transform indigenous beliefs into patterns similar to the larger, more mainstream religions.
::年轻人常常学习通俗语言,可能或可能不会把当地语言传给下一代,这就是语言如何灭绝,类似的动态可以适用于当地的宗教信仰,外部影响往往会侵蚀当地的信仰,并导致宗教信条的演变,最终将土著信仰转化为与更大、更主流的宗教类似的模式。Language Families of Africa
::非洲语言家庭协会There are six main language families with many variations of each. It is estimated that more than 2,000 languages are spoken in all Africa.
::有六种主要语言家庭,每种语言差异很大,据估计,在整个非洲有2 000多种语言。Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa
::撒哈拉以南非洲的宗教Before the monotheistic religions from the Middle East were even in existence, the people of Africa followed traditional animist beliefs. The diffusion of Christianity and Islam to the African continent convinced many African people to abandon their animist beliefs. African religions spread with the slave trade and became a part of the African Diaspora. Examples can be found in the Santeria religion in Cuba, Umbanda followers in Brazil, and Vodou (Voodoo) practitioners in Haiti. Many of these examples indicate a high rate of mixing between traditional religions and Christianity, something that is not as well accepted within Islam.
::在中东一神教甚至存在之前,非洲人民就遵循传统的无动于衷的信仰;基督教和伊斯兰教向非洲大陆的传播使许多非洲人民相信放弃其无动于衷的信仰;非洲宗教通过奴隶贸易传播,成为非洲散居地的一部分;古巴的桑泰里亚宗教、巴西的翁班达信徒和海地的沃杜(伏都教)信徒就是例子;其中许多例子表明传统宗教与基督教之间的混杂率很高,伊斯兰内部并未得到接受。The current religious trends in Africa follow the pattern of the African Transition Zone. Most of the population north of the zone follows Islam, and most of the population living south of the zone follows Christianity. Large percentages of people in the region follow a wide array of traditional or animist beliefs. For example, According to the , as of the 2017 estimate, more than 51 percent of the people of still followed local religions not affiliated with Christianity or Islam. Only about 29 percent of the population claimed to be Christian, and 20 percent claimed to follow Islam.
::非洲目前的宗教趋势遵循非洲过渡区的模式,该区以北的大部分人口信奉伊斯兰教,居住在该区以南的大多数人口信奉基督教,该地区大部分人口信奉各种传统或动因主义信仰,例如,根据2017年的估计,51%以上仍信奉与基督教或伊斯兰教无关的地方宗教的人仍然信奉伊斯兰教,只有约29%的人口声称信奉基督教,20%的人声称信奉伊斯兰教。Along the African Transition Zone, followers of one religion will clash with followers of other religions. Countries such as Nigeria have a history of this type of social division, and Nigeria’s government allows Islamic Sharia law to take precedence over civil law in the country’s northern regions. For example, in 2002, the 52nd edition of the Miss World beauty pageant was to be held in Abuja, Nigeria’s capital. However, it was moved because of religious riots in the nearby city of Kaduna.
::在非洲过渡区沿线,一个宗教的信徒会与其他宗教的信徒发生冲突。 尼日利亚等国家有着这种社会分裂的历史,尼日利亚政府允许伊斯兰教法在该国北部地区优先于民法。 比如,2002年,第52届世界小姐美容盛会将在尼日利亚首都阿布贾举行。 然而,由于邻近城市卡杜纳的宗教骚乱,它被移动了起来。At the same time, Nigerian news reported a case of a young woman charged with adultery in Muslim-dominated northern Nigeria. The woman was to be stoned to death for her crime. Northern Nigeria is north of the transition zone and is staunchly Islamic. Southern Nigeria is mainly Christian or animist. The northern Muslims were protesting the Miss World beauty pageant, and riots spilled over into the streets. Buildings were burned, cars were overturned, and more than 100 people were killed.
::与此同时,尼日利亚新闻报导了一起在以穆斯林为主的尼日利亚北部指控一名年轻女子通奸的案件,该女子因犯罪而被用石块砸死,尼日利亚北部位于过渡区北部,是坚定的伊斯兰教派,尼日利亚南部主要是基督教或原教旨主义者,北部穆斯林抗议世界小姐的美容盛会,暴动蔓延到街头,建筑物被烧毁,汽车被翻倒,100多人被杀害。Meanwhile, people in the south were protesting the death sentence of the woman charged with adultery. Contestants for the Miss World contest began to pull out of the competition, some in protest and some for personal safety reasons. In the end, the woman sentenced to death was smuggled out of northern Nigeria to the safety of the south and the Miss World contest was moved to London.
