8.5 中部非洲(1天)
章节大纲
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Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Summarize the attributes of the Central African countries.
::总结中部非洲国家的特点。 -
Outline the major armed conflicts in the region and why they are occurring.
::概述该区域的主要武装冲突及其发生的原因。 -
Explain how local culture and tradition remain evident in the daily lives of Central African people.
::解释当地文化和传统如何在中非人民的日常生活中仍然明显可见。 -
Understand the role of women in Central Africa.
::了解妇女在中部非洲的作用。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional Unit 08; Africa Chapter 8.5 Central Africa
::TERS 区域股 08;非洲 第8.5章 中部非洲WG.5B Interpret political, economic, social, and demographic indicators (gross domestic product per capita, life expectancy, literacy, and infant mortality) to determine the level of development and standard of living in nations using the terms Human Development Index, less developed, newly industrialized, and more developed.
::WG.5B 解释政治、经济、社会和人口指标(人均国内生产总值、预期寿命、识字率和婴儿死亡率),以确定使用人类发展指数、欠发达、新兴工业化和较发达等术语的国家的发展水平和生活水平。WG.6A Locate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.
::WG.6A 确定并描述影响定居点规模和分布的人文和物理特征。WG.8C Evaluate the economic and political relationships between settlements and the environment, including sustainable development and renewable/non-renewable resources.
::WG.8C 评价住区与环境之间的经济和政治关系,包括可持续发展和可再生/不可再生资源。WG.14A Analyze current events to infer the physical and human processes that lead to the formation of boundaries and other political divisions.
::WG.14A 分析当前事件,以推断导致形成边界和其他政治分裂的物质和人类过程。WG.15B Explain how citizenship practices, public policies, and decision making may be influenced by cultural beliefs, including nationalism and patriotism.
::WG.15B 解释公民身份做法、公共政策和决策如何受文化信仰,包括民族主义和爱国主义的影响。WG.16B Describe elements of culture, including language, religion, beliefs and customs, institutions, and technologies.
::WG.16B 描述文化要素,包括语言、宗教、信仰和习俗、机构和技术。WG.16C Explain ways various groups of people perceive the characteristics of their own and other cultures, places, and regions differently.
::WG.16C 解释不同群体对自身和其他文化、地方和区域特征的不同看法。WG.17A Describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that make specific regions of the world distinctive.
::WG.17A 描述和比较使世界特定区域具有独特性的语言、宗教、土地使用、教育和习俗等文化模式。WG.17C Compare economic, political, or social opportunities in different cultures for women, ethnic and religious minorities, and other underrepresented populations.
::WG.17C 比较妇女、族裔和宗教少数群体以及其他代表人数不足的人口在不同文化中的经济、政治或社会机会。WG.18A Analyze cultural changes in specific regions caused by migration, war, trade, innovations, and diffusion.
::WG.18A 分析移徙、战争、贸易、创新和传播在特定区域造成的文化变化。WG.18B Assess causes, effects, and perceptions of conflicts between groups of people, including modern genocides and terrorism.
::WG.18B 评估各群体之间冲突的原因、影响和看法,包括现代种族灭绝和恐怖主义。WG.22A Design and draw appropriate graphics such as maps, diagrams, tables, and graphs to communicate geographic features, distributions, and relationships.
::WG.22A 设计和绘制适当的图形,如地图、图表、表格和图表,以交流地理特征、分布和关系。WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。Central Africa
::中部非洲中部非洲中部非洲Central African Republics
::中非共和国 中非共和国Central Africa covers a large physical area that can range from desert conditions to the north in Chad to tropical rain forests and mountains in the equatorial region of the Congo. The entire region is roughly the same size as the United States west of the Mississippi River. The countries included in the region vary with different organizations or geographic perspectives.
::中非面积广大,从乍得北部的沙漠条件到刚果赤道地区的热带雨林和山区,面积不一,与密西西比河以西的美国面积大致相同,该区域包括的国家因组织或地理不同而不同。In this textbook, the countries include Cameroon, Congo, Chad, the Central African Republic, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi. Located off of the west coast of Central Africa is the small twin-island country of São Tomé and Príncipe. Burundi and Rwanda are often included in the region of East Africa, but their connection to the Congo makes them more relevant to the Central African region.
::在这个教科书中,国家包括喀麦隆、刚果、乍得、中非共和国、加蓬、赤道几内亚、刚果、卢旺达和布隆迪,位于中非西海岸以外,是圣多美和普林西比和普伦西佩两个小岛国,布隆迪和卢旺达经常被列入东非区域,但它们与刚果的联系使它们与中非区域更加相关。The equator runs through the middle of Central Africa. Type A climates are dominant in the region, complete with tropical rain forests and jungle environments. In the north is the African Transition Zone, which runs through Chad. In Chad, the arid region of the Sahara Desert transitions into the humid tropics. Central Africa usually only includes portions of Sub-Saharan Africa south of the African Transition Zone. Southern Chad exhibits qualities similar to Central Africa, and the northern areas exhibit qualities similar to North Africa or the northern regions of Niger, Mali, or Mauritania.
::赤道横跨中非中部,A型气候在该区域占主导地位,充满热带雨林和丛林环境,北部是非洲过渡区,穿过乍得,乍得是撒哈拉沙漠干旱地区,向潮湿热带过渡,中非通常只包括非洲过渡区以南的撒哈拉以南非洲部分地区,乍得南部具有类似于中非的品质,北部地区具有类似于北非或尼日尔、马里或毛里塔尼亚北部地区的品质。The physical geography varies with each country in Central Africa. The most prominent physical landscape is the tropical rain forests of the equatorial region. Highlands can be found in both the western and eastern regions of Central Africa. The Cameroon Highlands are a product of a geologic rift in tectonic plates that created São Tomé and Príncipe, the island portion of Equatorial Guinea, and the mountainous portions of the mainland on the border between Nigeria and Cameroon.
::中部非洲各国的实际地理情况各不相同,最突出的自然景观是赤道地区的热带雨林,中部非洲西部和东部地区都有高地,喀麦隆高地是构造板块地质裂痕的产物,形成圣多美和普伦西佩岛、赤道几内亚岛部分以及尼日利亚和喀麦隆边界大陆山区。There are a number of volcanoes in . Mount Cameroon is an active volcano in Cameroon near the Gulf of Guinea. It is the highest point in Sub-Saharan western and central Africa at more than 13,000 feet. It is the 4th highest peak in Africa and the 31st most prominent in the world. This mountain is part of the area of volcanic activity known as the Cameroon Volcanic Line, which also includes Lake Nyos. Lake Nyos is the sight of a disaster which occurred in 1986, where 1,700 people were killed. The most recent eruption of Mount Cameroon occurred on February 3, 2012. More information about Mount Cameroon can be found .
::喀麦隆山是几内亚湾附近喀麦隆的一个活火山,是撒哈拉以南非洲西部和中部非洲最高点,面积超过13 000英尺,是非洲第四大山峰,也是世界第31个最突出的山峰,是火山活动地区的一部分,称为喀麦隆火山线,也包括Nyos湖。Nyos湖是1986年发生的一场灾害,造成1 700人死亡。2012年2月3日,喀麦隆山最近爆发。可以找到更多关于喀麦隆山的信息。Lake Chad in the north is a large, shallow body of water that lies on the border of Chad, Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon. The size of Lake Chad varies widely because it expands and contracts with the seasonal variations in precipitation. Lake Chad provides water for local livestock and fishing for millions of people. Its location on the border of four countries has caused political infighting over local water rights, which are valuable commodities in such an arid climate.
::乍得湖位于北部,是乍得、尼日尔、尼日利亚和喀麦隆边界的一块大浅水体,乍得湖面积大不相同,因为其面积扩大,与季节性降水量变化有关,乍得湖为当地牲畜提供水,为数百万人提供捕鱼,乍得湖位于四国边界,对当地水权造成政治内斗,而当地水权在如此干旱的气候中是宝贵的商品。
The shore of Lake Chad on the coast of the Lac region.
::拉克地区海岸乍得湖海岸。
The average depth of Lake Chad ranges from five to 35 feet. Climatic conditions and diversion of the lake for human purposes have caused the water to recede. If these conditions continue, the lake might virtually disappear by the end of the 21st century, which would have disastrous effects on both the human population around the lake and biodiversity. Waterfowl, crocodiles, fish, and many other animals depend on Lake Chad for their survival. Its loss would create an environmental catastrophe.
::乍得湖的平均深度从五英尺到35英尺不等,气候条件和湖水为人类目的的转移导致水位下降,如果这些条件继续下去,到21世纪末,湖水将几乎消失,这将对湖周围的人类和生物多样性造成灾难性影响,水禽、鳄鱼、鱼类和许多其他动物的生存依赖乍得湖,其损失将造成环境灾难。Chad is often included in other regions, but in this text, it is included with Central Africa. The Congo River is the main river of this region.
::乍得往往包括在其他区域,但这一案文包括中非,刚果河是该区域的主要河流。
O n the eastern border of the Congo is a portion of the Great Rift Valley, which extends from Southern Africa in Mozambique to Lebanon in the Middle East. Lake Tanganyika and Lake Albert are two of the larger lakes in Central Africa along the western section of the Great Rift Valley. Lake Tanganyika is more than 418 miles long and runs the entire length of the boundary between the Congo and Tanzania. These are deep water lakes. Lake Tanganyika is the world’s second deepest lake, with a depth of 4,800 feet. Because of its depth, it is also the world’s second largest lake by volume after Lake Baikal in Russia.
::刚果东部边界是大裂谷的一部分,大裂谷从莫桑比克的南部非洲延伸到中东的黎巴嫩。坦噶尼喀湖和艾伯特湖是中非大裂谷西部两个较大的湖泊。坦噶尼喀湖长418多英里,是刚果和坦桑尼亚之间边界的全长。这些是深水湖。坦噶尼喀湖是世界上第二个最深的湖泊,深度为4 800英尺。由于其深度,它也是仅次于俄罗斯Baikal湖的第二大湖。Fish and fresh water from Lake Tanganyika support millions of people who make their living directly from the lake’s resources. The Great Rift Valley is bordered by high mountains such as the Rwenzori Range and its highlands, which include active volcanoes. A number of volcanoes are located in the Congo, not far from the border with Rwanda. In 2002, Mount Nyiragongo, a volcano with an elevation of 11,358 feet in the eastern highlands of the Congo, experienced a series of eruptions that killed a few dozen people, destroyed thousands of buildings, and caused the evacuation of as many as 400,000 people. Various volcanoes in this range have active lava lakes in their craters at their peaks.
::来自坦噶尼喀湖的鱼类和淡水支持数百万直接靠湖资源生活的人。大裂谷与鲁文佐里山脉及其高原等高山相邻,这些高山包括活火山。一些火山位于刚果,离卢旺达边境不远。 2002年,尼拉贡戈火山(刚果东部高原高地高度11 358英尺的火山)爆发了一系列火山爆发,造成数十人死亡,数千座建筑物被毁,并导致多达40万人疏散。 各种火山在其山顶的火山坑中都有活火山湖。At the heart of Central Africa is the massive Congo River and its tributaries. It is the deepest river system in the world and has some stretches that run more than 700 feet deep, providing habitats for a wide range of organisms and fish species. The Congo River basin is second only to the size of the Amazon basin in South America. Home to Africa’s largest tropical rain forest, this region is host to a massive variety of plant and animal species, which create an extensive environmental resource base.
::中非的中心地区是刚果河及其支流。 刚果河是世界上最深的河流系统,有700多英尺深,为多种生物和鱼类提供了栖息地。 刚果河流域仅次于南美亚马逊流域的面积。 非洲最大的热带雨雨林所在地区拥有大量的动植物物种,它们创造了广泛的环境资源基础。Human activity has been encroaching on this environmental region filled with extensive biodiversity. Logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, and civil war have devastated large areas of the Congo basin, resulting in the loss of habitat for many tropical species. Deforestation has been on the rise in Central Africa and the Congo basin. Endangered primates such as chimpanzees and gorillas, along with monkeys and game animals, have struggled to adjust to the shrinking of their habitat and the decline of their populations. The endangered mountain gorillas in the northern region of the highlands have gained attention through the efforts of scientists, who have attempted to understand and preserve their ecosystems. Mountain gorillas have been dwindling in numbers because of poaching, civil war, and hunting.
::人类活动不断侵入这个充满生物多样性的环境区域,伐木、刀耕火种的农业和内战摧毁了刚果盆地的大片地区,导致许多热带物种丧失栖息地,中部非洲和刚果盆地的森林砍伐率上升,黑猩猩和大猩猩等濒危灵长类动物,以及猴子和野生动物,为了适应其栖息地的萎缩和人口减少而挣扎不已。高原北部地区濒危的山区大猩猩通过科学家的努力得到了关注,他们试图了解和保护其生态系统。山区大猩猩由于偷猎、内战和狩猎而数量不断减少。Conflicts and Unrest in Central Africa
::中部非洲冲突和动乱The two landlocked countries of and the have endured unstable conditions in their transitions to independent, stable democratic states. Chad had been in dispute with Libya over the Aozou Strip bordering their two countries, an area deemed rich in minerals and uranium. However, in 1994, Chad was awarded sovereignty over the Aozou Strip by the United Nations (UN) International Court of Justice.