::与此同时,南部民众正在抗议对被控通奸的妇女的死刑判决,Miss World比赛的参赛者开始退出比赛,有些人是为了抗议,有些人是为了人身安全。 最后,被判处死刑的妇女被从尼日利亚北部偷运到南部的安全区,而Miss World比赛则被转移到伦敦。Both Islam and Christianity have been on the rise in Africa. As the local beliefs are replaced with monotheistic religions, there is more integration with either the West (Europe and America) or the Middle East. Religious activity through Christian missionaries or the advancement of Islam sometimes coincides with economic support being brought in through the same channels, which is often welcome and enhances the global relationships that occur.
::伊斯兰教和基督教在非洲都呈上升趋势,随着当地信仰被一神教所取代,与西方(欧洲和美国)或中东的融合程度有所提高。 通过基督教传教士或伊斯兰进步开展的宗教活动有时与通过同一渠道获得的经济支持相吻合,而经济支持往往受到欢迎,并增强了全球关系。However, Africa is still full of traditional religions with rich spiritual histories. Spiritual forces are found in the environment. Deities of all kinds are worshipped throughout Africa. Christianity and Islam are latecomers to the region but have made inroads into the African culture.
::然而,非洲仍然充满传统宗教,有着丰富的精神历史,精神力量存在于环境中,各种神灵在非洲各地被崇拜,基督教和伊斯兰教是该地区的后进者,但已经进入非洲文化。
Islam is prominent north of the African Transition Zone, and Christianity is more prominent south of the African Transition Zone.
::伊斯兰教在非洲过渡区以北最为突出,基督教在非洲过渡区以南更为突出。Ethnic Divisions and Civil Wars
::民族分裂和内战Sub-Saharan Africa is home to thousands of ethnic or traditional groups. Each has a separate identity and history, and often one group is in conflict with another. The slave trade and the establishment of colonial political boundaries or policies increased historical ethnic hostilities. Major civil wars have been fought throughout the history of Sub-Saharan Africa and continue at the present time.
::撒哈拉以南非洲有数千个种族或传统群体的家园,每个群体都有单独的特性和历史,一个群体往往与另一个群体发生冲突,贩卖奴隶和建立殖民政治边界或政策增加了历史上的族裔敌对行为,重大内战贯穿撒哈拉以南非洲的整个历史,目前仍在继续。Central Africa has endured ongoing brutal conflict in the past decade, with no solution in sight. More than five million people have died as a result of the civil war in the Congo. Fighting continues between various factions over political control or control over natural resources, such as diamonds and gold. Civil wars are devastating some African countries. Many other countries, such as , , and the , have also suffered economic collapse as a result of political unrest.
::在过去十年中,中非经历了持续的残酷冲突,但看不到任何解决办法,有500多万人因刚果内战而死亡,各派之间为政治控制或控制钻石和黄金等自然资源继续进行战斗,内战正在摧毁一些非洲国家,许多其他国家,例如......和......也因政治动乱而遭受经济崩溃。’s has been historic in its violence and in the senseless, genocide or killing of innocent people. In 1994, the centuries-old conflict erupted into violence of unprecedented proportions. Hutu militias took revenge on the Tutsis for years of suppression and massacred anyone who did not support the Hutu cause. Tutsi rebels finally gained strength, fought back, and defeated the Hutu militias. More than one million people were killed, and more than one million defeated Hutus fled as refugees to neighboring countries, where many died of cholera and dysentery in refugee camps.
::1994年,数世纪之久的冲突演变成史无前例的暴力。 胡图民兵对图西人进行了多年的镇压,并屠杀了不支持胡图族事业的任何人。 图西族叛乱分子终于壮大,反击,击败胡图族民兵。 超过100万人被杀,超过100万被击败的胡图人逃到邻国避难,那里许多人死于霍乱和难民营的痢疾。
Skulls of victims from the Rwandan Genocide found at the Nyamata Memorial.