::乍得曾与利比亚就与两国接壤的Aozou地区发生争端,该地区被视为矿产和铀丰富地区,但1994年,乍得被联合国国际法院授予对Aozou地区的主权。Chad is a temporary home of more than 250,000 refugees from the ethnic cleansing campaign in the Darfur region of the Sudan. Thousands more from the Central African Republic have sought refuge in Chad. Meanwhile, Chad’s government has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, a state of affairs that has hampered its efforts to offer humanitarian aid to its refugees.
::乍得是苏丹达尔富尔地区种族清洗运动的25万多名难民的临时家园,中非共和国有数千名难民在乍得避难。 与此同时,乍得政府腐败和管理不善,这种状况阻碍了它向难民提供人道主义援助的努力。Similarly, the Central African Republic is troubled by a history of unstable and short-lived democratic governments. Military coups and transitional governments are frequent. Civil unrest erupts into chaos. Rebel groups control large parts of the countryside. It is difficult for the people to access reliable public services such as health care, education, and transportation systems when the government is not sustainable.
::同样,中非共和国也为不稳定和短暂的民主政府的历史所困扰。 军事政变和过渡政府频繁发生。 内乱爆发为混乱。 反叛团体控制着大部分农村地区。 当政府不可持续时,人民很难获得可靠的公共服务,如医疗保健、教育和交通系统。Cameroon and have more stable governments than Chad or the Central African Republic. Still, they are not without political issues. Cameroon was a German colony as a result of the Berlin Conference of 1884 where the colonial European countries divided up Africa. It remained so until after World War I, when it was divided between the British and the French. Finally, in 1961, the two sides were merged into one country under one government.
::喀麦隆比乍得或中非共和国更稳定,政府也比乍得或中非共和国更稳定。 但是,它们并非没有政治问题。 喀麦隆是1884年柏林会议之后的德国殖民地,欧洲殖民国家在那里分裂非洲。 直到第一次世界大战之后,它一直如此,当时英国和法国是分裂的。 最后,1961年,双方合并为一个政府统治下的国家。The approximate 200 ethnic groups place pressure on the government to address social concerns. Even though the government has become stable more recently, social pressures between traditional groups and groups with a European colonial background have erupted into social unrest. The European Anglo factions have gone so far as to threaten to separate the once-British portion and secede from Cameroon.
::大约200个民族群体向政府施加压力,要求政府解决社会问题。 尽管政府最近已经稳定下来,但传统群体和具有欧洲殖民背景的群体之间的社会压力已经演变成社会动乱。 欧洲英格鲁派系甚至威胁要将曾经是英国人的部分分开,脱离喀麦隆。Formerly a French colony, Gabon has transitioned to independence successfully. The country’s small population of about 1.5 million people, along with adequate natural resources, has facilitated Gabon’s development into a country with a relatively stable democratic government and a higher standard of living. Gabon is geared toward attracting more foreign investments and continues to progress forward in the .
::加蓬曾是法国殖民地,现已成功地向独立过渡。 加蓬人口少,约150万,加上充足的自然资源,促进了加蓬发展成为一个相对稳定、民主政府、生活水平较高的国家。 加蓬致力于吸引更多的外国投资,并继续朝着这个方向前进。Equatorial Guinea and the island nation of are small countries on the west coast of Central Africa. Serious violence erupted in the former Spanish colony of Equatorial Guinea after it gained independence in 1968. The first elected president governed through authoritarian rule. After a few years in office, he unleashed a reign of terror that resulted in the death of more than one-third of the population and totally neglected the country’s public service sector and infrastructure.
::赤道几内亚和岛国是中非西海岸的小国。 前西班牙殖民地赤道几内亚1968年获得独立后爆发了严重暴力。 第一位当选总统通过独裁统治执政。 执政几年后,他发动了恐怖统治,导致三分之一以上的人口死亡,完全忽视了该国的公共服务部门和基础设施。He was overthrown and executed by his successor, who then implemented authoritarian measures to make sure he would remain in power and continue to control all the revenues from the extensive oil activity in the offshore waters around his country. The billions in oil revenues have remained in the hands of the president and his family-controlled cabinet. Equatorial Guinea is Sub-Saharan Africa’s third-largest oil exporter. However, most of the country’s citizens have benefited little from the vast wealth of the lucrative oil industry.
::他被他的继任者推翻和执行,他随后实施了专制措施,确保他继续掌权,并继续控制他国家近海水域大量石油活动的所有收入。 数十亿石油收入仍然掌握在总统和他的家族控制的内阁手中。 赤道几内亚是撒哈拉以南非洲第三大石油出口国。 然而,该国大多数公民从利润丰厚的石油工业的巨大财富中收益甚微。The former Portuguese colony of São Tomé and Príncipe consists of two small islands off the coast of Gabon. The islands received their independence in 1975, but that is when their problems in establishing a stable government began. Political turmoil delayed the arrival of democratic reforms for a decade. Elections for leadership were not held until 1991, and after the elections, leadership changed repeatedly because of political infighting. In 1995 and 2003, two coups were attempted without success. The democratic process has been complicated by offshore oil discovery, which has brought an influx of outside workers and media attention to the country. Multinational oil companies have begun to invest heavily in the development of oil production in the region.
::葡萄牙前殖民地圣多美和普伦西佩由加蓬沿海的两个小岛组成,这些岛屿于1975年获得独立,但是在建立稳定政府方面开始出现问题,政治动荡将民主改革的到来推迟了十年,直到1991年才举行领导人选举,在选举之后,由于政治内斗,领导层一再改变;1995年和2003年两次政变未遂;由于近海石油发现,使民主进程复杂化,吸引了外来工人的涌入和媒体对该国的关注;多国石油公司开始大量投资于该地区石油生产的发展。has been severely affected by the difficulties associated with the transition between colony and independent nation. Ethnic divisions erupted to challenge the country’s stability and future. The division between the Tutsis and the Hutus has deep historic roots. In 1994, the centuries-old conflict between the two ethnic groups became violent in unprecedented proportions and resulted in the senseless killing of hundreds of thousands of innocent people.
::由于殖民地和独立国家之间的过渡困难,族裔分裂受到严重影响;族裔分裂爆发,以挑战国家的稳定和未来;图西人和胡图人之间的分裂有着深刻的历史根源;1994年,两个族裔群体之间长达几百年的冲突以前所未有的规模演变为暴力冲突,导致数十万无辜者无谓地被杀害。The Hutus amassed large militias and took revenge on the Tutsis for years of oppression. Hutu militias rounded up and killed all Tutsis, moderates, and anyone not supporting the Hutu cause. The killing of hundreds of thousands of people continued from city to city throughout the countryside. Within a few months, the genocide is estimated to have caused the death of as many as one million people.
::胡图人聚集了庞大的民兵,对图西人进行了多年的压迫,胡图民兵围捕并杀害了所有图西人、温和派和不支持胡图事业的任何人,数十万人在城市之间继续被杀害,在几个月内,种族灭绝估计已造成多达100万人死亡。The atrocities of the Rwandan genocide extended across the population. Men, women, and children were encouraged to kill their neighbors by hacking them to death with machetes. If they refused to comply, they themselves were threatened with death. Victims were herded into schools and churches, where they were massacred and the buildings would be burned to the ground. As people fled the region, the number of Tutsi refugees entering neighboring countries ballooned to more than a million.
::卢旺达种族灭绝的暴行遍及全国人民,男人、女人和儿童被鼓励用砍刀砍死邻居,用砍刀砍死邻居,他们自己也面临死亡威胁,受害者被赶到学校和教堂,在那里被屠杀,建筑物将被烧毁,随着人们逃离该地区,进入邻国的图西族难民人数激增到100多万。Tutsi rebels finally gained strength, defeated the Hutu militias, and ended the slaughter. Fearing retribution for the more than one million Tutsis who had been massacred, more than a million defeated Hutus fled as refugees across the borders into Uganda, Burundi, the Congo, Uganda, and Tanzania. Refugee camps housing thousands of people each were constructed without proper sanitation or supplies of drinking water. Diseases such as cholera and dysentery swept through the camps and killed thousands of refugees. The country of Rwanda was left divided and devastated.
::图西族叛乱分子终于壮大,击败胡图族民兵,并结束了屠杀,害怕对被屠杀的100多万图西族人进行报复,有100多万被打败的胡图族人作为难民越境逃到乌干达、布隆迪、刚果、乌干达和坦桑尼亚,建造难民营,收容成千上万人,但没有适当的卫生设施或饮用水供应,霍乱和痢疾等疾病横扫难民营,杀害成千上万难民,卢旺达被分裂和摧毁。The aftermath of the genocide and conflict continues to incite civil unrest and political division in Rwanda. The search for common ground between the different ethnic groups is divisive and conflict ridden. Now Tutsi leaders dominate the Rwandan government.
::种族灭绝和冲突的后果继续煽动卢旺达的内乱和政治分裂,不同种族群体之间寻求共同点是分裂和冲突肆虐的,现在图西族领导人主宰了卢旺达政府。The entire Central African region was devastated by the massive shifts of refugees and the brutal killing of so many people. The competition for the control of resources and the increase in military arms along the Zairian border became a major component of the civil war that plagued the Congo during the same period. Up to five million people died in the Congo because of warfare, disease, and starvation. The wars in the Congo involved military actions by the Tutsis from the Rwandan and Ugandan governments and Hutu militias.
::整个中非地区因难民大规模转移和残酷杀害如此多人而饱受蹂躏,争夺资源,扎伊尔边界一带军事武器增加,成为同一期间困扰刚果的内战的主要组成部分,刚果有多达500万人因战争、疾病和饥饿而死亡,刚果战争涉及卢旺达和乌干达政府图西人以及胡图民兵的军事行动。The small country of Burundi also has been caught up in the conflicts in Rwanda and the Congo. Germany claimed the region of Burundi as a colony in the European scramble for Africa’s resources. After World War I, they handed Burundi over to Belgium. Burundi and Rwanda were both part of Belgium’s African colonial empire and were together called Ruanda-Urundi. The two countries were later separated. Burundi achieved independence in 1962.
::布隆迪这个小国也卷入了卢旺达和刚果的冲突。 德国声称布隆迪地区是欧洲争夺非洲资源的殖民地。 第一次世界大战后,他们把布隆迪交给了比利时。 布隆迪和卢旺达都是比利时非洲殖民帝国的一部分,并被称为鲁安达-乌伦迪。 这两个国家后来分裂了。 1962年,布隆迪获得独立。Unfortunately, the ethnic conflict between the Hutus and the Tutsis that tore apart Rwanda in the genocidal war in 1994 had also plagued Burundi. In 1965, the military was controlled by Tutsi leadership. When the Hutus revolted, they were repressed. The entire government came under Tutsi control. Hutu attacks in 1972 resulted in a systematic retaliation by the Tutsis that killed approximately 200,000 Hutus and forced another 150,000 to flee the country. Civil unrest between these two groups continues to plague the political and social structures of Burundi.
::不幸的是,胡图人和图西人在1994年种族灭绝战争中分裂卢旺达的族裔冲突也困扰了布隆迪,1965年,军队由图西领导人控制,当胡图人反抗时,他们受到镇压,整个政府受图西人控制,1972年,胡图人发动袭击,图西人有计划地进行报复,杀害了大约20万胡图人,迫使另外150 000人逃离该国,这两个团体之间的内乱继续困扰布隆迪的政治和社会结构。The names of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (a former Belgian colony) and the Republic of the Congo (a former French colony) are confusing. At one point after they had become independent, both countries chose the name Republic of Congo . To keep them straight, they were commonly referred to by their respective capital cities—that is, Congo-Leopoldville (the larger eastern country, also known as Zaire) and Congo-Brazzaville (the smaller western country). The larger former Belgian colony has since become simply the Congo or is referred to unofficially as the Belgian Congo, and the smaller former French colony has become Congo.
::刚果民主共和国(前比利时殖民地)和刚果共和国(前法国殖民地)的名称混淆不清,在独立后,两国选择了刚果共和国的名称,为保持直截了当,它们通常被各自首府城市——即刚果-勒奥波德维尔(较大的东部国家,又称扎伊尔)和刚果-布拉柴维尔(较小的西部国家)——提及,较大的前比利时殖民地从此成为单纯的刚果,或非正式地称为比利时刚果,较小的前法国殖民地成为刚果。In 1966, Joseph Mobutu, the political leader of the Congo, officially changed the nation’s name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 1971, the name was changed to the Republic of Zaire. In 1997, after a bitter civil war and the overthrow of Mobutu, the new president, Laurent Kabila, changed Zaire back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, often referred to as the Congo. To keep the two names separate, many refer to the Congo as Congo-Zaire.
::1966年,刚果政治领导人约瑟夫·蒙博托(Joseph Mobutu)正式将国家改名为刚果民主共和国,1971年,改名为扎伊尔共和国。 1997年,经过激烈的内战和蒙博托被推翻,新总统洛朗·卡比拉(Laurent Kabila)将扎伊尔改回刚果民主共和国(通常称为刚果 ) 。 为了将这两个名字分开,许多人将刚果称为刚果-扎伊尔。The confusing name situation exemplifies the difficulties and changes in government leadership that have transpired since colonial times in the two countries. The former French colony to the west side of the Congo River has survived with fewer conflicts than its eastern neighbor but has not escaped a civil war. From 1997 to 1999, Congo had a harsh civil war, and the end result was the overthrow of a democratically elected president and the installation of a former president. Tens of thousands are reported to have been killed. Related conflicts erupted in various regions that extended into 2003 before they were finally resolved.