::在尼亚马塔纪念馆发现的卢旺达种族灭绝受害者骨骼。
The civil war in Rwanda and the many refugees it created destabilized the entire Central African region. The shift in population and the increase in military arms along the Zairian border resulted in an extensive civil war in the Congo that has resulted in the deaths of more than five million people, many by disease or starvation.
::卢旺达的内战及其造成的许多难民破坏了整个中非地区的稳定,扎伊尔边界一带人口的变化和军事武器增加,导致刚果发生广泛的内战,造成500多万人死亡,其中许多人死于疾病或饥饿。One of the driving forces in these wars is the control of valuable mineral resources found in the Great Rift Valley along the eastern boundary of the Congo. Diamonds, gold, copper, zinc, and other minerals are abundant in this region, and wealth that can be gained from the mining of these products attracts political forces to compete for their control.
::这些战争的驱动力之一是控制刚果东部边界大裂谷一带发现的宝贵矿物资源,该地区钻石、黄金、铜、锌和其他矿物丰富,开采这些产品所能获得的财富吸引政治力量争夺控制权。Civil wars have wreaked havoc on the countries of , , , and . All have experienced some amount of serious conflicts in the past decade. Many of the civil wars are not reported by the news media worldwide, even though the number of people affected, injured, and killed is deplorable. In places such as the Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe, the streets have become battlegrounds.
::内战给科特迪瓦、尼日利亚和津巴布韦等国造成了严重破坏。 在过去十年中,所有国家都经历了一些严重的冲突。 全世界新闻媒体都没有报道许多内战,尽管受影响、受伤和死亡的人数是可悲的。 在象牙海岸、尼日利亚和津巴布韦等地,街道已成为战场。Creating stability in parts of Africa has been challenging, as civil unrest and political corruption continue in many African countries. The core industrialized countries have been hesitant to step in or invest in the peace and stability of Africa. Governments of more than a few African countries have been unable to bring stability or to provide for their people. For example, Somalia has no central government; rather, it is ruled by warlords and village chiefs. Corruption, dictatorial rule, and military force have been major components of government rule in these cases.
::在非洲部分地区建立稳定一直具有挑战性,因为许多非洲国家内乱和政治腐败继续存在,核心工业化国家一直犹豫不决,不愿介入或投资于非洲的和平与稳定,超过少数几个非洲国家的政府无法带来稳定或为其人民提供生计,例如,索马里没有中央政府,而是由军阀和村长统治。 腐败、独裁统治和军事力量是这些情况下政府统治的主要组成部分。HIV and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa
::撒哈拉以南非洲的艾滋病毒/艾滋病Sub-Saharan Africa must cope with high numbers of people infected with HIV and AIDS. From to , there is a line of countries with some of the highest percentages of HIV-infected people in the world. The HIV virus has infected more than 24 percent of adults in , and some villages have lost an entire generation of adults to AIDS. The AIDS pandemic has become a major health crisis for Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the , as many as 30 million people in this realm are HIV-infected.
::撒哈拉以南非洲地区必须应对感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的人数众多的问题。从2001年到2005年,有一系列国家中艾滋病毒感染人数占全世界比例最高的国家。艾滋病毒已经感染了24%以上的成年人,有些村庄由于艾滋病而失去了整整一代成年人。艾滋病流行病已成为撒哈拉以南非洲地区一个严重的健康危机。据撒哈拉以南地区多达3 000万人感染了艾滋病毒。It is possible to live with HIV for years before dying of AIDS. HIV-infected individuals can pass the virus to others without knowing they have it, and millions of people die of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa without ever knowing they were infected. The lack of education, HIV testing, and medical services hinder progress toward stopping this deadly disease. Prevention is an ideal that has not materialized yet. Many people do not want to be tested out of fear of rejection by their families and friends if they are infected. AIDS will surely kill millions more in Africa before a solution is found.
::艾滋病毒携带者在艾滋病死亡之前可以与艾滋病一起生活多年。 艾滋病毒感染者可以在不知道自己感染的情况下将病毒传染给其他人,撒哈拉以南非洲有数百万人死于艾滋病,而从未知道他们感染了艾滋病。 缺乏教育、艾滋病毒检测和医疗服务阻碍了在阻止这一致命疾病方面取得进展。 预防是一个尚未实现的理想。 许多人不想因为害怕被家人和朋友拒绝而接受检测,如果他们感染了。 艾滋病在找到解决办法之前肯定还会在非洲造成数百万人死亡。Many other diseases are common in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some are spread by vectors in the environment. Mosquitoes spread illnesses such as malaria and yellow fever, which are common throughout the realm. Sleeping sickness is spread by the tsetse fly, which can also infect cattle and livestock. Hepatitis is widespread. Schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, and typhoid are also common.
::许多其他疾病在撒哈拉以南非洲很常见,有些疾病是通过环境中的传病媒介传播的,蚊虫传播疟疾和黄热病等疾病,这些疾病在这一地区很普遍,睡眠疾病由采采采蝇传播,舌蝇也可以感染牛和牲畜,肝炎很普遍,血吸虫病、肺结核和伤寒也很普遍。Unsanitary conditions and polluted water are breeding grounds for microbes that cause diseases. People living in unsanitary conditions are more likely to come in contact with and become infected with these diseases and are also less likely to obtain medical attention at an early stage of the disease.
::卫生条件差和水污染是造成疾病的微生物的繁殖地,生活在卫生条件差中的人更可能接触这些疾病并感染这些疾病,在疾病的早期阶段也不太可能得到医疗照顾。HIV and AIDS
::艾滋病毒/艾滋病This map shows the estimated percentage of adults with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa for each state based on best estimates by the World Health Organization and the United Nations.
::该地图显示根据世界卫生组织和联合国的最佳估计,撒哈拉以南非洲每个州感染艾滋病毒的成年人的估计百分比。Tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa
::撒哈拉以南非洲的旅游业Sub-Saharan Africa has great potential for the development of tourism. Tourism is considered a post-industrial activity with mixed-income opportunities. If Africa can manage its resources and provide a safe environment for travelers, tourism will have a strong impact on Africa’s economic growth and will play a significant role in its future.
::撒哈拉以南非洲具有发展旅游业的巨大潜力,旅游业被认为是工业后的一种具有混合收入机会的活动。 如果非洲能够管理其资源并为旅行者提供安全的环境,旅游业将对非洲的经济增长产生重大影响,并将在未来发挥重要作用。Tourism is a growing sector of the global economy. Travel and tourism jobs are increasing worldwide. Africa as a whole attracts less than 5 percent of total world tourists and accounts for only a small percentage of international tourism income. Given the region’s slim share of the tourism market and the expected growth of the sector worldwide, Africa can expect to increase its share of global tourism.
::旅游业是全球经济中不断增长的一个部门,全世界旅行和旅游就业机会都在增加。 整个非洲吸引的游客不到世界游客总数的5%,仅占国际旅游收入的一小部分。 鉴于非洲在旅游市场中所占的份额微薄,而且这一部门在世界范围预期增长,非洲有望增加其在全球旅游业中的份额。Sub-Saharan Africa has a strong supply-side potential to attract tourists. Beach resorts alone create a large draw for tourists. The coastal waters of the Indian Ocean boast some of the finest beaches in the world, with plenty of opportunities for sailing, diving, or other water sports. South Africa is proud of its secluded beaches and beautiful coastline. Other well-known coastal tourist destinations include Zanzibar, Tanzania; Benguerra Island in and the . Other areas with tourism potential are the wildlife parks and game preserves. Cultural locations with a rich heritage of historical significance are growing in their attractiveness to and accessibility for world travelers.