::令人困惑的国名情况反映了自两国殖民时期以来政府领导阶层的困难和变化。 前法国殖民地在刚果河西侧的幸存时间比其东部邻国少,但未能逃脱内战。 从1997年至1999年,刚果经历了一场残酷的内战,最终结果是推翻了民主选举产生的总统并安顿了前总统。据报道,成千上万人被杀害。在2003年最终解决之前,在不同地区爆发了持续到2003年的相关冲突。The former Belgian colony of the Congo is nearly as large as the United States east of the Mississippi River and is a challenge to govern. The population—distributed between about 250 different ethnic groups and about as many languages—was estimated at more than 83 million in 2017. Authoritarian rule from political leaders such as Mobutu from 1965 to 1997 polarized the country’s many factions and played world leaders against each other.
::刚果的前比利时殖民地几乎与美国密西西比河以东的美国一样大,是治理的挑战。 据估计,2017年,人口分布在大约250个不同种族群体之间,语言数量也一样多。 1965年至1997年蒙博托等政治领导人的专制统治使该国许多派别两极分化,并扮演了世界领袖对立的角色。The Congo acted as a swing state in the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. As mentioned, Mobutu changed the name of the country and pillaged the country’s finances for personal gain. He stashed away for himself billions of dollars in public funds in foreign bank accounts that should have been spent on the people of the country.
::刚果是美国和苏联冷战时期的摇摆国家。 如前所述,蒙博托改变了国家名称,掠夺了国家财政以谋私利。 他将数十亿美元的公共资金藏匿在本应花在人民身上的外国银行账户中。The two wars in the Congo have resulted in the highest number of deaths since World War II. The First Congo War (1996 to 1997) occurred when President Mobutu was overthrown by militant forces led by rebel leader Kabila, who was a long-standing political opponent of Mobutu and was backed by Ugandan and Rwandan militant groups. Mobutu was eventually forced from office and fled the country.
::刚果的两次战争造成自第二次世界大战以来死亡人数最多。 第一次刚果战争(1996年至1997年)发生时,莫博托总统被反叛领导人卡比拉领导的战斗部队推翻,卡比拉是蒙博托的长期政治对手,得到乌干达和卢旺达军事集团的支持,蒙博托最终被迫离职并逃离该国。Kabila declared himself president and changed the official title of the country from Zaire back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This transition in political power caused a shift in the militant rebel groups, which created the conditions for the (1998 to 2003), which was even more brutal than the first. The assassination of President Kabila in 2001 permitted his adopted son Joseph Kabila to take power and run the country up to the present.
::卡比拉宣布自己为总统,并将国家的正式头衔从扎伊尔转回刚果民主共和国,政治权力的这种过渡导致好战叛乱集团的转变,为(1998年至2003年)创造了条件,比第一次更残酷,卡比拉总统在2001年遇刺,使他的养子约瑟夫·卡比拉能够掌权,管理国家直到现在。The Second Congo War raged through the Congo, bringing destruction to the country and the deaths of millions of people. Besides political control of the country, a main objective of the combatants was to dominate the resource-rich eastern sector of the country, where valuable reserves of zinc, diamonds, copper, and gold can be found in the eastern region. Before the war ended, the surrounding countries of Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Uganda, and Rwanda had troops fighting on one side or the other.
::刚果的第二次世界大战在刚果肆虐,给国家带来破坏,造成数百万人死亡,除了对该国的政治控制外,战斗人员的一个主要目标是控制该国资源丰富的东部地区,那里在东部地区可以找到宝贵的锌、钻石、铜和黄金储备,在战争结束前,安哥拉、津巴布韦、纳米比亚、乌干达和卢旺达等周边国家都有部队在一方或另一方作战。The civil war formally ended in 2003 when rebel groups and the government worked out a shared political arrangement. Many rebel groups remained engaged in the eastern region of the Congo long after the agreement was reached. The total number of deaths resulting from the civil wars in the Congo was estimated in 2008 at about 5.4 million. The majority were killed by the war and the remaining by disease and starvation.
::内战于2003年正式结束,当时叛乱集团和政府制定了共同的政治安排,许多叛乱集团在达成协定之后的很长一段时间内仍然在刚果东部地区活动,2008年刚果内战造成的死亡人数估计约为540万人,大多数死于战争,其余死于疾病和饥饿。Armed military conflicts in the Congo did not end with the Second Congo War. Conflicts continue in the eastern region. These armed confrontations are often referred to as the because they are taking place in the provinces of North and South Kivu in the Congo’s eastern region along the borders with Rwanda and Burundi. Rebels are fighting against forces from the Congo and Rwanda. As recently as 2009, fighting continued deep in the interior of Central Africa near the Rwandan border between various militias.
::刚果的武装冲突没有随着刚果的第二次世界大战而结束,东部地区冲突仍在继续,这些武装对抗经常被称为在刚果东部地区与卢旺达和布隆迪交界的北基伍省和南基伍省发生,叛军正在与刚果和卢旺达的部队作战,直到2009年,在中部非洲内地各民兵之间卢旺达边界附近继续发生战斗。People in the Congo are still dying because of the devastation of the war. Those not killed in actual warfare are dying of hunger and disease where food, medicine, and health care are not available. The death rate in 2008 was estimated to be as high as 45,000 people per month in the eastern and central regions—many of them children. Survivors of the civil war report horrendous terrorist campaigns conducted by various militias that used mass rape, mutilation, and torture as a means of control and social pressure. The United Nations had more than 18,000 troops in the Congo as of 2007 to help curb the civil unrest and militant activities.
::刚果人民仍然由于战争的破坏而死亡,那些在实际战争中没有被杀的人死于饥饿和疾病,得不到粮食、药品和保健,2008年的死亡率估计在东部和中部地区高达每月45 000人,其中许多是儿童,内战幸存者报告说,各种民兵利用大规模强奸、残害和酷刑作为控制和施加社会压力的手段,进行可怕的恐怖主义行动,截至2007年,联合国在刚果有18 000多名士兵帮助遏制内乱和战斗活动。Understanding that most wars are fought over the control of resources is a major step in comprehending the conflicts in Central Africa. The conflicts in the Congo are likely to continue because of vast caches of mineral wealth in the country that have yet to be extracted. Economic pressure to control the extraction activities of raw materials is often the driving force behind rebel groups in places such as the Congo. Local factions usually sell the raw materials for prices well below market value.
::刚果的冲突可能继续,因为该国有大量矿藏财富尚未开采,控制原材料开采活动的经济压力往往是刚果等地叛乱集团背后的推动力,当地派别通常以远低于市场价值的价格出售原材料。The sale of precious minerals such as cobalt, coltan, gold, and diamonds has helped fund the wars in the Congo. The country produces more cobalt ore than any other country in the world. Cobalt is a valued metal used in aircraft engines, medical implants, and high-performance batteries. The major mining operations for cobalt ore are located in the southeastern Katanga state, where there are also large reserves of copper.
::出售钴、钶钽铁矿石、黄金和钻石等贵重矿物有助于资助刚果的战争,刚果生产的钴矿石比世界上任何其他国家都多,钴是飞机发动机、医疗植入器和高性能电池中使用的贵重金属,钴矿石的主要开采作业位于加丹加州东南部,那里也有大量的铜储备。This map shows the locations of major minerals in the Congo. Other minerals can also be found in the region.
::该地图显示刚果主要矿物的位置,该区域也能找到其他矿物。
Coltan is a mineral from which tantalum comes, and it is valuable for its use in electronic circuits. Tantalum is found in most modern electronic devices in high demand worldwide, from video game systems to cell phones. Most of the coltan in the world comes from mines in the Congo in the eastern Kiva regions. The eastern region is also home to a high percentage of the world’s industrial diamond reserves. Other minerals and ores are also found in abundance in the region. The sale of precious gems and rare minerals can bring huge profits. However, the wealth seldom reaches the hands of those who work in the mines.
::Coltan是一种矿物,有钽来源,对在电子电路中使用它很有价值。Tantanlum存在于全世界需求高的多数现代电子设备中,从电子游戏系统到手机都是如此。世界上的钶钽铁矿石大多来自刚果东部的矿区。东部地区也是世界工业钻石储量高的所在地。其他矿物和矿石也在该地区富饶。出售宝石和稀有矿物可以带来巨大的利润。然而,这些财富很少落入矿区工人手中。Learning about the geopolitics of Central Africa is critical to developing an understanding of how colonial activity gave shape to Central African countries. Moreover, it helps us to understand why multinational corporations are now very involved in creating the markets for the resources found there. The core economic regions of the world require the raw materials and resources that are extracted from peripheral places such as the Congo to fuel their economic activities. Globalization connects the core to the periphery. In resource-rich places such as the Congo, this relationship is only going to become more interactive.
::了解中部非洲地缘政治对于了解殖民活动是如何形成中部非洲国家的至关重要,此外,它有助于我们理解为什么多国公司现在积极参与为那里发现的资源创造市场,世界核心经济区域需要从刚果等外围地区提取的原材料和资源来刺激经济活动,全球化将核心与边缘连接起来,在刚果等资源丰富的地区,这种关系只会变得更具有互动性。The Other Side of Life in Central Africa
::中部非洲生活的另一面A Sunday afternoon football match takes place in Bujumbura, Burundi.
::星期日下午的足球比赛在布隆迪布琼布拉举行。
Sports and entertainment seem to be a universal human activity. Football (American soccer) is the most popular sport in the Central African states. Football can be found in even the poorest areas. Other traditional sports include wrestling, archery, and track-and-field events. In Chad, for example, a type of freestyle wrestling in which the wrestlers wear animal hides and cover themselves with dust to prepare for the match is widely practiced. Canoe racing can be seen in Cameroon. Board games such as mancala, a count-and-capture African stone game, are also common. Western-style sports such as basketball, baseball, and cricket are played in many of the urban areas.
::足球(美式足球)是中部非洲各州最受欢迎的运动。足球甚至可以在最贫穷的地区找到。其他传统体育包括摔跤、射箭和田径赛事。比如在乍得,摔跤手穿着动物皮和用灰尘遮盖自己以准备比赛的自由式摔跤活动被广泛使用。独木舟比赛在喀麦隆可以看到。板球游戏,如计数非洲石头游戏,也是常见的。篮球、棒球和板球等西方式运动在很多城市地区进行。A great variety of cultural traditions spring from the thousands of ethnic groups, distinct languages, and different religious beliefs found in Africa. Cuisine and drink vary as widely as the people’s traditions and are important elements of any celebration. Every country has its own unique way of promoting and celebrating its cultural diversity. Even poor countries, such as Chad, possess a rich cultural heritage. Chad has opened its own Chad National Museum and the Chad Cultural Center. Rwanda, with its civil wars and ethnic divisions, still honors its holidays with ceremonies and celebrations.
::多种多样的文化传统来自成千上万的种族群体、不同的语言和非洲不同的宗教信仰。 聚会和饮酒与人民的传统一样广泛,并且是任何庆祝活动的重要内容。每个国家都有其独特的促进和庆祝其文化多样性的方式。即使是像乍得这样的贫穷国家,也拥有丰富的文化遗产。乍得也开放了自己的乍得国家博物馆和乍得文化中心。 卢旺达由于内战和种族分裂,仍然以庆典和庆典来庆祝其节日。Many rural and urban women in the Central African Republic transform food crops into beverages for sale in the informal economy. Hard liquor and beer are common products that can be brewed or distilled from grains, sorghum, or other local crops. For religious reasons, some people do not drink alcoholic beverages. Juices and soft drinks are available as well as coffee and tea, which are the more traditional beverages of the region.
::中非共和国的许多农村和城市妇女将粮食作物转化为在非正规经济中销售的饮料,苦酒和啤酒是普通产品,可以从谷物、高梁或其他当地作物中酿制或蒸馏,出于宗教原因,有些人不喝酒精饮料,有果汁和软饮料,还有咖啡和茶,这些是该地区较传统的饮料。Coffee is grown in the tropics, a climate prevalent in many of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Coffee or tea is a major export product of almost all the Central African countries. In many areas, tea was introduced through colonial diffusion and has become not only a preferred beverage but an export product. Coffee has been the number one export product of Rwanda and Burundi for many years. Neighboring Uganda is the 3rd-largest coffee producer in Africa after Ethiopia and Ivory Coast. All three of them are among the top coffee producers in the world.
::咖啡在热带地区种植,这是撒哈拉以南非洲许多国家普遍流行的气候,咖啡或茶叶是几乎所有中非国家的主要出口产品,在许多地区,茶叶是通过殖民扩散引进的,不仅成为一种首选饮料,而且成为一种出口产品,多年来咖啡一直是卢旺达和布隆迪的头号出口产品,邻近的乌干达是继埃塞俄比亚和象牙海岸之后非洲第三大咖啡生产国,它们都是世界上最大的咖啡生产国。The cuisines of Central Africa can be as diverse as each local population, but they have retained much of their local tastes and flavors based on available ingredients. The slave trade introduced items that are now quite common, such as chili peppers, peanuts, and cassavas. Nevertheless, food preparation is based mainly on traditional methods. Plantains and cassavas are mainstays often served with spicy sauces and grilled meat. Tomatoes, onions, and spinach are common ingredients.