::撒哈拉以南非洲具有吸引游客的强大供应潜力,仅海滩度假胜地就为游客创造了一幅大画。印度洋沿海水域拥有世界上一些最好的海滩,拥有许多航海、潜水或其他水运动的机会。南非对其偏僻的海滩和美丽的海岸线感到自豪。其他著名的沿海旅游目的地包括坦桑尼亚桑给巴尔、本盖拉岛和旅游潜力丰富的其他地区是野生动物公园和游乐场。具有丰富历史意义的文化遗址对世界游客的吸引力和无障碍性正在增加。Tourist Destinations in Sub-Saharan Africa
::撒哈拉以南非洲旅游目的地Africa excels in attracting tourists to its wildlife and game reserves. Safari tourism highlights exotic creatures, including elephants, lions, rhinos, hippos, and big game. Africa is full of extensive game reserves and national parks. The following are some of the most visited animal safari destinations (* indicates a UNESCO World Heritage Site):
::非洲在吸引游客到其野生生物和狩猎保护区方面表现得非常出色。 狩猎旅游突出地展示了异国生物,包括大象、狮子、犀牛、河马和大型游戏。 非洲拥有大量的狩猎保护区和国家公园。 以下是访问最多的动物狩猎目的地(* 指教科文组织的世界遗产):-
Kruger National Park, South Africa
::南非克鲁格国家公园 -
Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania*
::坦桑尼亚 " 赛色狩猎保留地 " * -
Amboseli Reserve, Kenya
::肯尼亚安博塞利保留地 -
Serengeti National Park, Tanzania*
::坦桑尼亚塞伦盖蒂国家公园* -
Kalahari Game Reserve, Botswana
::博茨瓦纳卡拉哈里狩猎保护区 -
Berenty Nature Reserve, Madagascar
::马达加斯加,自然自然保护区 -
Virunga (Gorilla) National Park, Congo (Zaire)*
::刚果(扎伊尔)维龙加(哥里利亚)国家公园*
Sub-Saharan Africa is replete with natural features or attractions that tourists gravitate toward, particularly tourists who are in search of outstanding scenic sites or desire an environmental adventure. There are dozens of awe-inspiring national parks throughout Africa. The following are some of the more interesting physical geography locations in Sub-Saharan Africa (* indicates a UNESCO World Heritage Site):
::撒哈拉以南的非洲地区充满了旅游者引领的自然特征或景点,特别是寻找杰出景点或希望进行环境冒险的旅游者。在非洲各地有数十个令人敬畏的国家公园。 下面是撒哈拉以南非洲一些更有趣的自然地理地点(* 表示教科文组织的世界遗产地点 ):-
Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania*
::坦桑尼亚乞利马扎罗山* -
Mt. Kenya National Park, Kenya*
::肯尼亚肯尼亚国家公园山* -
Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania
::Nggorongoro Crater,坦桑尼亚,坦桑尼亚 -
Victoria Falls, Zambia/Zimbabwe
::Victoria Falls,赞比亚/津巴布韦 -
Kamale Pinnacle, Cameroon Mountains
::Kamale Pinnacle,喀麦隆山 -
Zuma Rock, Nigeria
::尼日利亚祖马岩 -
Table Mt. National Park, South Africa
::南非国家公园表Mt.Mt.国家公园
Cultural and heritage tourism has grown immensely in recent years. Cultural assets and heritage landscapes have always provided for excellent tourist attractions. Sub-Saharan Africa has a great wealth of culture and heritage to attract tourists. The following are a few of the most well-known cultural destinations in the realm (* indicates a UNESCO World Heritage Site):
::近年来,文化资产和遗产景观一直为极好的旅游景点提供良好的旅游景点,撒哈拉以南非洲有丰富的文化和遗产来吸引游客,以下是该地区一些最著名的文化目的地(* 表示教科文组织的世界遗产地点):-
Timbuktu (Tombouctou), Mali*
::廷巴克图(通布图)、马里* -
St. Peter’s Basilica, Ivory Coast
::象牙海岸圣彼得巴西利卡 -
Ashanti-National Cultural Center, Ghana*
::加纳阿桑蒂国家文化中心* -
Great Zimbabwe Ruins, Zimbabwe*
::大津巴布韦鲁因斯、津巴布韦* -
Robben Island, South Africa*
::南非罗本岛* -
Soweto City Tour, South Africa
::南非索韦托市旅游 -
Rock City of Lalibela, Ethiopia*
::埃塞俄比亚拉利贝拉城岩石* -
Ancient City of Abomey, Benin*
::贝宁阿波美古代城市*
Female bush elephants in Tanzania. Females usually live in herds.
::坦桑尼亚的雌性灌木大象,女性通常居住在牧群中。
Wildlife and big game are natural resources for tourism. Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have created many protected areas for wildlife. Every African country, urban center, or rural village is its own unique tourism magnet. The tourism business, however, is broader than just the sites themselves. Considerations need to be made for transportation to and from the country and final destination.
::野生动物和大型游戏是旅游的自然资源。 撒哈拉以南非洲国家建立了许多野生动物保护区。 每一个非洲国家、城市中心或乡村都是自己的独特的旅游磁铁。 然而,旅游业的范围比旅游景点本身更广。 需要考虑往返国家和最终目的地的交通问题。Hotels and guest accommodations, such as food services, restaurants, and the availability of other types of consumer goods, need to be considered. Services need to be available that link the various components of a trip, such as guide services in national parks or city bus tours. The attractiveness and competitiveness of each tourism destination will depend on the site’s quality and accessibility.
::需要考虑酒店和客房,如食品服务、餐馆和其他消费品的提供情况。 需要提供连接旅行各组成部分的服务,如国家公园的导游服务或城市公共汽车旅游。 每个旅游目的地的吸引力和竞争力将取决于旅游点的质量和可及性。There are many positive and negative aspects of tourism, and a trade-off is usually needed. Heavy tourism traffic might have a negative impact on the environment, cultural stereotypes tend to be exploited, and the disparity between wealthy tourists and service workers earning a modest wage may lend itself to divisions and social friction.
::旅游业有许多积极和消极的方面,通常需要权衡。 沉重的旅游交通对环境可能产生负面影响,文化陈规定型观念往往被利用,富人旅游者与工资微薄的服务工人之间的差距可能引发分裂和社会摩擦。Tourism demands higher levels of security and public health at all levels. Money spent on tourism development is money not spent on schools or clinics. On the other hand, without tourism income, there are no jobs. Tourism brings to the surface both centrifugal and centripetal cultural forces. To be successful, Africa will need to balance out the economic need for tourism with its willingness to comply with the requirements of the tourism industry.
::旅游业要求各级提高安全和公共卫生水平,用于旅游发展的资金不是用于学校或诊所的资金,另一方面,没有旅游收入,就没有工作,旅游业使离心文化力量和近三叶文化力量浮出水面,非洲要取得成功,就需要平衡旅游业的经济需求与满足旅游业要求的意愿。
Key Takeaways
::密钥外出-
Sub-Saharan Africa’s many core cities and peripheral regions create a high rural-to-urban shift.
::撒哈拉以南非洲许多核心城市和外围地区造成了农村向城市的高转变。 -
Much of the realm’s economic activity is conducted in the informal sector.
::该领域的大部分经济活动是在非正规部门进行的。 -
Most countries in this realm are in the earlier stages of the index of economic development.
::这一领域的大多数国家处于经济发展指数的早期阶段。 -
The integration into global markets has brought urbanization and development to many of the major core cities.
::融入全球市场为许多主要核心城市带来了城市化和发展。 -
The informal sector dominates many of the economic activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. The emergence of stable governments and economic structures usually results in a stronger formal sector of the economy, which in turn provides improved national infrastructure.
::非正规部门在撒哈拉以南非洲的许多经济活动中占主导地位,稳定的政府和经济结构的出现通常导致经济正规部门更加强大,这反过来又改善了国家基础设施。 -
Sub-Saharan Africa is a realm with a high diversity of languages and religions. In an attempt to provide an equal footing for all languages, many countries have chosen their colonial language as their official language to avoid giving speakers of one language any political advantage over another.
::撒哈拉以南的非洲是一个语言和宗教高度多样化的地区,为了为所有语言提供平等地位,许多国家选择殖民语言作为官方语言,以避免一种语言的使用者比另一种语言拥有任何政治优势。 -
Parts of Sub-Saharan Africa continue to experience social unrest and civil war. Armed conflicts in Rwanda and the Congo (Zaire) have either killed or affected millions of people.
::撒哈拉以南非洲部分地区继续经历社会动乱和内战,卢旺达和刚果(扎伊尔)的武装冲突造成或影响到数百万人。 -
A high percentage of people in Sub-Saharan Africa are infected with HIV—up to one-fourth of the population of some countries. Health care, education, and cultural forces are important factors in combating AIDS and the tropical diseases common in the realm.
::在撒哈拉以南非洲,很高比例的人感染艾滋病毒,多达一些国家人口的四分之一,保健、教育和文化力量是防治艾滋病和该地区常见热带疾病的重要因素。 -
Sub-Saharan Africa has enormous potential to exploit their physical features and cultural heritage to expand its tourism market. It is often difficult to balance the investments for adequate infrastructure and services required for tourism with other needs, such as education and health care.