::中非的烹饪菜可以与当地人口一样多样化,但是它们保留了当地大部分的口味和口味,这些口味和口味都以现有的成份为基础。 奴隶贸易引入了现在相当常见的物品,如辣椒、花生和木薯。 然而,食品制作主要以传统方法为基础。 木薯和木薯往往是辣椒酱和烤肉的支柱。 番茄、洋葱和菠菜是常见的成份。Women processing fresh cassava for cooking.
::妇女处理新鲜木薯做饭。
Root crops of yams, sweet potatoes, and maniocs are widely served. Fruits and vegetables are popular. Specialty stews are choice entrees that may contain ginger, okra, chicken, and various spices. Bambara is a favorite sugary porridge with peanuts and rice that is common in Central Africa. Traditional meats of chicken, goat, or beef are universal, but wild game such as antelope, monkey, or crocodile are widespread. Fish is a main protein source served with other spicy dishes or dried to be eaten later. When meat is scarce, insects such as cicadas, crickets, termites, and grasshoppers also serve as a form of protein in the Central Africa cuisine.
::甘薯、甜土豆和木薯的根茎作物广泛供应,水果和蔬菜很受欢迎。特殊炖菜是选菜,可能含有姜、秋花、鸡和各种香料。班巴拉是非洲中部常见的甘蔗粥,有花生和大米;鸡、山羊或牛肉等传统肉类是普遍的,但野生动物,如羚羊、猴子或鳄鱼等,却很普遍。鱼是主要蛋白质来源,有其他辣菜,或干鱼,稍后吃。当肉类稀少时,西卡达、板球、白蚁和等昆虫也是中非烹饪的一种蛋白质形式。The Role of Women
::妇女的作用Women’s issues, such as social equality, economic development, and population growth, remain a concern in Central Africa. The treatment of women reflects the attitudes and traditions of a society. Most of the Central African countries are patriarchal or male-dominated, a trend that can be witnessed in local activities or sports, in the construction of the government, or in the sex ratio of the business sector. With an average family size of five or more, few opportunities exist for women to break out of their traditional roles within their culture and receive a secondary education or to seek employment.
::妇女的问题,如社会平等、经济发展和人口增长,仍然是中非的一个问题,妇女的待遇反映了社会的态度和传统,大多数中非国家是父权制国家或男性为主的国家,这种趋势体现在地方活动或体育活动、政府建设或商业部门的性别比例上,平均家庭规模为5个或5个以上,妇女很少有机会摆脱其文化中的传统角色,接受中等教育或寻求就业。The Central African region has different types of marriages that vary from country to country. Some traditional societies still arrange their children’s marriages, but this practice is becoming less common as society becomes more contemporary. Marriages between two people with different ethnic backgrounds are becoming more widespread in the urban areas. Cities are places where people with diverse backgrounds come together to live and work, which can lead to an increase in mixed marriages. Cosmopolitan areas are also more likely to have connections with outside cultures through media and communication technology and are more tolerant of diverse traditions.
::中非地区的婚姻类型因国而异,有些传统社会仍然安排孩子的婚姻,但随着社会日益现代化,这种习俗越来越不常见。 城市中两个不同种族背景的人之间的婚姻越来越普遍。 城市是不同背景的人共同生活和工作的地方,这可能导致异族通婚的增加。 都市地区也更有可能通过媒体和通信技术与外界文化建立联系,对不同传统更加宽容。One of the marriage traditions that exists in regions of Central Africa is polygamy, which is the practice of a man or a woman having more than one spouse. In Africa, as in most places in the world, it is far more likely for a man to have more than one spouse than for a woman to have more than one spouse. Polygamy is practiced in areas where traditional beliefs allow it.
::中非地区存在的婚姻传统之一是一夫多妻,即一夫多妻,一夫多妻是男人或女人的习俗,在非洲,与世界大多数地区一样,男子多配偶多配偶的可能性比妇女多配偶多配偶的可能性大得多,在传统信仰允许的地方实行一夫多妻。Approximately 30 to 40 percent of women in the Central African Republic are in polygamous unions. The law sanctions polygamy as long as spouses are aware of the arrangement and agree to it before they marry. In Cameroon, both monogamous and polygamous marriages are practiced. The average family is large and extended. Monogamous relationships are the standard in Christian areas such as Burundi and in more contemporary urban societies.
::在中非共和国,大约30%至40%的妇女处于一夫多妻的婚姻中,法律制裁一夫多妻制,只要配偶知道这种安排并在结婚前同意。在喀麦隆,一夫一妻制婚姻和一夫多妻婚姻都是一夫一妻制婚姻。平均家庭是大家庭,大家庭是大家庭。一妻一妻制关系是布隆迪等基督教地区和现代城市社会的标准。Women caring for large families do not always have the opportunity to earn an education or obtain the training required for employment opportunities. Circumstances shaped by culture, tradition, or economic necessity are not necessarily supportive of women advancing in the private or public sectors. Even if the legal code of the country does not discriminate against women, traditional practices and the social status of men often keep women subjugated. Many societies are male dominated, and violence against women is still common and even accepted in Central Africa.
::照顾大家庭的妇女并不总是有机会获得教育或获得就业机会所需的培训,文化、传统或经济需要造成的环境不一定支持妇女在私营或公共部门中晋升,即使国家的法律没有歧视妇女,但传统习俗和男子的社会地位往往使妇女处于屈从地位,许多社会以男性为主,对妇女的暴力行为在中部非洲仍然很普遍,甚至被人们所接受。Women in the Congo have not attained equality with men in the Congo.
::在刚果,妇女尚未与男子取得平等。
One of the worst cases of violence and discrimination against women exists in the eastern regions of the Congo, where abuse against women, including sexual violence and rape, is listed by United Nations humanitarian officials as the worst in the world. The civil wars in the Congo have created a difficult climate for women, often with tragic results. Violence against women has become an accepted practice in some areas.
::刚果东部地区存在最恶劣的对妇女的暴力和歧视案件之一,联合国人道主义官员将虐待妇女,包括性暴力和强奸列为世界上最严重的案件,刚果的内战给妇女造成了困难的环境,往往造成悲惨后果,对妇女的暴力行为在某些地区已成为一种公认的做法。During the Congo wars, women were often raped and taken as slaves to serve the soldiers. If and when the women were released from captivity, it was not uncommon for them to commit suicide. Improvements in health care, education, and child care are needed to improve living circumstances for women and may in turn positively affect population growth in the region.