::撒哈拉以南非洲具有巨大的潜力,可以利用其自然特征和文化遗产扩大其旅游市场,往往难以平衡对旅游业所需的适当基础设施和服务的投资与教育和保健等其他需要。
Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 8.3 Human Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa
::第8.3章 撒哈拉以南非洲人文地理AIDS
::艾滋病艾滋病Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. The disease affects the body's cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and disease.
::该疾病影响身体细胞免疫,大大降低了对感染和疾病的抗药性。ancestor worship
::祖先礼拜仪式the belief that respecting and honoring one's ancestors will cause them to live on in the spirit world after death
::相信尊重和尊敬祖先将使他们死后活在精神世界中animist
::原动主义者Pertaining to traditional religious beliefs in which nature and objects, such as animals and mountains, are thought to have spirits
::与传统宗教信仰有关,在传统宗教信仰中,自然和物体,如动物和山地,被认为具有精神Bantu Migration
::班图移民The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 B.C.E. to around C.E. 1000
::班图人在整个非洲向南运动,传播其语言和文化,从公元前500年左右到环经1000年左右cash crops
::经济作物crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit
::大量种植烟草、糖和棉花等作物,以营利出售HIV
::艾滋病毒/艾滋病毒Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus that will eventually cause AIDS
::人类免疫机能丧失病毒 最终导致艾滋病病毒genocide
::种族灭绝的种族灭绝和其他灭绝种族的种族灭绝The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group
::蓄意杀害一大批人,特别是某一族裔群体的人pandemic
::大流行病 大流行病Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. Such as AIDS
::疾病发生在广大的地理区域,影响人口比例很高,如艾滋病。Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Interactive Notebook Activities
::互动笔记活动-
Determine
the 10 largest cities of Sub-Saharan Africa and locate them on a
.
::确定撒哈拉以南非洲10个最大的城市,并将其定位在a. -
Select a country in this realm that is indicated to have a higher percentage of people who do not follow Christianity or Islam. Research and outline the indigenous religions that are followed by the people who live there.
::选择这个领域某一国家,表明其人口不信奉基督教或伊斯兰教的比例较高。 研究和概述当地居民所遵循的土著宗教。 -
On a
of Africa, locate the tourist attractions mentioned in this section.
::在非洲的一个地区,找到本节提到的旅游景点。
Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
How does the core-peripheral spatial relationship apply to Sub-Saharan Africa?
::核心-周边空间关系如何适用于撒哈拉以南非洲? -
What is the difference between the formal and informal sectors of the economy?
::正规经济部门和非正规经济部门之间有什么区别? -
How do the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa fit into the index of economic development model?
::撒哈拉以南非洲国家如何融入经济发展模式的指数? -
What roles do women play in the realm’s socioeconomic environment?
::妇女在社会经济环境中发挥什么作用? -
Approximately how many languages are spoken in Africa? How many are spoken in Nigeria alone?
::非洲大约讲多少种语言?仅尼日利亚就讲多少种语言? -
Why would a former colony under European imperialism agree to use the language of its colonizer as its national language when dozens or hundreds of languages are already spoken in the country?
::为什么欧洲帝国主义统治下的前殖民地同意使用殖民者的语言作为其民族语言呢? 该国已经讲了几十或数百种语言。 -
How are Christianity and Islam distributed across Sub-Saharan Africa?
::基督教和伊斯兰教在撒哈拉以南非洲的分布如何? -
How are the armed conflicts in Rwanda, the Congo, and Somalia different from each other?
::卢旺达、刚果和索马里的武装冲突如何彼此不同? -
Why is the HIV/AIDS situation so difficult to combat?
::为什么艾滋病毒/艾滋病局势如此难以对付? -
What are some of the obstacles in increasing tourism development in Sub-Saharan Africa?
::撒哈拉以南非洲在加强旅游业发展方面有哪些障碍?
Mapping Exercise
::绘图绘制作业ESRI GEO Inquiry
::ESRI GEGO调查: Students will identify major U.S. recipients and the categories of assistance provided by various government agencies. Students will be able to explain how foreign aid benefits the U.S.Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。 -
Summarize how the core-periphery spatial relationship applies to Sub-Saharan Africa. Analyze how the concept of rural-to-urban shift applies to the development pattern.