::在刚果战争期间,妇女经常被强奸,并被作为奴隶为士兵服务,如果妇女从俘虏中释放出来,她们自杀的情况并不罕见,需要改善保健、教育和儿童保育,以改善妇女的生活环境,进而对该区域的人口增长产生积极影响。Key Takeaways
::密钥外出-
Central Africa covers a large physical area about the size of the United States west of the Mississippi River. Most of the region is in the tropics and has a type A climate.
::中非面积大得相当于密西西比河以西的美国面积,大部分位于热带地区,具有A型气候。 -
Central Africa is a relatively poor region economically. National wealth has been garnered traditionally from the export of food crops such as coffee or tea but more recently from mineral and oil extraction.
::中非在经济上是一个相对贫穷的区域,国家财富历来来自咖啡或茶叶等粮食作物的出口,但最近则来自矿物和石油开采。 -
The civil war in Rwanda in 1994 was the result of conflict between the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups. The historic division was manipulated by colonial powers and erupted into brutal violence that led to the death of as many as a million innocent people; nearly as many refugees took shelter in neighboring countries.
::1994年卢旺达内战是图西族和胡图族之间冲突的结果,历史上的分裂被殖民国家操纵,爆发为残酷的暴力,导致多达100万无辜者死亡;几乎有同样多的难民在邻国避难。 -
The civil wars in the Congo are based on political control as well as control over valuable resources in the eastern states. The two main Congo wars resulted in an estimated 5.4 million deaths from either direct military conflict or the devastation that resulted through starvation and disease.
::刚果内战的基础是政治控制以及对东部各州宝贵资源的控制。 两次主要刚果战争导致大约540万人死于直接军事冲突或饥饿和疾病造成的破坏。 -
Central Africa resonates with cultural and ethnic diversity. Hundreds of ethnic groups live and work together with a high degree of interaction. Traditional cuisine and beverages such as coffee, tea, or beer can be found throughout the region.
::中非与文化和种族多样性有共鸣,数百个族裔群体与高度互动一起生活和工作,在整个区域可以找到咖啡、茶叶或啤酒等传统烹饪和饮料。 -
Women’s issues range from cosmopolitan in the urban areas, where mixed marriages are common, to harsh conditions in which violence and abuse is commonplace. Large family sizes and male-dominated traditions make it difficult for women to transition to positions of equality.
::妇女的问题多种多样,从异族通婚常见的城市地区的世界化到暴力和虐待司空见惯的恶劣环境,家庭规模大和男性占主导地位的传统使妇女难以向平等地位过渡。
Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 8.5 Central Africa
::第8.5章 中部非洲Fang Sculpture
::方形雕刻Carved boxes containing the skulls and bones of deceased ancestors, created by the Fang, who live in Gabon, southern Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea
::由生活在加蓬、喀麦隆南部和赤道几内亚的方方创造的雕刻箱,内有已故祖先的头骨和骨头。King Leopold II
::利奥波德二世国王Belgian King who opened up the African Interior to European trade along the Congo River and by 1884 controlled the area known as the Congo Free State
::1884年,比利时国王向沿刚果河的欧洲贸易开放非洲内政,并控制了称为刚果自由国的地区。refugee
::难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民难民a person who flees from a place to escape danger or unfair treatment
::逃离某一地点以逃避危险或不公平待遇的人shifting agriculture
::农业轮农业the practice of farming a site until the soil is exhausted, then moving on to a new site
::耕种田地,直到土壤用完为止,然后迁入新的田地。Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Interactive Notebook Activity
::交互式笔记活动-
Find out what is occurring at the present time in the countries of Rwanda and the Congo in regard to armed conflicts and civil war.
::查明目前卢旺达和刚果两国在武装冲突和内战方面正在发生的情况。 -
Search to see if any news is available where you live about current affairs in Central Africa.
::寻找是否有关于中非时事新闻的消息。
Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
What are the main physical geographic features in Central Africa?
::中部非洲的主要地理特征是什么? -
What is unique about Lake Chad and Lake Tanganyika? How are they different?
::乍得湖和坦噶尼喀湖有什么独特之处?它们有什么不同? -
What caused the Rwandan civil war? Which two groups were in conflict?
::卢旺达内战的起因是什么? -
What caused the First and Second Congo Wars? Why does the Kivu conflict exist?
::刚果第一次和第二次世界大战的起因是什么?为什么基伍冲突存在? -
What is the relationship between the poor, remote peripheral regions of the Congo and the core economic areas of the world with high standards of living and urban lifestyles?
::刚果的贫困边远边缘地区与世界上生活水平高和城市生活方式高的核心经济地区之间有什么关系? -
What are some of the food and beverage choices for people in Central Africa?
::中非人民的食品和饮料选择是什么? -
Are there any differences between marriage traditions in the Central African Republic and where you live?
::中非共和国的婚姻传统与你们居住的地方之间有什么区别吗? -
What are some of the main women’s issues in Central Africa?
::中部非洲妇女的一些主要问题是什么? -
What is the relationship between family size and women’s issues?
::家庭规模与妇女问题之间有什么关系? -
Which country in Central Africa has the highest standard of living and a stable government?
::中部非洲哪个国家生活水平最高,政府稳定?
Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习-
Using
, complete the following activities:
-
Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
::在下面的子弹名单上 找到每个地方 -
Find the nearest city with an international airport in proximity to each location on the bulleted list below.
::找到最近的城市,在下面子弹清单上每个地点附近有一个国际机场。 -
Calculate the distance and travel time by plane to each city from the
in Las Vegas, Nevada.
::计算从内华达州拉斯维加斯 飞往每个城市的 飞机距离和旅行时间
::使用, 完成以下活动: 定位以下子弹列表中的每个地点; 找到最近的城市, 在下面子弹列表中的每个地点附近有一个国际机场。 计算从内华达州拉斯维加斯飞往每个城市的飞机距离和飞行时间。 -
Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
-
Using
, determine the latitude and longitude for each location on the bulleted list below.
::使用,确定以下子弹列表中每个位置的纬度和经度。 -
Be prepared to share and discuss your answers.
::准备分享和讨论你的答案
-
Aozou Strip
::Aozou 地带 -
Cameroon Highlands
::喀麦隆高地 -
Congo River
::刚果河 -
Great Rift Valley
::大裂谷 -
Lake Albert
::阿尔贝湖 -
Lake Chad
::乍得湖 -
Lake Tanganyika
::坦噶尼喀湖 -
Rwenzori Range
::鲁文佐里射程
Current and Past Events
::当前和过去的事件Geography Education Scoop It
::地理教育中心Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。 -
Summarize the attributes of the Central African countries.
